U.S. Policy Towards Syria and the Triumph or Neoconservativism

Middle East Policy

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 52-69

  Zunes, Stephen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1942508244     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1061-1924.2004.00141.x     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. 108th Congress, first session, "Syrian Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003" (henceforth, "Syrian Accountability Act"), Sec. 5, (a) (2).
2. Jim Lobe, "New Syria Legislation Shows Neocons Still in Charge," Foreign Policy in Focus, October 14, 2003.
3. Cited in Jim Lobe, "New Cheney Foreign Policy Adviser Set Sights on Syria," Foreign Policy in Focus, October 14, 2003.
4. Department of State, "Overview of State Sponsored Terrorism," Patterns of Global Terrorism, 2002, (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2003).
5. Background Briefing, Department of State, April 1994.
6. 6 Ibid.
7. Seymour Hersh, New Yorker, July 28, 2003.
8. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (5).
9. Warren Strobel and John Walcott, "Bush's Advisers Debating Military Force against Syria," Seattle Times, January 10, 2004.
10. Ravi Nessman, "Israeli and U.S. Officials Claim Camp in Syria Was Active," Seattle Times, October 11, 2003.
11. Cited in Jim Lobe, "Bush Stance on Syria Hit Shows Neo-Cons Still Hold Sway," Inter Press Service, October 8, 2003.
12. Department of State, op. cit.
13. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (3).
14. International Crisis Group, "Hezbollah: Rebels Without a Cause?" Middle East Briefing, Amman/Brussels, July 30, 2003, p. 1.
15. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 4, Paragraph (1).
16. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (6).
17. Stephen Zunes, "Violations of U.N. Security Council Resolution by Countries Other than Iraq," Foreign Policy in Focus, October 2, 2002.
18. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 4, Paragraph (4).
19. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 5.
20. BBC Radio News, January 1, 2004.
21. U.N. Security Council Resolutions 446 (1979), 452 (1979), 465 (1980) and 471 (1980).
22. Craig Smith, "Israel Plans 25% Expansion of its Settlements in Golan," The New York Times, January 1, 2004, Sec. A, p. 4.
23. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 3, Paragraph (6).
24. Ben Lynfield, "Amid New Peace Bids, Israel Stays Tough," Christian Science Monitor, January 2, 2004.
25. BBC Radio News, op. cit.
26. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 5, Paragraph (2), subsection (2).
27. See Augustus Richard Norton, "Hezbollah of Lebanon: Extremist Ideals vs. Mundane Politics," Council on Foreign Relations, New York, 1999.
28. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (12).
29. "Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon" (for the period January 15, 2003 to July 31, 2003).
30. Haaretz, July 22, 2003.
31. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (12).
32. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (14).
33. International Crisis Group, op. cit.
34. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (14).
35. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (18).
36. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Deadly Arsenals: Tracking Weapons of Mass Destruction," June 2002.
37. Duncan Lennox, ed. "Offensive Weapons-Turkey," Jane's Strategic Weapons Systems, #24, May 1997.
38. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, op. cit.
39. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 3, Paragraph (5).
40. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (24).
41. Cited in "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (21).
42. Department of Defense, Proliferation Threat and Response, 2001, p. 45.
43. Hussein Ibish, "Voting on an Ominous Future for Syria," The Daily Star, June 26, 2003.
44. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (19).
45. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (23).
46. Andrew Cordesman, "Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East," Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 15, 2003, p. 55.
47. Ibid., pp. 35-36.
48. Ibid., pp. 43-45.
49. Ibish, op. cit.
50. March 28, 2003, cited in "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (28).
51. Donald Rumsfeld, April 13, 2004, cited in "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 2, Paragraph (32).
52. Vernon Loeb, "Commanders Doubt Syria is Entry Point: Officers See No Sign of Foreign Fighters," The Washington Post, October 29, 2003, p. A19.
53. Joel Brinkley, "Few Signs of Infiltration by Foreign Fighter in Iraq," The New York Times, November 19, 2003.
54. I b i d.
55. Agence France Presse, "Senator Byrd: U.S. Syria Bill Could Lead to an Invasion," November 12, 2003.
56. Donald Rumsfeld, ABC This Week, March 30, 2003.
57. Donald Rumsfeld, CBS Face the Nation, March 23, 2003.
58. Donald Rumsfeld, November 14, 2002, Live Interview with Infinity CBS Radio.
59. John Barry, "The Defector's Secrets," Newsweek, March 3, 2003.
60. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 3, Paragraph (2).
61. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 3, Paragraph (8).
62. U.N. Security Council resolutions 384 (1975) and 389 (1976).
63. U.N. Security Council resolutions 377, 379 and 380 (1975).
64. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 4, Paragraph (7).
65. "Syrian Accountability Act," Sec. 4, Paragraph (8).
66. Agence France Presse, op. cit.
67. I b i d.
68. Jim Lobe, "New Syria Legislation Shows Neocons Still in Charge, Foreign Policy in Focus," October 14, 2003.
69. For example, I was accused on Fox News of being a supporter of the Syrian regime for opposing a U.S. invasion of that country and, more seriously, of receiving funds from Hezbollah for commenting that I had seen no evidence that they had been involved in any acts of terrorism over the past decade. In reality, I have categorically opposed all forms of terrorism, been a critic of hardline Islamists in Lebanon and elsewhere, and have challenged Syrian policies - particularly on human-rights issues - in both public forums and in private meetings with Syrian officials.