Scrutiny in the Modern City: The Domestic public and the Toronto Local Council of Women at the turn of the twentieth century

Gender, Place and Culture

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 29-48

  Mackintosh, Phillip Gordon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENDER RELATIONS; SOCIAL MOVEMENT; TWENTIETH CENTURY; WOMENS STATUS;

EID: 19344374148     PISSN: 0966369X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09663690500082836     Document Type: Article

References (134)

1. Of 82,200 total arrests of males and females, 58% are for drunkenness and disorderly conduct, while 3% are for vagrancy. The total of these equals 50, 297, or 61% (Riis, 1890/1957, p. 230).
2. Select, but representative, earlier works in the canon include: Welter, 1966; Kraditor, 1965; Sklar, 1976; Cott, 1977; Bacchi, 1978; Douglas, 1978; Bordin, 1981; Ryan, 1981; Wright, 1983; Hayden, 1984; McDannel, 1986; Stansell, 1987.
3. The habit of observation, The Ladies' Journal, May, 1895, Vol. XV, No. 5, p. 7.
4. TCLW, Minutes 1906-1914, 10 November 1909, F805-1-0-2, Public Archives of Ontario.
5. TLCW, Minutes 1903-1906, 18 May 1903, F805-1-0-1, Public Archives of Ontario.
6. TLCW, Press Releases, Globe, 20 December 1897, F805-10, Public Archives of Ontario.
7. Women in Municpal Office, Toronto Star, 4 February 1913, p. 9.
8. Contemporary observers of municipal housekeepers noted the role they played in reforming the streets. C. M. Robinson (1899, p. 774) reported that 'in Chicago, in 1897, a woman was appointed chief inspector of streets and alleys. She was the first to be appointed to such a position, but she filled it to better satisfaction than had been known before, having gained experience in similar duties for the Civic Federation'. Addams (1912, p. 284) similarly suggested that as a result of women's scouring of the tenements, and their incessant reporting to the city, 'three city inspectors in succession were transferred from the ward because of unsatisfactory services'.
9. Mail and Empire, 25 September 1897, Part Two, p. 7;
10. Statistics Canada, Census, 1891, 1901, 1921.
11. Crowded housing, its evil effects, Mail and Empire, 18 September, Part Two, p. 7.
12. These photos exist on microfilm in the City of Toronto Archives, Department of Public Works Photographs, pp. 372-332, 1-340 and 341-976; no. 264725-24.
13. I b i d.
14. Mail and Empire, 16 May 1898, p. 4.
15. Mail and Empire, 17 May 1898, p. 2.
16. Annual Report of the City Engineer of Toronto for 1894, Toronto: The Carswell Co., 1895, pp. 23-24; City of Toronto Archives.
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18. Globe, 18 May 1912, p. 13.
19. TLCW, Minutes 1903-1906, 8 March 1905, F805-1-0-1, Public Archives of Ontario. See Walden 1997) for Toronto women's influence on the Industrial Exhibition.
20. TLCW, Minutes 1906-1914, 8 January 1908, F805-1, Public Archives of Ontario.
21. For a full discussion of the in-take valve problem, see Toronto's Mail and Empire beginning 6 September 1895, and continuing for several weeks.
22. TLCW, Minutes 1906-1914, 12 November 1908, F805-1, Public Archives of Ontario.
23. I b i d.
24. TLCW, Minutes 1906-1914, 9 December 1908, F805-1-0-2, Public Archives of Ontario.
25. I b i d.
26. TLCW, Minutes 1906-1914, 10 February 1909, F805-1-0-2, Public Archives of Ontario.
27. TLCW, Press Releases, Globe, 12 January 1899, F805-10, Public Archives of Ontario.
28. TLCW, Minutes 1906-1914, 12 November 1908, F805-1-0-2, Public Archives of Ontario.
29. TLCW, Minutes 1906-1914, 9 December 1908, F805-1-0-2, Public Archives of Ontario.
30. Letters, etc., 1912-1914, 11 December 1913, Civic Guild of Toronto Papers, S48, Baldwin Room, Metropolitan Toronto Reference Library.
31. Letters, etc., 1912-1914, 22 December 1913, Civic Guild of Toronto Papers, S48, Baldwin Room, Metropolitan Toronto Reference Library.
32. Mail and Empire, 3 December 1897, p. 7.
33. TLCW, Minutes 1903-1906, 10 May 1905, F805-1-0-1, Public Archives of Ontario.
34. TLCW, Minutes 1906-1914, 14 April 1909, F805-1-0-2, Public Archives of Ontario. It is quite possible that I missed a further entry on this issue. The handwriting in TLCW Minutes is often barely legible.
35. Toronto Star, 5 February 1913, p. 8; emphasis added.
36. Toronto Star, 8 February 1913, p. 1.
37. Toronto will soon have policewomen, Toronto Star, 30 April 1913, p. 4.
38. TLCW, Minutes 1906 -1914, 8 December 1909, F805-1-0-2, Public Archives of Ontario.
39. TLCW, Minutes 1906-1914, 12 January 1910, F805-1-0-2, Public Archives of Ontario.
40. TLCW, Minutes 1906-1914, 25 February 1910, F805-1-0-2, Public Archives of Ontario.
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