Townsmen in the making: Social engineering and citizenship in Dar es Salaam, c.1945-1960

International Journal of African Historical Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 331-366

  Burton, Andrew ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 19044395506     PISSN: 03617882     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3559387     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. See e.g., D. A. Low and John Lonsdale, "Introduction: Towards the New Order, 1945-1963, " in D.A. Low and Alison Smith, eds., History of East Africa, III (Oxford, 1976), 1-63;
2. John Iliffe, A Modern History of Tanganyika (Cambridge, 1979), Chap. 14;
3. R.D. Pearce, Turning Point in Africa (London, 1982);
4. Frederick Cooper, Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Questionin French and British Africa (Cambridge, 1996).
5. Cooper, Decolonization, 470.
6. and On the African Waterfront: Urban Disorder and the Transformation of Work in Colonial Mombasa (New Haven, 1987).
7. For the evolution of this policy in Dar es Salaam (and for East and Southern Africa) and the simultaneous marginalization of large sections of the African urban population, see Andrew Burton, Wahuni! Urbanisation, Crime, and Colonial Order in Dar es Salaam, 1919-1961 (forthcoming, Ohio University Pressand James Currey).
8. Andrew Burton, "The Haven of Peace Purged: Tackling the'Undesirable' and 'Unproductive' Poor in Dar es Salaam, c.1950s-1985";
9. and James R. Brennan, "Sucking with Straws: Exploitation and Urban Citizenship in Tanzanian Nationalist Thought and Rhetoric, 1958-76, " bothin Andrew Burton and Michael Jennings, eds., The Emperor's New Clothes?Continuity and Change in Late Colonial and Post-colonial East Africa (inpreparation).
10. Low and Lonsdale, "Introduction, " 13.
11. Ralph Austen, 'The Official Mind of Indirect Rule, " in Prosser Gifford and Wim R. Louis, eds., Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial Rivalryand Colonial Rule (New Haven, 1967).
12. For an insightful analysis of indirect rule in colonial Africa, see Karen E. Fields, Revival and Rebellion in Colonial Central Africa (Princeton, 1985).
13. See, for example, Pearce, Turning Point.
14. See, for example, Kenya Colony, Report of the Commission of Inquiryappointed to Examine the Labour Conditions in Mombasa (Nairobi, 1939);
15. A. Lynn Saffery, A Report On Some Aspects of African Living Conditions onthe Copperbelt of Northern Rhodesia (Lusaka, 1943).
16. See, for example, Iliffe, Modern History, Chap 14;
17. Joanna Lewis, Empire State Building: War and Welfare in Kenya, 1925-52(Oxford, 2000);
18. Milcah Achola, "Colonial Policy and Urban Health: The Case of Colonial Nairobi, " Azania XXXV/XXXVI (2001-2002).
19. See Cooper, Waterfront and Decolonization.
20. See Burton, Wahuni, Appendix 1, for the town population.
21. th July 1944, Tanzania National Archive [TNA], Dar es Salaam, 61/643/3.
22. and for the Wazaramo Union, James R. Brennan, "Nation, Race and Urbanization in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1916-76" (Ph.D. thesis, Northwestern University, 2002), 230-47.
23. Nevertheless, colonial officials were aware of the importance of Islam inthe urban arena - indeed they sought the legitimization of the urbanadministration by the appointment of Islamic officials, notably the liwali, thetown's most senior "native" official. Information on Islam in Dar es Salaam is contained in Brennan, "Nation"; D.H. Anthony, "Cultureand Society in a Town in Transition: A People's History of Dar es Salaam, 1865-1939" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1983);
24. and Mohamed Said, The Life and Times of Abdulwahid Sykes (1924-68): The Untold Story of the Muslim Struggle Against British Colonialism in Tanganyika(London, 1998). There is considerable scope for new research on this importantsubject.
25. st July 2002;
26. Iliffe, Modern History, 393 and passim.
27. For an extended discussion of beni (and dansi) see Terence Ranger, Danceand Society in Eastern Africa: The "Beni Ngoma" (London, 1975).
28. Of course this was true of other colonial urban centers as well. There isa growing historiographical literature on both the emergence of"leisure" in Africa and the colonial response to this phenomenon. See, for example, Phyllis Martin, Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville(Cambridge, 1995);
29. Laura Fair, Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, 1890-1945 (Oxford/Athens, Ohio, 2001);
30. and the special issue of IJAHS on leisure and African history, IJAHS 35, 1 (2002), edited by Emmanuel Akyeampong and Charles Ambler.
31. See Andrew Burton, "Adjutants, Agents, Intermediaries: The Native Administration in Dar es Salaam Township, 1919-1961, " Azania XXXV/XXXVI(2002).
32. Officials argued for a policy in which a restricted class of urban Africans enjoyed better wages, housing, and living conditions from the early1940s, although "stabilization" was not implemented until the late1950s. See Burton, Wahuni, Chaps. 4 and 11.
33. The Sudanese Association and Congo Union Association (representing the Manyema) were both established in Dar es Salaam in the 1930s. See J.A.K. Leslie, A Survey of Dar es Salaam (Oxford, 1964), 254;
34. 1950 DSM District Annual Report (DAR), 1. James Ferguson, in Expectationsof Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt(Berkeley, 1999), has rightly warned about the tendency in the literature onurban Africa to simplify African settlement patterns: the colonial period beingcharacterized as a time of migrancy when urban residence was only temporary anda worker's links with his rural home remained paramount.
35. for ethnicity in Dar es Salaam, see Brennan, "Nation, " esp.93-118.
36. Cairns, Bush and Boma, 121.
37. th February 1948.
38. st October 1952, TNA/37671/Vol.2.
39. Leslie, Survey, 188-89.
40. Said, Abdulwahid Sykes, 88-90.
41. For the accounts of women activists who participated in this campaign, see Susan Geiger, TANU Women: Gender and Culture in the Making of Tanganyikan Nationalism, 1955-1965 (Portsmouth, N.H., 1997), Chaps. 3 and 4.
42. For example, PC's Conference mins., June 1948, para. 16;
43. th January 1954, RH/Mss.Afr.s.1157.
44. M.J.B. Molohan, Detribalization (Dar es Salaam, 1959), para. 69.
45. This apathy was not restricted to urban councils. Roland Young and Henry A. Fosbrooke describe a prevailing "lethargy" towards the councils in Uluguru, Land and Politics Among the Luguru of Tanganyika (London, 1960), 108-109.
46. See Burton, "Adjutants."
47. The quote, describing social development in Dar es Salaam, is from Youngand Fosbrooke, Land and Politics, 107.
48. Quoted in Social Development in Tanganyika, 1950, Public Records Office, Kew (PRO) CO/859/220/10.
49. E. Sewell Harris, Community Centres and Associations (London, 1944), 5.Copy in PRO/CO/859/113/6.
50. Community Centres, Ministry of Education pamphlet (London, 1944), 3.
51. Report on a Tour of Tanganyika by W.H. Chinn, Colonial Office Social Welfare Advisor, para. 5, PRO/CO/822/675.
52. Molohan, Detribalization, para. 130.
53. Quoted in "Urban Community Development Through Adult Literacy, "Community Development Bulletin IV, 4 (September 1953), 7.
54. For women in colonial Dar es Salaam, see Geiger, TANU Women;
55. Marjorie Mbilinyi, "'This Is an Unforgettable Business': Colonial State Intervention in Tanzania, " in Jane L. Parpart and Kathleen A. Staudt, eds., Women and the State in Africa (Boulder, 1989), 111-19;
56. st February 1952
57. Unless otherwise indicated, information contained in this paragraph isfrom Geiger's useful review of welfare work among Tanganyikan women in Dar es Salaam, TANU Women, 27-31.
58. Women's Service League Report, App. A, Annual Report on Social Welfare, 1948 (DSM, 1950), TNA/540/3/70, quoted in Geiger TANU Women, 29.
59. Quoted in Caroline Elkins, "The Struggle for Mau Mau: Rehabilitationin Late Colonial Kenya, " International Journal of African Historical Studies, 33, 1 (2000), 38.
60. Brennan, "Nation, " 304.
61. and Burton, "'Brothers by Day': Colonial Policing in Dar es Salaamunder British Rule, 1919-1961, " Urban History 30, 1 (2003), 63-91.