Franz Serafin Exner's Indeterminist Theory of Culture

Physics in Perspective

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 267-319

  Stöltzner, Michael ^a  

^a Institute Vienna Circle ^*  (Austria)

Author keywords

Alexander von humboldt; Cultural history; Ernst mach; Forman thesis; Franz serafin exner; Indeterminism; Ludwig boltzmann; Oswald spengler; Physicalism

Indexed keywords

EID: 19044387953     PISSN: 14226944     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00016-002-8370-8     Document Type: Article

References (207)

1. Franz S. Exner, Vom Chaos zur Gegenwart, mimeographed typescript of the 1923 manuscript, p. 98.
2. Franz S. Exner, Über Gesetze in Naturwissenschaft und Humanistik (Wien-Leipzig: Alfred Hölder, 1909), p. 3.
3. Michael Stöltzner, "Vienna Indeterminism: Mach, Boltzmann, Exner," Synthese 119 (1999), 85-111.
4. Erwin N. Hiebert, "Common Frontiers of the Exact Sciences and the Humanities," Physics in Perspective 2 (2000), 6-29.
5. The notes for Boltzmann's philosophy classes and a student's transcript were published as late as 1990 by his granddaughter Ilse M. Fasol-Boltzmann, ed., Ludwig Boltzmann. Principien der Naturfilosofi. Lectures on Natural Philosophy (Heidelberg-Berlin-New York: Springer, 1990); the correspondence can be found in Walter Höflechner, ed., Ludwig Boltzmann: Leben und Briefe (Graz: Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt, 1994); and large parts from both books have been translated by John Blackmore, ed., Ludwig Boltzmann: His Later Life and Philosophy, 1900-1906. Book One: A Documentary History (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995).
6. The notes for Boltzmann's philosophy classes and a student's transcript were published as late as 1990 by his granddaughter Ilse M. Fasol-Boltzmann, ed., Ludwig Boltzmann. Principien der Naturfilosofi. Lectures on Natural Philosophy (Heidelberg-Berlin-New York: Springer, 1990); the correspondence can be found in Walter Höflechner, ed., Ludwig Boltzmann: Leben und Briefe (Graz: Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt, 1994); and large parts from both books have been translated by John Blackmore, ed., Ludwig Boltzmann: His Later Life and Philosophy, 1900-1906. Book One: A Documentary History (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995).
7. The notes for Boltzmann's philosophy classes and a student's transcript were published as late as 1990 by his granddaughter Ilse M. Fasol-Boltzmann, ed., Ludwig Boltzmann. Principien der Naturfilosofi. Lectures on Natural Philosophy (Heidelberg-Berlin-New York: Springer, 1990); the correspondence can be found in Walter Höflechner, ed., Ludwig Boltzmann: Leben und Briefe (Graz: Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt, 1994); and large parts from both books have been translated by John Blackmore, ed., Ludwig Boltzmann: His Later Life and Philosophy, 1900-1906. Book One: A Documentary History (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995).
8. Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung: Historisch-kritisch dargestellt, ed. by Renate Wahsner and Horst-Heino von Borzeszkowski (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1988) p. 496; authorized English translation: The Science of Mechanics: Account of Its Development (La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1989); p. 580.
9. Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung: Historisch-kritisch dargestellt, ed. by Renate Wahsner and Horst-Heino von Borzeszkowski (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1988) p. 496; authorized English translation: The Science of Mechanics: Account of Its Development (La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1989); p. 580.
10. Franz S. Exner, Vorlesungen über die physikalischen Grundlagen der Naturwissenschaften (Leipzig-Wien: Franz Deuticke, second edition 1922), p. 675. The first addition appeared in 1919.
11. Exner, Über Gesetze (ref. 2), p. 7.
12. Ibid., p. 4.
13. Ibid., p. 13; emphasis added.
14. Ibid., p. 16.
15. Ibid., p. 14.
16. Michael Heidelberger, Die innere Seite der Natur: Gustav Theodor Fechners wissenschaftlich-philosophische Weltauffassung (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1993), p. 376.
17. Exner, Über Gesetze (ref. 2), p. 19; emphasis added.
18. Ibid., pp. 9-10.
19. Ibid., p. 33.
20. Ibid., p. 26.
21. Ibid., p. 40.
22. Ibid., p. 40.
23. Exner, Vorlesungen (ref. 7), p. 699.
24. Evening edition (Abendausgabe) of the Neue Freie Presse, October 15, 1908, p. 3.
25. Hans Benndorf, "Zur Erinnerung an Franz Exner," Physikalische Zeitschrift 28 (1927), p. 403. Largely identical is his Gedenkrede auf Franz Serafin Exner aus Anlaß der Enthüllung seines Denkmals in der Wiener Universität am 23. Jänner 1937, private printing.
26. Ibid., p. 403.
27. Arnold Sommerfeld, "Franz Exner," Jahrbuch der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1926 (München: Oldenbourg, 1927), 27.
28. Benndorf, "Zur Erinnerung" (ref. 22), p. 407.
29. Ludwig Boltzmann, "Josef Stefan" (1895), in Populäre Schriften (Leipzig: J. A. Barth, 1905), p. 102. This paper is not contained in the English translation Theoretical Physics and Philosophical Problems, ed. B. McGuinness (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1974).
30. Ludwig Boltzmann, "Josef Stefan" (1895), in Populäre Schriften (Leipzig: J. A. Barth, 1905), p. 102. This paper is not contained in the English translation Theoretical Physics and Philosophical Problems, ed. B. McGuinness (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1974).
31. Cf. also Franz Exner, "Erinnerungen an Josef Loschmidt," Die Naturwissenschaften 9 (1921), 177-180.
32. Benndorf, "Zur Erinnerung" (ref. 22), p. 408.
33. Der schlichten Astronomia I. und II. Theil. Verfasset und mit vielen Figuren und mancherlei Verslein geschmücket von Ω.Σ. Phil. Dr. A. A. L. L. magister. Phil. nat. Prof. ord. publ. in Universitate Vindobonensi, Rector magn. A.D. 1908/09. Mit Verlaub der geneigten Leserin nach der Handschrift gedrucket, Vindobonae, 14. Februarii MCMVIII, pp. 268-270.
34. Ibid., p. 148; with one of very few emphases in the book.
35. Ibid., p. 135.
36. Ibid., pp. 109-110.
37. Ibid., p. 235.
38. Ibid., p. 261.
39. Berta Karlik and Erich Schmid, Franz Serafin Exner und sein Kreis. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Physik in Österreich (Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1982). Further remarks on the academic history and a list of Exner's publications and lectures can be found in Lotte Bittner, Geschichte des Studienfaches Physik an der Wiener Universität in den letzten hundert Jahren (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Vienna, 1949), pp 177-186, 281-282, 332-334.
40. Berta Karlik and Erich Schmid, Franz Serafin Exner und sein Kreis. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Physik in Österreich (Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1982). Further remarks on the academic history and a list of Exner's publications and lectures can be found in Lotte Bittner, Geschichte des Studienfaches Physik an der Wiener Universität in den letzten hundert Jahren (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Vienna, 1949), pp 177-186, 281-282, 332-334.
41. The large number of publications written by Exner and Haschek since 1895 were later assembled into three volumes of tables and photographs: Franz Exner and Eduard Haschek, Die Spektren der Elemente bei normalem Druck (Leipzig-Wien: Franz Deuticke, 1911).
42. Benndorf, "Zur Erinnnerung" (ref. 22), p. 407.
43. Ibid., p. 404.
44. Hans Reichenbach, Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (Berkeley-Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965), p. 1.
45. Hans Reichenbach, "Exner, Franz, Vorlesungen über die physikalischen Grundlagen der Naturwissenschaften," Die Naturwissenschaften 9 (1921), p. 415.
46. Hans Reichenbach, "Die physikalischen Voraussetzungen der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung," Die Naturwissenschaften 8 (1920), 46-55 plus a correction on p. 349,
47. and "Philosophische Kritik der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung," Die Naturwissenschaften 8 (1920), 146-153.
48. Philipp Frank, The Law of Causality and Its Limits (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998), pp. 70-71;
49. originally published as Das Kausalgesetz und seine Grenzen (Wien: Julius Springer, 1932).
50. Ibid., p. 235.
51. Exner, Vorlesungen (ref. 7), p. 703.
52. Ludwig Boltzmann, "Über eine These Schopenhauers" (1905), in Populäre Schriften (ref. 26) p. 398; 195.
53. See his correspondence with Felix Klein in Hôflechner (ref. 5), pp. II 277-280; Ludwig Boltzmann, "Über die sogenannte H-Kurve," Mathematische Annalen 50 (1898), 325-332.
54. Fasol-Boltzmann, Principien der Naturfilosofi (ref. 5), p. 106.
55. Höflechner, Boltzmann. Leben und Briefe (ref. 5), p. II 384 and Blackmore, Boltzmann (ref. 5), p. 125.
56. Höflechner, Boltzmann. Leben und Briefe (ref. 5), p. II 384 and Blackmore, Boltzmann (ref. 5), p. 125.
57. Fasol-Boltzmann, Principien der Naturfilosofi (ref. 5), pp. 282-283.
58. Exner, Vorlesungen (ref. 7), p. 670.
59. So Exner relates in his handwritten curriculum vitae for the Austrian Academy of Sciences written in 1913, p. 3.
60. Max Planck, "Die Einheit des physikalischen Weltbildes" (1908), in Wege zur physikalischen Erkenntnis (Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1944), p. 14.
61. Ibid., p. 15.
62. Max Planck, "Dynamische und statistische Gesetzmäßigkeit" (1914), in Wege (ref. 51), p. 57.
63. Ibid., p. 63.
64. Exner, Vorlesungen (ref. 7), p. 709.
65. Ibid., p. 709.
66. Ibid., p. 710.
67. Ibid., p. 711.
68. Planck, "Dynamische und statistische Gesetzmäßigkeit" (ref. 53), p. 64.
69. Exner, Vorlesungen (ref. 7), p. 712.
70. Ibid., p. 713.
71. Heidelberger, Die innere Seite der Natur (ref. 13), p. 376.
72. Johannes von Kries, Prinzipien der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung (Freiburg i.B.: Mohr, 1886). The second edition appeared in 1927 with a new preface. Richard von Mises, "Fundamentalsätze der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung," Mathematische Zeitschrift 5 (1919), 52-99 and correction on p. 100. Von Mises states the differences between his approach and von Kries's in a review of the second edition of the Prinzipien in Die Naturwissenschaften 16 (1928), 1029-1030.
73. Johannes von Kries, Prinzipien der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung (Freiburg i.B.: Mohr, 1886). The second edition appeared in 1927 with a new preface. Richard von Mises, "Fundamentalsätze der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung," Mathematische Zeitschrift 5 (1919), 52-99 and correction on p. 100. Von Mises states the differences between his approach and von Kries's in a review of the second edition of the Prinzipien in Die Naturwissenschaften 16 (1928), 1029-1030.
74. Johannes von Kries, Prinzipien der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung (Freiburg i.B.: Mohr, 1886). The second edition appeared in 1927 with a new preface. Richard von Mises, "Fundamentalsätze der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung," Mathematische Zeitschrift 5 (1919), 52-99 and correction on p. 100. Von Mises states the differences between his approach and von Kries's in a review of the second edition of the Prinzipien in Die Naturwissenschaften 16 (1928), 1029-1030.
75. Ludwig Boltzmann, "Der zweite Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie" (1886), in Populäre Schriften (ref. 26), p. 37; 22.
76. Martin J. Klein, "The Development of Boltzmann's Statistical Ideas," in The Boltzmann Equation. Theory and Applications, ed. E. G. D. Cohen and Walter Thirring, Acta Physica Austriaca Suppl. X (1973), 53-106.
77. Martin J. Klein, "The Development of Boltzmann's Statistical Ideas," in The Boltzmann Equation. Theory and Applications, ed. E. G. D. Cohen and Walter Thirring, Acta Physica Austriaca Suppl. X (1973), 53-106.
78. Erwin Schrödinger, "Was ist ein Naturgesetz?" Die Naturwissenschaften 17 (1929), p. 9; English translation by James Murphy and W. H. Johnston in Science and the Human Temperament (New York: W. W. Norton, 1935), p. 136.
79. Erwin Schrödinger, "Was ist ein Naturgesetz?" Die Naturwissenschaften 17 (1929), p. 9; English translation by James Murphy and W. H. Johnston in Science and the Human Temperament (New York: W. W. Norton, 1935), p. 136.
80. Erwin Schrödinger, "Bohrs neue Strahlungshypothese und der Energiesatz," Die Naturwissenschaften 12 (1924), 720-724.
81. Marcel Bitbol, Schrödinger's Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1996).
82. Schrödinger, "Was ist ein Naturgesetz?" (ref. 66), p. 11; 145.
83. Ibid., p. 11; 147.
84. Ibid., p. 9; 133.
85. Erwin Schrödinger, "Aus der Antrittsrede des neu in die Akademie eintretenden Herrn Schrödinger", Die Naturwissenschaften 17 (1929), 732; English translation of the unabbreviated text in the Introduction to Science and the Human Temperament (ref. 66), p. 732; xvii.
86. Erwin Schrödinger, "Aus der Antrittsrede des neu in die Akademie eintretenden Herrn Schrödinger", Die Naturwissenschaften 17 (1929), 732; English translation of the unabbreviated text in the Introduction to Science and the Human Temperament (ref. 66), p. 732; xvii.
87. Ibid., p. 732; xviii.
88. In "Antrittsrede" (Ref. 72), p. 732 (not translated).
89. Paul Forman, "Weimar Culture, Causality, and Indeterminism, 1918-1927: Adaptation by German Physicists to a Hostile Intellectual Environment," Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 3 (1971), 1-115. In the same vein but more specific in the present context is Paul A. Hanle, "Indeterminacy before Heisenberg: The Case of Franz Exner and Erwin Schrödinger," Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 10 (1979), 225-269.
90. Paul Forman, "Weimar Culture, Causality, and Indeterminism, 1918-1927: Adaptation by German Physicists to a Hostile Intellectual Environment," Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 3 (1971), 1-115. In the same vein but more specific in the present context is Paul A. Hanle, "Indeterminacy before Heisenberg: The Case of Franz Exner and Erwin Schrödinger," Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 10 (1979), 225-269.
91. For earlier criticism, see John Hendry, "Weimar culture and quantum causality," History of Science 18 (1980), 155-180; Gregor Schiemann, "Wer beeinflußte wen? Die Kausalitätskritik der Physik im Kontext der Weimarer Kultur," in Wolfgang Bialas and Georg G. Iggers, eds., Intellektuelle in der Weimarer Republik (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1996), 349-367; Michael Stöltzner, "Die Kausalitätdebatte in den Naturwissenschaften. Zu einem Milieuproblem in Formans These," in Heike Franz, Werner Koge, Torger Möller, and Torsten Wilholt, ed., Wissensgesellschaft: Transformationen im Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Alltag, iwt-paper Nr. 25, University of Bielefeld; accessible via http://archiv.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/wissensgesellschaft.
92. For earlier criticism, see John Hendry, "Weimar culture and quantum causality," History of Science 18 (1980), 155-180; Gregor Schiemann, "Wer beeinflußte wen? Die Kausalitätskritik der Physik im Kontext der Weimarer Kultur," in Wolfgang Bialas and Georg G. Iggers, eds., Intellektuelle in der Weimarer Republik (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1996), 349-367; Michael Stöltzner, "Die Kausalitätdebatte in den Naturwissenschaften. Zu einem Milieuproblem in Formans These," in Heike Franz, Werner Koge, Torger Möller, and Torsten Wilholt, ed., Wissensgesellschaft: Transformationen im Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Alltag, iwt-paper Nr. 25, University of Bielefeld; accessible via http://archiv.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/wissensgesellschaft.
93. For earlier criticism, see John Hendry, "Weimar culture and quantum causality," History of Science 18 (1980), 155-180; Gregor Schiemann, "Wer beeinflußte wen? Die Kausalitätskritik der Physik im Kontext der Weimarer Kultur," in Wolfgang Bialas and Georg G. Iggers, eds., Intellektuelle in der Weimarer Republik (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1996), 349-367; Michael Stöltzner, "Die Kausalitätdebatte in den Naturwissenschaften. Zu einem Milieuproblem in Formans These," in Heike Franz, Werner Koge, Torger Möller, and Torsten Wilholt, ed., Wissensgesellschaft: Transformationen im Verhältnis von Wissenschaft und Alltag, iwt-paper Nr. 25, University of Bielefeld; accessible via http://archiv.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/wissensgesellschaft.
94. See my "Vienna Indeterminism II: From Exner to Frank and Mises," in Paolo Parrini, Wesley Salmon, and Patricia Murray, eds., The Origins of Logical Empiricism. Analytical and Continental Perspectives (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, forthcoming). There I take Frank's very positive review of Ernst Cassirer's Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik as a document of reconciliation between the Kantian and the Viennese tradition in causal matters; Philipp Frank, "Bemerkungen zu E. Cassirer: Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik," Theoria 4 (1938), 70-80.
95. See my "Vienna Indeterminism II: From Exner to Frank and Mises," in Paolo Parrini, Wesley Salmon, and Patricia Murray, eds., The Origins of Logical Empiricism. Analytical and Continental Perspectives (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, forthcoming). There I take Frank's very positive review of Ernst Cassirer's Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik as a document of reconciliation between the Kantian and the Viennese tradition in causal matters; Philipp Frank, "Bemerkungen zu E. Cassirer: Determinismus und Indeterminismus in der modernen Physik," Theoria 4 (1938), 70-80.
96. Max Planck, "Kausalgesetz und Willensfreiheit," in Wege (ref. 51), pp. 112-141.
97. Oswald Spengler, Der Untergang des Abendlandes. Erster Band: Gestalt und Wirklichkeit (Wien-Leipzig: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1918), p. 555. I have followed Hiebert's strategy (ref. 4, p. 28) to translate from the first edition because this was the one read by Exner while the existing English translation was undertaken according to the revised edition.
98. Ibid., p. 639.
99. Ibid., p. 168.
100. Ibid., p. 627.
101. Ibid., p. 630.
102. Hermann von Voß, "Oswald Spenglers 'Untergang des Abendlandes' und seine Stellungnahme zum Darwinismus," Die Naturwissenschaften 9 (1921), p. 757. Forman, "Weimar Culture" (ref. 75), p. 30, provides further quotations of the same spirit.
103. Paul Riebesell, "Die Mathematik und die Naturwissenschaften in Spenglers 'Untergang des Abendlandes,'" Die Naturwissenschaften 8 (1920), p. 508.
104. Exner, Der schlichten Astronomia (ref. 28), p. 116.
105. Benndorf, "Zur Erinnerung" (ref. 22), p. 404, where the manuscript is mentioned with an incorrect title.
106. Franz S. Exner, Aus prähistorischer Zeit (Wien: Steyrermühl, 1925) (Tagblatt-Bibliothek).
107. Exner, Vom Chaos zur Gegenwart (ref. 1), p. 435.
108. Ibid., p. 4.
109. Ibid., p. 68.
110. Ibid., p. 259.
111. Ibid., p. 97.
112. Ibid., p. 157.
113. Exner, Vorlesungen (ref. 7), p. vi. Interestingly, the reviewer of the second edition, the physicist Wilhelm Westphal, takes this concession as a sign of the objectivity of Exner; Wilhelm Westphal, "Exner, Franz, Vorlesungen über die Physikalischen Grundlagen der Naturwissenschaften," Die Naturwissenschaften 11 (1923), 113.
114. Exner, Vorlesungen (ref. 7), p. vi. Interestingly, the reviewer of the second edition, the physicist Wilhelm Westphal, takes this concession as a sign of the objectivity of Exner; Wilhelm Westphal, "Exner, Franz, Vorlesungen über die Physikalischen Grundlagen der Naturwissenschaften," Die Naturwissenschaften 11 (1923), 113.
115. Exner, Vorlesungen (ref. 7), p. xi.
116. Ibid., p. vii.
117. Exner, Vom Chaos zur Gegenwart (ref. 1), p. 201.
118. Ibid., p. 221.
119. Ibid., p. 278.
120. Ibid., p. 281.
121. Exner, Vorlesungen (ref. 7) , p. iv.
122. Ibid., p. vii.
123. Ibid., p. ix.
124. Exner, Vom Chaos zur Gegenwart (ref. 1), p. 330.
125. Ibid., p. 364.
126. See the writings on the social roots of science collected in Edgar Zilsel, The Social Origins of Modern Science, ed. Diederick Raven, Wolfgang Krohn, and Robert S. Cohen (Dordrecht-Boston: Kluwer, 2000).
127. Ibid., p. 126.
128. Exner, Aus prähistorischer Zeit (ref. 88), p. 14.
129. Ibid., p. 36.
130. Ernst Mach, "Die Leitgedanken meiner naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnislehre und ihre Aufnahme durch die Zeitgenossen," Scientia VII (anno IV = 1910), p. 226; this paper was Mach's reply to Planck's attack (ref. 51). Planck's rejoinder closed the debate in the same year "Zur Machschen Theorie der physikalischen Erkenntnis. Eine Erwiderung," in Physikalische Zeitschrift 11 (1910), 1186-1190.
131. Ernst Mach, "Die Leitgedanken meiner naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnislehre und ihre Aufnahme durch die Zeitgenossen," Scientia VII (anno IV = 1910), p. 226; this paper was Mach's reply to Planck's attack (ref. 51). Planck's rejoinder closed the debate in the same year "Zur Machschen Theorie der physikalischen Erkenntnis. Eine Erwiderung," in Physikalische Zeitschrift 11 (1910), 1186-1190.
132. Ernst Mach, Kultur und Mechanik (Stuttgart: W. Spemann, 1915), p. 7.
133. Ibid., p. 16.
134. Ibid., p. 21.
135. Ibid., p. 80.
136. Ibid., p. 60; emphasis added.
137. Ibid., pp. 84-85.
138. Ibid., p. 18.
139. Ibid., pp. 74-75.
140. Mach, Mechanik (ref. 6), eh. III, pp. 5-9.
141. Ludwig Boltzmann, "Über die Prinzipien der Mechanik" (1900), in Populäre Schriften (ref. 26), p. 315; 134.
142. Ibid., p. 322; 140.
143. Ibid., p. 324; 141.
144. Stöltzner, "Vienna Indeterminism" (ref. 3), Section 4.
145. Hiebert, "Common Frontiers" (ref. 4), p. 7.
146. Ibid., p. 10.
147. Ibid., p. 25-26.
148. Mach, Mechanik (ref. 6), p. 479.
149. Exner, curriculum vitae (ref. 50), p. 3.
150. So the editor Hanno Beck writes in Alexander von Humboldt, Kosmos: Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung, Vol. 2 (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1993), pp. 410-411. This edition contains only the first two books of the Kosmos which give the picture of Nature while the later volumes 3-5 containing further details of the physical description will be quoted according to the original edition.
151. Ibid., Vol. 1, p. 7.
152. Ibid., p. 45.
153. Cf. chapter xxii on "The Opposition between Mechanical and Phenomenological Physics," in Ernst Mach, Principles of the Theory of Heal: Historically and Critically Elucidated, ed. Brian McGuinness (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1986).
154. Boltzmann, "Über die Entwicklung der Methoden der theoretischen Physik in neuerer Zeit" (1899), in Populäre Schriften (ref. 26), pp. 198-227; 77-100.
155. Ernst Mach, "Das Prinzip der Vergleichung in der Physik," in Populär-wissenschaftliche Vorlesungen (Wien-Köln-Graz: Böhlau, 1987), p. 280.
156. Erich Metze, "Alexander von Humboldt's 'Kosmos'. Seine Entstehung und seine Bedeutung für die Gegenwart," Die Naturwissenschaften 1 (1913), p. 912.
157. Ibid., p. 913.
158. Alexander von Humboldt, Kosmos: Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung, Vol. 3 (Stuttgart-Tübingen: Cotta, 1850), pp. 26-27.
159. Ibid., p. 23.
160. Ibid., p. 11.
161. Alexander von Humboldt, Ideen zu einer Geographie der Pflanzen (Leipzig: Akademische Verlags-gesellschaft Geest & Portig, 1960), pp. 24-25; originally published in 1807.
162. Alexander von Humboldt, Kosmos, Vol. 5 (Stuttgart: Cotta, 1862), pp. 6-7.
163. Kosmos, Vol. 3 (ref. 138), p. 24.
164. Ibid., pp. 4-5.
165. See the map in Humboldt, Ideen (ref. 141). Much more data is contained in Tableau Statistique de L'Ile de Cuba pour les années 1825-1829 (Paris: Gide Fils, 1831).
166. See the map in Humboldt, Ideen (ref. 141). Much more data is contained in Tableau Statistique de L'Ile de Cuba pour les années 1825-1829 (Paris: Gide Fils, 1831).
167. Exner and Haschek (ref. 35).
168. J. M. Eder and E. Valenta, Atlas typischer Spektren (Wien-Leipzig, Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, 1924).
169. See the overview of Humboldt, Kosmos, Vol. 1 (ref. 130), p. 43.
170. Ibid., Vol 2, p. 3.
171. So reads the chapter's title in ibid., p. 88.
172. Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 90.
173. Ibid., p. 89.
174. Ibid., p. 97.
175. Spengler, Untergang (ref. 79), p. 167.
176. Exner, Vorlesungen (ref. 7), p. 695.
177. Ibid., p. x.
178. Ibid., p. 141.
179. Ibid., p. 277.
180. Ibid., p. 397.
181. Ibid., p. 434.
182. Ibid., p. 119.
183. Ibid., p. 217.
184. Ibid., p. 159.
185. Ibid., p. 292.
186. Ibid., p. 380.
187. Ibid., p. 157.
188. Ibid., p. 158.
189. Ibid., p. 206.
190. Ibid., p. 206.
191. Ibid., p. 207.
192. Ibid., p. 159.
193. Ibid., p. 406.
194. Benndorf, "Zur Erinnerung" (ref. 22), p. 408.
195. Spengler, Untergang (ref. 79), p. 409.
196. Exner, Vom Chaos zur Gegenwart (ref. 1), p. 431.
197. Ibid., p. 435.
198. Ibid., p. 436.
199. Exner, Vorlesungen (ref. 7), p. 696.
200. Fritz K. Ringer, The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community, 1890-1933 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969), p. 2; Ringer here quotes the Hungarian-born sociologist Karl Mannheim.
201. Ibid., p. 8ff.
202. Ibid., p. 11.
203. Letter of Exner to Wien, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin-Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Autograph I/1431.
204. John L. Heilbron, Max Planck. Ein Leben für die Wissenschaft 1858-1947 (Stuttgart: S. Hirzel, 1988), p. 79.
205. Benndorf, "Zur Erinnerung" (ref. 22), p. 404.
206. Exner, Vom Chaos zur Gegenwart (ref. 1), p. 187.
207. Ibid.