A Case of Warfarin Skin Necrosis Despite Enoxaparin Anticoagulation in a Patient with Protein S Deficiency

Annals of Vascular Surgery

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 237-242

  Tai, Chau Y ^a,b   Ierardi, Ralph ^a,b   Alexander, James B ^a,b  

^a Univ of Med/Dent of New Jersey ^*

^b Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ENOXAPARIN; HEPARIN; VITAMIN K GROUP; WARFARIN;

ADULT; ANAMNESIS; ANTICOAGULATION; ARTICLE; BLISTER; CASE REPORT; CLINICAL CHEMISTRY; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; ECCHYMOSIS; ERYTHEMA; FEMALE; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; LABORATORY TEST; PATIENT; PETECHIA; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PLASMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN NECROSIS; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

EID: 1942477300     PISSN: 08905096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10016-003-0080-4     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Simonneau G, Charbonnier B, Decousus H, et al. Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight-heparin compared with continuous intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis. Arch. Intern. Med. 1993;153:1541-1546.
2. Levine M, Gent M, Hirsh J, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin administered primarily at home with unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital for proximal deep-vein thrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996;334:677-681.
3. Flood EP, Redish MH, Bocik SJ, et al. Thrombophlebitis migrans disseminata: report of a case in which gangrene of a breast occurred. N.Y. State J. Med. 1943;43:121-124.
4. Essex DW, Wynn SS, Jin DK. Late-onset warfarin-induced skin necrosis: case report and review of the literature. Am. J. Hematol. 1998;57:233-237.
5. Sallah S, Thomas DP, Roberts HR. Warfarin and heparin-induced skin necrosis and the purple toe syndrome: infrequent complications of anticoagulant treatment. Thromb. Haemost. 1997;78:785-790.
6. Stone MS, Rosen T. Acral purpura: an unusual sign of warfarin necrosis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1986;14:797-802.
7. Gold JA, Walters AK, O'Brien E. Coumadin versus heparin necrosis [Ietter]. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1987;16:148-149.
8. Lever WF, Schaumberg-Lever G. Histopathology of the Skin 7th edn. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1990, pp 186-187.
9. Teepe RG, Broekmans AW, Vermeer BJ, et al. Recurrent coumarin-induced skin necrosis in a patient with an acquired functional protein C deficiency. Arch. Dermatol. 1986;122:1408-1412.
10. Grimaudo V, Gueissaz F, Hauert J, et al. Necrosis of skin induced by warfarin in a patient deficient in protein S. B.M.J. 1989;298:233-238.
11. Anderson DR, Brill-Edwards P. Warfarin-induced skin necrosis in 2 patients with protein S deficiency: successful reinstatement of warfarin therapy. Haemostasis 1992;2:124-128.
12. Kiehl R, Hellstern P, Wenzel E. Hereditary ATIII deficiency and atypical localization of warfarin necrosis [letter]. Thromb. Res. 1987;45:191-193.
13. Jillella AP, Lutcher CL. Reinstituting warfarin in patients who develop warfarin skin necrosis. Am. J. Hematol. 1996;52:117-119.
14. Warkentin TE, Chong BE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: towards consensus. Thromb. Haemost. 1998;79:1-7.
15. Verhagen H. Local haemorrhage and necrosis of the skin and underlying tissues, during anti-coagulant therapy with dicumarol or dicumacyl. Acta Med. Scand. 1954;148:453-462.
16. Kessler CM. The pharmacology of aspirin, heparin, warfarin, and thrombolytic agents: implications for therapeutic use in cardiopulmonary disease. Chest 1991;99S:97-112.
17. Samama MM, Bara L, Gouin-Thibault I. New data on the pharmacology of heparin and low molecular weight heparins. Drugs 1996;52(S7):8-15.
18. Hirsh J, Levine MN. Low molecular weight heparin. Blood 1992;79:1-17.
19. Mauray S, Raucourt E de, Talbot JC, et al. Mechanism of factor IXa inhibition by antithrombin in the presence of unfractionated and low molecular weight heparins and fucoidan. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1998;1387:184-194.
20. Grosset AB, Spiro TE, Beynon J, et al. Enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin suppresses prothrombin activation more effectively than unfractionated heparin in patients treated for venous thromboembolism. Thromb. Res. 1997;86:349-354.
21. Xiao Z, Theroux P. Platelet activation with unfractionated heparin at therapeutic concentrations and comparisons with a low-molecular-weight heparin and with a direct thrombin inhibitor. Circulation 1998;97:251-256.
22. Martineau P, Tawil Nadine. Low-molecular-weight heparins in the treatment of deep-vein thrombosis. Ann. Pharmacother. 1998;32:588-598601.
23. DeFranzo AJ, Marasco P, Argenta LC. Warfarin-induced necrosis of the skin. Ann. Plast. Surg. 1995;34:203-208.
24. Tonn ME, Schaiff RA, Kollef MH. Enoxaparin-associated dermal necrosis: a consequence of cross-reactivity with heparin-mediated antibodies. Ann. Pharmacother. 1997;31:323-326.
25. Goldhaber SZ. Pulmonary embolism. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998;339:93-103.
26. Frutos PG de, Alim RIM, Hardig Y, et al. Differential regulation of alpha and beta chains of C4b-binding protein during acute-phase response resulting in stable plasma levels of free anticoagulant protein S. Blood 1994;84:815-822.
27. Humphries JE, Gardner JH, Connelly JE. Warfarin skin necrosis: recurrence in the absence of anticoagulant therapy. Am. J. Hematol. 1991;37:197-200.
28. Crowther MA, Ginsberg JB, Kearon C, et al. A randomized trial comparing 5-mg and 10-mg warfarin loading doses. Arch. Intern. Med. 1999;159:46-48.