Human growth hormone and the temptations of biomedical enhancement

Sociology of Health and Illness

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 184-215

  Conrad, Peter ^a   Potter, Deborah ^a  

^a BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti ageing; Enhancement; Human growth hormone; Medicalization; Performance; Shortness

Indexed keywords

HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE;

ATHLETE; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG INDUSTRY; DRUG LABELING; DRUG SYNTHESIS; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; HUMAN; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; PERFORMANCE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

AGING; BIOMEDICAL ENHANCEMENT; BODY HEIGHT; DRUG LABELING; FEMALE; HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE; HUMANS; MALE; RISK; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL VALUES; SPORTS; UNITED STATES; UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

EID: 1942504034     PISSN: 01419889     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2004.00386.x     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Abramson, P. (1985) Genentech's drug problem: marketing Protropin, Newsweek, 106, 70.
2. Amoroso, M. (1999) Tall order to weigh for kids, The Record, Lifestyle Section, 25 March, H01.
3. Angier, N. (1990) Human Growth Hormone reverses effects of aging, The New York Times, 5 July, Section A, 1.
4. American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (2001a) About A4M. www.worldhealth. net/abouta4m.html (16 April 2001).
5. American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (2001b) Certification American Board of Anti-Aging Health Practitioners (ABAAHP). www.worldhealth.net/ certification/ abaahp.html (16 April 2001).
6. American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (2001c) Certification American Board of Anti-Aging Medicine (ABAAM) www.worldhealth.net/certification/abaam. html (16 April 2001).
7. Auerbach, S. (1996) Is human growth overpresecribed? Many short children are taking it without a medical reason, study finds, The Washington Post, 27 August, Z07.
8. Bercu, B.B. (1996) The growth conundrum: growth hormone treatment of the non-growth hormone deficient child, Journal of the American Medical Association, Editorial 276, 567-8.
9. Biotechnology Business News (1994) Efficacy of growth hormones questioned in US, 24 October.
10. Bowles, S., Gintis, H. and Osborne, M. (2001) The determinants of earnings: a behavioral approach, Journal of Economic Literature, 39, 1137-76.
11. Bradley, C.A. and Sodeman, T.M. (1990) Human growth hormone: its use and abuse, Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, 10, 473-7.
12. Buchanan, A., Daniels, N., Wikler, D. et al. (2000) From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
13. Busschbach, J., von, Horikx, P., van den Bosch, J. et al. (1999) The psychosocial functioning of children with short stature - the role of recognition. In Eiholzer, U., Haverkamp, F. and Voss, L. (eds) Growth, Stature and Psychosocial Well-Being. Seattle: Hogrefe and Huber Publishers.
14. Butler, R.N., Fossel, M., Mitchell, S. et al. (2000) Anti-aging medicine: efficacy and safety of hormones and antioxidants, Geriatrics, 55, 48-58.
15. Conrad, P. (1992) Medicalization and social control, Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 209-32.
16. th Edition. New York: Prentice Hall.
17. Conrad, P. and Jacobson, H. (2003) Enhancing biology? Cosmetic surgery and breast augmentation. In Williams, W., Bendelow, G.A. and Birke, L. (eds) Debating Biology: Sociological Reflections on Health, Medicine and Society. London: Routledge.
18. Conrad, P. and Potter, D. (2000) From hyperactive children to adult ADHD: observations on the expansion of medical diagnoses, Social Problems, 47, 559-82.
19. Conrad, P. and Schneider, J.W. (1992) Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness, Expanded Edition. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
20. Corpas, E., Harman, S.M. and Blackman, M.R. (1993) Human Growth Hormone and human aging, Endocrine Reviews, 14, 20-37.
21. Cowley, G. (1996) Attention: aging men, Newsweek, 128, 68-75.
22. Curry, T.J. and Salerno, M.A. (1999) A comment on the use of anabolic steroids in women's Olympic swimming, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 34, 173-80.
23. Cutler, L., Silvers, J.B., Singh, J. et al. (1996) Short stature and growth hormone therapy: a national study of physician recommendation patterns, Journal of the American Medical Association, 276, 531-7.
24. Daniels, N. (1994) The genome project, individual differences, and just health care. In Murphy, T.F. and Lappe, M.A. (eds) Justice and the Genome Project. Berkeley: University of California Press.
25. Diekema, D.S. (1990) Is taller really better? Growth hormone therapy in short children, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 34, 109-23.
26. st Session.
27. Dubos, R. (1959) Mirage of Health. New York: Harper and Row.
28. Economist (2002) Walk tall, 27 April, 8.
29. Elliot, C. (1999) Pursued by happiness and beaten senseless: Prozac and the American dream, Hastings Center Report, 30, 2, 7-12.
30. Elliot, C. (2003) Better Than Well: American Medicine Meets the American Dream. New York: Norton.
31. Erickson, D. (1990) Big-time orphan: human growth hormone could be a blockbuster, Scientific American, September, 164-5.
32. Fackelmann, K. (1990) Hormone may restore muscle in elderly. Research by Daniel Rudman, Science News, 138, 23.
33. Foreman, J. (1992) Scientists are seeking keys to how the body ages, The Boston Globe, Science and Technology, 28 September, 38.
34. Frankford, D.M. (1998) The treatment/enhancement distinction as an armament in the policy wars. In Parens, E. (ed.) Enhancing Human Traits: Ethical and Social Implications. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
35. Frieze, I.H., Olson, J. and Good, D. (1990) Perceived and actual discrimination in the salaries of male and female managers, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 46-67.
36. st Session.
37. Gimlin, D. (2000) Cosmetic surgery: beauty as a commodity, Qualitative Sociology, 23, 77-98.
38. Glasbrenner, K. (1986) Technology spurt resolves growth hormone problem, ends shortage, Journal of the American Medical Association, 255, 581-4 and 587.
39. Green, H. (1986) Fit for America: Health, Fitness and Sport in American Society. New York: Pantheon.
40. Haiken, E. (1997) Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
41. Haiken, E. (2000) The making of the modern face: cosmetic surgery, Social Research, 67, 81-97.
42. Hall, S.S. (2003) The quest for a smart pill, Scientific American, 289, 3, 54-65.
43. Harris, D.A. (2001) Using b-blockers to control stage fright: a dancer's dilemma, Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 16, 2, 72-76.
44. Harris, N.S., Crauford, P.B., Yeshe Yangzorn, P.H. et al. (2001) Nutritional and health status of Tibetan children living at high altitudes, New England Journal of Medicine, 34, 341-7.
45. Hilchey, T. (1994) Hormone helps AIDS patients gain weight, New York Times, 16 October, 30.
46. Hintz, R.L. (1996) Growth hormone treatment of idiopathic short stature, Hormone Research, 46, 208-14.
47. Hintz, R.L., Attie, K.M., Baptista, J. et al. (1999) Effect of growth hormone treatment on adult height of children with idiopathic short stature, New England Journal of Medicine, 30, 502-07.
48. Hoberman, J. (1992) Mortal Engines: the Science of Performance and the Dehumanization of Sport. New York: Free Press.
49. Hoberman, J. (1995) Listening to steroids, Wilson Quarterly, 19, 35-44.
50. International Olympic Committee (2000) Olympic Movement Anti-Doping Code. www.multimedia.org/pdf/en_report_21.pdf
51. Jacobson, N. (2000) Cleavage: Technology, Controversy, and the Ironies of the Man-Made Breast. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
52. Juengst, E.T. (1998) What does enhancement mean? In Parens, E. (ed.) Enhancing Human Traits: Ethical and Social Implications. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
53. Kaufman, M. (2003) FDA approves wider use of growth hormone, Washington Post, 26 July, A12.
54. Kaw, E. (1992) Medicalization of racial features: Asian American women and cosmetic surgery, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 7, 74-87.
55. Kelnar, C.J.H., Albertsson-Wikland, K., Hintz, R.L. et al. (1999) Should we treat children with idiopathic short stature? Hormone Research, 52, 150-7.
56. Keyes, R. (1980) The Height of Your Life. Boston: Little Brown.
57. Kicman, A.T. and Cowan, D.A. (1992) Peptide hormones and sport: misuse and detection, British Medical Bulletin, 48, 496-517.
58. Klerman, G. (1982) Psychotropic hedonism vs. pharmacological Calvinism, Hastings Center Report, 2, 4, 1-3.
59. Konner, M.J. (1999) One pill makes you larger: the ethics of enhancement, The American Prospect, 42, 55-60.
60. Kramer, P. (1993) Listening to Prozac. New York: Penguin Books.
61. Lantos, J., Siegler, M. and Cutler, L. (1989) Ethical issues in growth hormone therapy, Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 1020-24.
62. Lindenman, B. (1993) Danger in the fountain of youth, The Record, Lifestyle Section, 9 December, B04.
63. Martel, L.F. and Biller, H.B. (1987) Stature and Stigma: The Biopsychological Development of Short Males. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
64. Mathews, J. (1999) The shrinking field, The Washington Post, 2 August, C01.
65. Mehlman, M.J. (2000) The law of above averages: Leveling the new genetic enhancement playing field, Iowa Law Review, 85, 517-93.
66. Meyer, A. (1996) Listening to Paxil, Psychology Today, July/August, 60-70.
67. Mintz, H. (1995) A growing problem: the Minnesota acquittal of a Genentech official spells problems for S.F. prosecutors, The Recorder, 8 November, 1.
68. New York Times (1990) Not quite the fountain of youth, 6 July, Section A, 24.
69. New York Times (1996) Growth hormone fails to reverse effects of aging, researchers say, 15 April, Section A, 13.
70. Newsweek (1985) A hormone with growth potential, 25 November, 70.
71. NHANES (2000) CDC Growth Charts: United States. Washington DC: National Center for Health Statistics, www.cdc.gov/growthcharts.
72. Nordenberg, T. (1999) Maker of growth hormone feels long arm of law, FDA Consumer 33 September/October, 33.
73. Papadakis, M.A., Grady, D., Black, D. et al. (1996) Growth hormone replacement in healthy older men improves body composition but not functional ability, Annuals of Internal Medicine, 124, 8-16.
74. Parens, E. (1998) Is better always good? The enhancement project. In Parens, E. (ed.) Enhancing Human Traits: Ethical and Social Implications. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
75. Patlak, M. (1992) The long and short of it: new medications for growth disorders, FDA Consumer, 26, 30-5.
76. st Session.
77. Playclean (2002) Anti-doping policy. www.playclean.org/antidoping_policy. html.
78. st Session.
79. Rae, S. (1996) Hormones: natural age-erasers, Men's Health, 11, 65-66.
80. Rose, N. (1996) Inventing Our Selves: Psychology, Power and Personhood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
81. Rothman, D. (2001) Comments on genetic enhancement. Talk given at the plenary session at tenth anniversary ELSI (Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project) conference. 17 January, Washington, D.C.
82. Rothman, S.M. and Rothman, D.J. (2003) The Pursuit of Perfection: the promise and perils of medical enhancement. New York: Pantheon Books.
83. Rubin, H.S. (2003) Self-Made Men. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
84. Rudman, D., Feller, A.G., Nagraj, G.A. et al. (1990) Effects of Human Growth Hormone in men over 60 years old, The New England Journal of Medicine, 323, 1-6.
85. Rudman, D., Feller, A.G., Cohn, L. et al. (1991) Effects of human growth hormone on body composition in elderly men, Hormone Research, 36 Suppl 1, 73-81.
86. nd Edition), Volume 22. London: MacMillan Publishers.
87. Saltus, R. (1990) Tinkering with the mechanisms of aging, The Boston Globe, Science and Technology, 6 August, 25.
88. Saltus, R. (1996) Youth in a bottle? The Boston Globe, Magazine Section, 8 December, 12.
89. Samaras, T.T. (1995) Short is beautiful: so why are we making kids grow tall? The Futurist, 29, 26-30.
90. Sandberg, D.E. (1999) Experiences of being short: Should we expect problems in psychosocial adjustment. In Eiholzer, U., Haverkamp, F. and Voss, L. (eds) Growth, Stature and Psychosocial Well-Being. Seattle: Hogrefe and Huber Publishers, 15-26.
91. Saugy, M.C., Cardis, C., Schweizer, C. et al. (1996) Detection of human growth hormone in urine: out of competition tests are necessary, Journal of Chromatography, B587, 201-11.
92. Schumacher, A. (1982) On the significance of short stature in human society, Journal of Human Evolution, 11, 697-701.
93. Schur, E. (1976) The Awareness Trap: Self Absorption instead of Social Change. New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Books.
94. Silver, L.M. (1997) Remaking Eden: Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World. New York: Avon Books.
95. Slater, L. (2001) Dr. Daedalus, Harper's Magazine, July, 57-67.
96. Stabinger, K. (1999) Potent mix: taxing hormones and supplements to combat aging, Vogue, 189, January, 162-3.
97. Stapleton, S. (1999) More off label drug promotion in the offing, American Medical News, 23-30 August.
98. Sullivan, D.H. (2000) Cosmetic Surgery: the Cutting Edge of Medicine in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
99. Taaffe, D.R., Pruitt, L., Reim, J. et al. (1994) Effect of recombinant Human Growth Hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly men, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 79, 1361-6.
100. Toby, J. (1998) Medicalizing temptation, The Public Interest, Winter, 64-78.
101. Vance, M.L. (1990) Growth hormone for the elderly? The New England Journal of Medicine, 323, 52-3.
102. Voss, L. (1999) Short stature: does it matter? A review of the evidence. In Eiholzer, U., Haverkamp, F. and Voss, L. (eds) Growth, Stature and Psychosocial Well-Being. Seattle: Hogrefe and Huber Publishers, 7-14.
103. Wagner, J.C. (1989) Abuse of drugs used to enhance athletic performance, American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 46, 2059-67.
104. Weber, M. (1958) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
105. Weiss, R. (1993) Growth hormone provides no extra inches, study finds controversial drug does not add height beyond genetic potential, The Washington Post, 13 September, Z7.
106. Werth, B. (1991) How short is too short? Marketing human growth hormone, New York Times Magazine, 16 June, 14-16, 28-29, 47.
107. st Session.
108. Yalom, M. (1997) A History of the Breast. New York: Knopf.
109. Zorpette, G. (2000) All doped up - and going for the gold, Scientific American, 20-22 May.