Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

American Family Physician

Volumn 69, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 1915-1926+1931

  Albers, Janet R ^a   Hull, Sharon K ^a   Wesley, Robert M ^a  

^a SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; GESTAGEN; LEVONORGESTREL; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; MEFENAMIC ACID; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PROGESTERONE; PROGESTERONE DERIVATIVE;

CANCER RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; ENDOMETRIAL DISEASE; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; ESTROGEN RELEASE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; IMAGING SYSTEM; LABORATORY TEST; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; MENARCHE; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; POSTMENOPAUSE; PREGNANCY DISORDER; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SAMPLING; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UTERUS BLEEDING;

ADULT; ALGORITHMS; ANOVULATION; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; ENDOMETRIAL NEOPLASMS; ENDOMETRIUM; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY; HYSTEROSCOPY; MENORRHAGIA; MENSTRUATION DISTURBANCES; MIDDLE AGED; POSTMENOPAUSE; PREMENOPAUSE; RISK FACTORS; UTERINE HEMORRHAGE;

EID: 1942469310     PISSN: 0002838X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Nicholson WK, Ellison SA, Grason H, Powe NR. Patterns of ambulatory care use for gynecologic conditions: a national study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:523-30.
2. Goodman A. Abnormal genital tract bleeding. Clin Cornerstone 2000;3:25-35.
3. Hill NC, Oppenheimer LW, Morton KE. The aetiology of vaginal bleeding in children. A 20-year review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96:467-70.
4. Livingstone M, Fraser IS. Mechanisms of abnormal uterine bleeding. Hum Reprod Update 2002;8:60-7.
5. Lethaby A, Farquhar C, Sarkis A, Roberts H, Jepson R, Barlow D. Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: endometrial hyperplasia and irregular bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4):CD000402.
6. Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. 6th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999:201-38,499,575-9.
7. Shwayder JM. Pathophysiology of abnormal uterine bleeding. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2000;27:219-34.
8. Oriel KA, Schrager S. Abnormal uterine bleeding. Am Fam Physician 1999;60:1371-80.
9. ACOG practice bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists. Use of botanicals for management of menopausal symptoms. Obstet Gynecol 2001;96(6 suppl):1-11.
10. Krassas GE. Thyroid disease and female reproduction. Fertil Steril 2000;74:1063-70.
11. Dilley A, Drews C, Miller C, Lally C, Austin H, Ramaswamy D, et al. Von Willebrand disease and other inherited bleeding disorders in women with diagnosed menorrhagia. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:630-6.
12. Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome [published correction appears in N Engl J Med 1995;333:1435]. N Engl J Med 1995;333:853-61.
13. Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome [published correction appears in N Engl J Med 1995;333:1435]. N Engl J Med 1995;333:853-61.
14. Ferenczy A, Gelfand MM. Hyperplasia versus neoplasia: two tracks for the endometrium. Contemp OB/GYN 1986;28:79-96.
15. Rosenthal AN, Panoskaltsis T, Smith T, Soutter WP. The frequency of significant pathology in women attending a general gynaecological service for postcoital bleeding. BJOG 2001;108:103-6.
16. Chhieng DC, Elgert P, Cohen JM, Cangiarella JF. Clinical implications of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance, favor endometrial origin. Cancer 2001;93:351-6.
17. Apgar BS. Dysmenorrhea and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Prim Care 1997;24:161-78.
18. Brinton LA, Berman ML, Mortel R, Twiggs LB, Barrett RJ, Wilbanks GD, et al. Reproductive, menstrual, and medical risk factors for endometrial cancer: results from a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1317-25.
19. Ries LA, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Clegg L, et al., eds. SEER cancer statistics review, 1975-2000. Bethesda, Md.: National Cancer Institute, 2003. Accessed March 23, 2004, at http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2000.
20. Solomon CG, Hu FB, Dunaif A, Rich-Edwards J, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, et al. Long or highly irregular menstrual cycles as a marker for risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001;286:2421-6.
21. Elford KJ, Spence JE. The forgotten female: pediatric and adolescent gynecological concerns and their reproductive consequences. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2002;15:65-77.
22. ACOG practice bulletin. Management of anovulatory bleeding. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2001;73:263-71.
23. Stovall TG, Ling FW, Morgan PL. A prospective, randomized comparison of the Pipelle endometrial sampling device with the Novak curette. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165(5 pt 1):1287-90.
24. Goldstein SR, Zeltser I, Horan CK, Snyder JR, Schwartz LB. Ultrasonography-based triage for perimenopausal patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:102-8.
25. Clark TJ, Mann CH, Shah N, Khan KS, Song F, Gupta JK. Accuracy of outpatient endometrial biopsy in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer: a systematic quantitative review. BJOG 2002;109:313-21.
26. Dijkhuizen FP, Mol BW, Brolmann HA, Heintz AP. The accuracy of endometrial sampling in the diagnosis of patients with endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasia: a meta-analysis. Cancer 2000;8:1765-72.
27. Tabor A, Watt HC, Wald NJ. Endometrial thickness as a test for endometrial cancer in women with postmenopausal vaginal bleeding. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:663-70.
28. Smith-Bindman R, Kerlikowske K, Feldstein VA, Subak L, Scheidler J, Segal M, et al. Endovaginal ultrasound to exclude endometrial cancer and other endometrial abnormalities. JAMA 1998;280:1510-7.
29. Medverd JR, Dubinsky TJ. Cost analysis model: US versus endometrial biopsy in evaluation of peri-and postmenopausal abnormal vaginal bleeding. Radiology 2002;222:619-27.
30. Clark TJ, Voit D, Gupta JK, Hyde C, Song F, Khan KS. Accuracy of hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer and hyperplasia: a systematic quantitative review. JAMA 2002;288:1610-21.
31. De Vries LD, Dijkhuizen FP, Mol BW, Brolmann HA, Moret E, Heintz AP. Comparison of transvaginal sonography, saline infusion sonography, and hysteroscopy in premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding. J Clin Ultrasound 2000;28:217-23.
32. Krampl E, Bourne T, Hurlen-Solbakken H, Istre O. Transvaginal ultrasonography, sonohysterography and operative hysteroscopy for the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001;80:616-22.
33. Widrich T, Bradley LD, Mitchinson AR, Collins RL. Comparison of saline infusion sonography with office hysteroscopy for the evaluation of the endometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1327-34.
34. O'Connell LP, Fries MH, Zeringue E, Brehm W. Triage of abnormal postmenopausal bleeding: a comparison of endometrial biopsy and transvaginal sonohysterography versus fractional curettage with hysteroscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:956-61.
35. Mihm LM, Quick VA, Brumfield JA, Connors AF Jr, Finnerty JJ. The accuracy of endometrial biopsy and saline sonohysterography in the determination of the cause of abnormal uterine bleeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:858-60.
36. Ben-Yehuda OM, Kim YB, Leuchter RS. Does hysteroscopy improve upon the sensitivity of dilatation and curettage in the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma? Gynecol Oncol 1998;68:4-7.
37. Bettocchi S, Ceci O, Vicino M, Marello F, Impedovo L, Selvaggi L. Diagnostic inadequacy of dilatation and curettage. Fertil Steril 2001;75:803-5.
38. Gimpelson RJ. Panoramic hysteroscopy with directed biopsies vs. dilatation and curettage for accurate diagnosis. J Reprod Med 1984;29:575-8.
39. Fleischer AC, Wheeler LE, Lindsay I, Hendrix SI, Grabill S, Kravitz B, et al. An assessment of the value of ultrasonographic screening for endometrial disease in postmenopausal women without symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:70-5.
40. Apgar BS, Greenberg G. Using progestins in clinical practice. Am Fam Physician 2000;62:1839-46, 1849-50.
41. DeVore GR, Owens O, Kase N. Use of intravenous Premarin in the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding-a double-blind randomized control study. Obstet Gynecol 1982;59:285-91.
42. Lethaby A, Augood C, Duckitt K. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4):CD000400.
43. Lethaby AE, Cooke I, Rees M. Progesterone/progestogen releasing intrauterine systems versus either placebo or any other medication for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4):CD002126.
44. Fraser IS, McCarron G. Randomized trial of 2 hormonal and 2 prostaglandin-inhibiting agents in women with a complaint of menorrhagia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1991;31:66-70.
45. Sowter MC, Lethaby A, Singla AA. Pre-operative endometrial thinning agents before endometrial destruction for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4):CD001124.
46. Lethaby A, Farquhar C, Cooke I. Antifibrinolytics for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4):CD000249.