Petrogenesis of lavas from Detroit Seamount: Geochemical differences between Emperor Chain and Hawaiian volcanoes

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2005, Pages

  Huang, S ^a   Regelous, M ^b,c   Thordarson, T ^d   Frey, F A ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

Geochemical composition; Hawaiian hot spot; Mantle heterogeneity; Mantle plume; ODP

Indexed keywords

EID: 19044371861     PISSN: 15252027     EISSN: 15252027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2004GC000756     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Abouchami, W., S. J. G. Galer, and A. W. Hofmann (2000), High precision lead isotope systematics of lavas from the Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project, Chem. Geol., 169, 187-209.
2. Adam, J., T. H. Green, and S. H. Sie (1993), Proton microprobe determined partitioning of Rb, Sr, Ba, Y, Zr, Nb and Ta between experimentally produced amphiboles and silicate melts with variable F content, Chem. Geol., 109, 29-49.
3. Albarede, F. (1992), How deep do common basaltic magmas form and differentiate?, J. Geophys. Res., 97(7), 10, 997-11, 009.
4. Bach, W., B.Peucker-Ehrenbrink, S.R.Hart, and J.S. Blusztajn (2003), Geochemistry of hydrothermally altered oceanic crust: DSDP/ODP Hole 504B - Implications for seawater-crust exchange budgets and Sr-and Pb-isotopic evolution of the mantle, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(3), 8904, doi:10.1029/2002GC000419.
5. Barrett, T. J. (1983), Strontium and lead-isotope composition of some basalts from Deep Sea Drilling Project Hole 504B, Costa Rica Rift, Legs 69 and 70, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 69, 643-650.
6. Basaltic Volcanism Study Project (1981), Basaltic Volcanism on the Terrestrial Planets, 1286 pp., Elsevier, New York.
7. Bass, M. N., R. Moberly, J. M. Rhodes, C. Shih, and S. E. Church (1973), Volcanic rocks cored in the Central Pacific, Leg 17 Deep Sea Drilling Project, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 17, 429-504.
8. Blichert-Toft, J., D. Weis, C. Maerschalk, A. Agranier, and F. Albarède (2003), Hawaiian hot spot dynamics as inferred from the Hf and Pb isotope evolution of Mauna Kea volcano, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(2), 8704, doi:10.1029/2002GC000340.
9. Blundy, J. D., T. J. Falloon, B. J. Wood, and J. A. Dalton (1995), Sodium partitioning between clinopyroxene and silicate melts, J. Geophys. Res., 100(8), 15, 501-15, 515.
10. Blundy, J. D., J. A. C. Robinson, and B. J. Wood (1998), Heavy REE are compatible in clinopyroxene on the spinel lherzolite solidus, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 160, 493-504.
11. Caplan-Auerbach, J., F. Duennebier, and G. Ito (2000), Origin of intraplate volcanoes from guyot heights and oceanic paleodepth, J. Geophys. Res., 105(2), 2679-2698.
12. Carmichael, I. S. E., F. J. Turner, and F. Verhoogen (1974), Igneous Petrology, McGraw-Hill, New York.
13. Castillo, P. R., R. W. Carlson, and R. Batiza (1991), Origin of Nauru Basin igneous complex: Sr, Nd and Pb isotope and REE constraints, Earth Planet Sci Lett., 103(1-4), 200-213.
14. Castillo, P.R., P.A. Floyd, andC.France-Lanord(1992), Isotope geochemistry of Leg 129 basalts: Implications for the origin of the widespread Cretaceous volcanic event in the Pacific, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 129, 405-513.
15. Castillo, P. R., M. S. Pringle, and R. W. Carlson (1994), East Mariana Basin tholeiites: Cretaceous intraplate basalts or rift basalts related to the Ontong Java plume?, Earth Planet Sci Lett., 123(1-4), 139-154.
16. Castillo, P. R., J. H. Natland, Y. Niu, and P. F. Lonsdale (1998), Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic variation along the Pacific-Antarctic risecrest, 53-57 degrees S: Implications for the composition and dynamics of the South Pacific upper mantle, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 154(1-4), 109-125.
17. Castillo, P. R., E. Klein, J. Bender, C. Langmuir, S. Shirey, R. Batiza, and W. White (2000), Petrology and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope geochemistry of mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses from the 11°45'Nto 15°00'N segment of the East Pacific Rise, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 1, doi:10.1029/1999GC000024.
18. Chen, C.-Y., and F. A. Frey (1985), Trace element and isotope geochemistry of lavas from Haleakala Volcano, East Maui: Implications for the origin of Hawaiian basalts, J. Geophys. Res., 90(B10), 8743-8768.
19. Clague, D. A., and G. B. Dalrymple (1987), The Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic chain: Part I, Geologic evolution, in Volcanism in Hawaii, edited by R. W. Decker, T. L. Wright, and P. H. Stauffer, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., P 1350, 5-73.
20. Class, C., and S. L. Goldstein (1997), Plume-lithosphere interactions in the ocean basins: Constraints from the source mineralogy, Earth Planet Sci Lett., 150(3-4), 245-260.
21. Cottrell, R. D., and J. A. Tarduno (2003), A Late cretaceous pole for the Pacific plate: Implications for apparent and true polar wander and the drift of hotspots, Tectonophysics, 362, 321-333.
22. 39Ar K-Ar ages of volcanic rocks from Ojin (Site 430), Nintoku (Site 432), and Suiko (Site 433) seamounts and the chronology of volcanic propagation along the Hawaiian-Emperor chain, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 55, 659-676.
23. DePaolo, D. J., E. M. Stolper, D. M. Thomas, and M. O. Garcia (1999), Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project: Core logs and summarizing data, report, Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena.
24. Duncan, R. A., and R. A. Keller (2004), Radiometric ages for basement rocks from the Emperor Seamounts, ODP Leg 197, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q08L03, doi:10.1029/2004GC000704.
25. Eisele, J., W. Abouchami, S. J. G. Galer, and A. W. Hofmann (2003), The 320 kyr Pb isotope evolution of Mauna Kea lavas recorded in the HSDP-2 drill core, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(5), 8710, doi:10.1029/2002GC000339.
26. Fekiacova, Z., and W. Abouchami (2003), Pb isotopic evolution of Koolau volcano (Oahu, Hawaii), Eos Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V32A-0991.
27. Foley, S. F., W. R. Taylor, and D. H. Green (1986), The role of fluorine and oxygen fugacity in the genesis of the ultrapotassic rocks, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 94(2), 183-192.
28. Foley, S. F., S. E. Jackson, B. J. Fryer, J. D. Greenough, and G. A. Jenner (1996), Trace element partition coefficients for clinopyroxene and phlogopite in an alkaline lamprophyre from Newfoundland by LAM-ICP-MS, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60(4), 629-638.
29. Fornari, D. J., M. R. Perfit, J. F. Allan, R. Batiza, R. M. Haymon, A. M. Barone, W. B. F. Ryan, S. Terri, T. Simkin, and M. A. Luckman (1988), Geochemical and structural studies of the Lamont Seamounts: Seamounts as indicators of mantle processes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 89(1), 63-83.
30. Frey, F. A., and M. F. Roden (1987), The mantle source for the Hawaiian Islands: Constraints from the lavas and ultramafic inclusions, in Mantle Metasomatism, pp. 423-463, Elsevier, New York.
31. Frey, F. A., W. S. Wise, M. O. Garcia, H. West, S. T. Kwon, and A. Kennedy (1990), Evolution of Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii: Petrologic and geochemical constraints on postshield volcanism, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 1271-1300.
32. Frey, F. A., M. O. Garcia, W. S. Wise, A. Kennedy, P. Gurriet, and F. Albarede (1991), The evolution of Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii: Petrogenesis of tholeiitic and alkalic basalts, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 14, 347-14, 375.
33. Frey, F. A., M. O. Garcia, and M. F. Roden (1994), Geochemical characteristics of Koolau Volcano: Implications of intershield geochemical differences among Hawaiian volcanoes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 1441-1462.
34. Frey, F. A., D. Clague, J. J. Mahoney, and J. M. Sinton (2000), Volcanism at the edge of the Hawaiian plume: Petrogenesis of submarine alkalic lavas from the North Arch volcanic field, J. Petrol., 41(5), 667-691.
35. Frey, F. A., S. Huang, J. Blichert-Toft, M. Regelous, and M. Boyet (2005), Origin of depleted components in lavas related to the Hawaiian hot spot: Evidence from Hf isotope data, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., doi:10.1029/ 2004GC000757, in press.
36. Galer, S. J. G., W. Abouchami, and J. D. Macdougall (1999), East Pacific Rise MORB through the Pb isotope looking-glass, Eos Trans. AGU, 80(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F1086.
37. Garcia, M. O., B. A. Jorgenson, J. J. Mahoney, E. Ito, and A. J. Irving (1993), An evaluation of temporal geochemical evolution of Loihii summit lavas: Results from Alvin submersible dives, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 535-550.
38. Garcia, M. O., D. J. P. Foss, H. B. West, and J. J. Mahoney (1995), Geochemical and isotopic evolution of Loihi Volcano, Hawaii, J. Petrol., 36, 1647-1674.
39. Garcia, M. O., K. H. Rubin, M. D. Norman, J. M. Rhodes, D. W. Graham, D. W. Muenow, and K. Spencer (1998), Petrology and geochronology of basalt breccia from the 1996 earthquake swarm of Loihi Seamount, Hawaii: Magmatic history of its 1996 eruption, Bull. Volcanol., 59, 577-592.
40. Green, T. H., J. D. Blundy, J. Adam, and G. M. Yaxley (2000), SIMS determination of trace element partition coefficients between garnet, clinopyroxene and hydrous basaltic liquids at 2-7.5 GPa and 1080-1200°C, Lithos, 53, 165-187.
41. Haase, K. M. (2002), Geochemical constraints on magma sources and mixing processes in Easter Microplate MORB (SE Pacific): A case study of plume-ridge interaction, Chem. Geol., 182(2-4), 335-355.
42. Hanan, B. B., and J.-G. Schilling (1989), Easter Microplate evolution: Pb isotope evidence, J. Geophys. Res., 94(6), 7432-7448.
43. Hart, S. R., and T. Dunn (1993), Experimental clinopyroxene/melt partitioning for 24 trace elements, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 113 (1), 1-8.
44. Hickey-Vargas, R. (1991), Isotope characteristics of submarine lavas from the Philippine Sea: Implications for the origin of arc and basin magmas of the Philippine tectonic plate, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 107(2), 290-304.
45. Hofmann, A. W. (1986), Nb in Hawaiian magmas: Constraints on source composition and evolution, Chem. Geol., 57, 17-30.
46. Hofmann, A. W. (1988), Chemical differentiation of the Earth: The relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 90, 297-314.
47. Hofmann, A. W., and K. P. Jochum (1996), Source characteristics derived from very incompatible trace elements in Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea basalts (Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project), J. Geophys. Res., 101, 11, 831-11, 839.
48. Hofmann, A. W., and W. M. White (1983), Ba, Rb and Cs in the Earth's mantle, Z. Naturforssch., 38a, 258-266.
49. Huang, S., and F. A. Frey (2003), Trace element abundances of Mauna Kea basalt from Phase 2 of the Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project: Petrogenetic implications of correlations with major element content and isotopic ratios, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4(6), 8711, doi:10.1029/2002GC000322.
50. Huang, S., H.-J. Yang, and F. A. Frey (2000), Understanding the anomalous Ba/Th ratio in Hawaiian shield lavas, Eos Trans. AGU, 81(48), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract V11D-06.
51. Irving, A. F., and F. A. Frey (1978), Distribution of trace elements between garnet megacrysts and host volcanic liquids of kimberlitic to rhyolite composition, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 42, 771-787.
52. Janney, P. E., and P. R. Castillo (1997), Geochemistry of Mesozoic Pacific mid-ocean ridge basalt: Constraints on melt generation and the evolution of the Pacific upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 102(3), 5207-5229.
53. 39Ar geochronology of basalt from ODP Leg 45 (North Pacific Transect), Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Result, 145, 333-343.
54. Keller, R. A., M. R. Fish, and W. M. White (2000), Isotopic evidence for Late Cretaceous plume-ridge interaction at the Hawaiian hotspot, Nature, 405, 673-676.
55. Kempton, P. D., P. M. E. Thompson, and A. D. Saunders (2002), Did the ancestral Hawaiian plume interact with a mid-ocean ridge? The isotopic evidence, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 66(15A), suppl., A392.
56. Kinman, W. S., and C. R. Neal (2002), The influence of MORB on a plume-generated seamount: The story told by plagioclase phenocrysts from Detroit Seamount lavas, Emperor Seamount Chain, Eos Trans. AGU, 83(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T61C-10.
57. Kinzler, R. J. (1997), Melting of mantle peridotite at pressures approaching the spinel to garnet transition: Application to mid-ocean ridge basalt petrogenesis, J. Geophys. Res., 102(1), 853-874.
58. Kirkpatrick, R. J., D. Clague, and W. Freisen (1980), Petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks, DSDP Leg 55, Emperor Seamount Chain, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 55, 509-557.
59. Langmuir, C. H., E. M. Klein, and T. Plank (1992), Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalt: Constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges, in Mantle Flow and Melt Generation at Mid-Ocean Ridges, Geophys. Monogr Ser., vol.71, pp. 183-280, AGU, Washington, D. C.
60. Lanphere, M. A., G. B. Dalrymple, and D. A. Clague (1980), Rb-Sr systematics of basalts from the Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic chain, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 55, 695-706.
61. Lassiter, J. C., and E. H. Hauri (1998), Osmium-isotope variations in Hawaiian lavas: Evidence for recycled oceanic lithosphere in the Hawaiian plume, Earth Planet Sci Lett., 164, 483-496.
62. Lassiter, J. C., D. J. DePaolo, and M. Tatsumoto (1996), Isotopic evolution of Mauna Kea volcano: Results from the initial phase of the Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 11, 769-11, 780.
63. Lassiter, J. C., E. H. Hauri, P. W. Reiners, and M. O. Garcia (2000), Generation of Hawaiian post-erosional lavas by melting of a mixed lherzolite/pyroxenite source, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 178(3-4), 269-284.
64. LaTourrette, T., R. L. Hervig, and J. R. Holloway (1995), Trace element partitioning between amphibole, phlogopite, and basanite melt, Earth Planet. Sci Lett., 135, 13-30.
65. Li, X., R. Kind, X. Yuan, I. Wolbern, and W. Hanka (2004), Rejuvenation of the lithosphere by the Hawaiian plume, Nature, 427, 827-829, doi:10.1038/nature02349. (Pubitemid 38297741)
66. Lipman, P. W., T. W. Sisson, T. Ui, J. Naka, and D. K. Smith (2002), Ancestral submarine growth of Kilauea volcano and instability of its south flank, in Hawaiian Volcanoes: Deep Underwater Perspectives, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol.128, edited by E. Takahashi et al., pp. 161-192, AGU, Washington, D. C.
67. Longerich, H. P., S. E. Jackson, and D. Günther (1996), Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric transient signal data acquisition and analyte concentration calculation, J. At. Anal. Spectrom., 11, 899-904.
68. Longhi, J. (2002), Some phase equilibrium systematics of lherzolite melting: I, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3(3), 1020, doi:10.1029/2001GC000204.
69. Lonsdale, P. (1988), Paleogene history of the Kula Plate: Offshore evidence and onshore implications, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100, 733-754.
70. Lonsdale, P., J. Dieu, and J. Natland (1993), Posterosional volcanism in the Cretaceous part of the Hawaiian hotspot trail, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4081-4898.
71. Macdonald, G. A., and T. Katsura (1964), Chemical composition of Hawaiian lavas, J. Petrol., 5(1), 82-133.
72. Mammerickx, J., and G. F. Sharman (1988), Tectonic evolution of the North Pacific during the Cretaceous Quiet Period, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 3009-3024.
73. Mengel, K., and D. H. Green (1986), Stability of amphibole and phlogopite in metasomatized peridotite under water-saturated and water-undersaturated conditions, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Kimberlite Conference, vol.1, edited by J. Ross et al., pp. 571-581, Blackwell Sci., Malden, Mass.
74. Moore, J. G. (1987), Subsidence of the Hawaiian Ridge, in Volcanism in Hawaii, edited by R. W. Decker, T. L. Wright, and P. H. Stauffer, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1350 II, 85-100.
75. Mueller, R. D., W. R. Roest, J.-Y. Royer, L. M. Gahagan, and J. G. Sclater (1997), Digital isochrons of the world's ocean floor, J. Geophys. Res., 102(2), 3211-3214.
76. Niu, Y., and R. Batiza (1997), Trace element evidence from seamounts for recycled oceanic crust in the eastern Pacific mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 148(3-4), 471-483.
77. Niu, Y., K. D. Collerson, R. Batiza, J. I. Wendt, and M. Regelous (1999), Origin of enriched-type mid-ocean ridgebasalt at ridges far from mantle plumes: The East Pacific Rise at 11°20'N, J. Geophys. Res., 104(B4), 7067-7088.
78. Niu, Y., M. Regelous, I. J. Wendt, R. Batiza, and M. J. O'Hara (2002), Geochemistry of near-EPR seamounts: Importance of source vs. process and the origin of enriched mantle component, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 199(3-4), 327-345.
79. Norman, M. D., and M. O. Garcia (1999), Primitive magmas and source characteristics of the Hawaiian Plume: Petrology and geochemistry of shield picrites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 168(1-2), 27-44.
80. Parsons, B., and J. G. Sclater (1977), An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age, J. Geophys. Res., 82(5), 803-827.
81. Putirka, K. (1999), Melting depths and mantle heterogeneity beneath Hawaii and the East Pacific Rise: Constraints from Na/Ti and rare earth element ratios, J. Geophys. Res., 104(2), 2817-2829.
82. Rea, D. K., and J. M. Dixon (1983), Late Cretaceous and Paleogene tectonic evolution of the North Pacific Ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 65, 145-166.
83. Regelous, M., Y. Niu, J. I. Wendt, R. Batiza, A. Greig, and K. D. Collerson (1999), Variations in the geochemistry of magmatism on the East Pacific Rise at 10 degrees 30'N since 800 ka, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 168(1-2), 45-63.
84. Regelous, M., A. W. Hofmann, W. Abouchami, and S. J. G. Galer (2003), Geochemistry of lavas from the Emperor Seamounts, and the geochemical evolution of Hawaiian magmatism from 85 to 42 Ma, J. Petrol., 44, 113-140.
85. Rhodes, J. M. (1996), Geochemical stratigraphy of lava flows sampled by the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 11, 729-11, 746.
86. Rhodes, J. M., and J. P. Lockwood (Eds.) (1995), Mauna Loa Revealed: Structure, Composition, History, and Hazards, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol.92, AGU, Washington, D. C.
87. Rhodes, J. M., and M. J. Vollinger (2004), Composition of basaltic lavas sampled by phase-2 of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project: Geochemical stratigraphy and magma types, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q03G13, doi:10.1029/2002GC000434.
88. Ribe, N. M., and U. R. Christensen (1999), The dynamical origin of Hawaiian volcanism, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 171(4), 517-531.
89. Roden, M. F., F. A. Frey, and D. A. Clague (1984), Geochemistry of tholeiitic and alkalic lavas from the Koolau Range, Oahu, Hawaii: Implications for Hawaiian volcanism, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 69(1), 141-158.
90. Roden, M. F., T. Trull, S. R. Hart, and F. A. Frey (1994), New He, Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic constraints on the constitution of the Hawaiian plume: Results from Koolau Volcano, Oahu, Hawaii, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 1431-1440.
91. Schmidt, K. H., P. Bottazzi, R. Vannucci, and K. Mengel (1999), Trace element partitioning between phlogopite, clinopyroxene and leucite lamproite melt, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 168, 287-299.
92. Schmitz, M. D., and S. A. Bowring (2003), Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in the lower crust during Neoarchean Ventersdorp rifting and magmatism, Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115, 533-548.
93. Sharp, W. D., and D. A. Clague (2002), An older, slower Hawaii-Emperor bend, Eos Trans. AGU, 83(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T61C-04.
94. Shipboard Scientific Party (1993), Site 884, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Initial Rep., 145, 209-302.
95. Shipboard Scientific Party (2002a), Site 1203, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Initial Rep. [CD-ROM], 197, 171 pp.
96. Shipboard Scientific Party (2002b), Site 1204, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Initial Rep. [CD-ROM], 197, 125 pp.
97. Sinton, C. W., D. M. Christie, and R. A. Duncan (1996), Geochronology of Galapagos seamounts, J. Geophys. Res., 101(6), 13, 689-13, 700.
98. Sisson, T., P. W. Lipman, and J. Naka (2002), Submarine alkalic through tholeiitic shield-stage development of Kilauea volcano, in Hawaiian Volcanoes: Deep Underwater Perspectives, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol.128, edited by E. Takahashi et al., pp. 193-220.
99. Sleep, N. H. (2002), Ridge-crossing mantle plumes and gaps in tracks, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 3(12), 8505, doi:10.1029/2001GC000290.
100. Sobolev, A. V., A. W. Hofmann, and I. K. Nikogosian (2000), Recycled oceanic crust observed in ghost plagioclase within the source of Mauna Loa lavas, Nature, 404, 986-990.
101. Staudigel, H., G. R. Davies, S. R. Hart, K. M. Marchant, and B. M. Smith (1995), Large scale isotopic Sr, Nd and O isotopic anatomy of altered oceanic crust: DSDP/ODP sites 417/418, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 130, 169-185.
102. Stein, C. A., and S. Stein (1992), A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with lithospheric age, Nature, 359(6391), 123-129.
103. Stille, P., D. M. Unruh, and M. Tatsumoto (1983), Pb, Sr, Nd and Hf isotopic evidence of multiple sources for Oahu, Hawaii basalts, Nature, 304(5921), 25-29.
104. Stolper, E., S. Sherman, M. Garcia, M. Baker, and C. Seaman (2004), Glass in the submarine section of the HSDP2 drill core, Hilo, Hawaii, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q07G15, doi:10.1029/2003GC000553.
105. Sturm, M. E., E. M. Klein, D. W. Graham, and J. Karsten (1999), Age constraints on crustal recycling to the mantle beneath the southern Chile Ridge: He-Pb-Sr-Nd isotope systematics, J. Geophys. Res., 104(3), 5097-5114.
106. Sun, S.-S., and W. F. McDonough (1989), Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes, in Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, edited by A. D. Saunders and M. J. Norry, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 42, 313-345.
107. Tarduno, J. A., et al. (2002), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports [CD-ROM], vol.197, 171 pp., Ocean Drill. Program, College Station, Tex.
108. Tarduno, J. A., et al. (2003), The Emperor Seamounts: Southward motion of the Hawaiian Hotspot plume in Earth's mantle, Science, 301(5636), 1064-1069.
109. Tatsumoto, M., E. Hegner, and D. M. Unruh (1987), Origin of the West Maui volcanic rocks inferred from Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopes and a multicomponent model for oceanic basalt, in Volcanism in Hawaii, edited by R. W. Decker, T. L. Wright, and P. H. Stauffer, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1350 II, 723-744.
110. Thompson, P. M. E., P. D. Kempton, and A. D. Saunders (2002), The 48 Ma Koko Guyot: Early indications of temporal changes in the composition of the Hawaiian plume, Eos Trans. AGU, 83(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T61C-09.
111. van Westrenen, W., J. Blundy, and B. Wood (1999), Crystal-chemical controls on trace element partitioning between garnet and anhydrous silicate melt, Am. Mineral., 84, 838-847.
112. Villemant, B., H. Jaffrezic, J.-L. Joron, and M. Treuil (1981), Distribution coefficients of major and trace elements: Fractional crystallization in the alkali basalt series of Chaine des Puys (Massif Central, France), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 45, 1997-2016.
113. Walter, M. J. (1998), Melting of garnet peridotite and the origin of komatiite and depleted lithosphere, J. Petrol., 39(1), 29-60.
114. Wendt, J. I., M. Regelous, Y. Niu, R. Hekinian, and K. D. Collerson (1999), Geochemistry of lavas from the Garrett Transform Fault: Insights into mantle heterogeneity beneath the eastern Pacific, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 173, 271-284.
115. White, W. M., A. W. Hofmann, and H. Puchelt (1987), Isotope geochemistry of Pacific mid-ocean ridge basalt, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4881-4893.
116. Wilson, J. T. (1963), A possible origin of the Hawaiian Islands, Can. J. Phys., 21, 863-870.
117. Yang, H.-J., F.A. Frey, J.M.Rhodes, and M.O.Garcia (1996), Evolution of Mauna Kea volcano: Inferences from lava compositions recovered in the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 11, 747-11, 767.
118. Yang, H.-J., F. A. Frey, and D. A. Clague (2003), Constraints on the source components of lavas forming the Hawaiian North Arch and Honolulu Volcanoes, J. Petrol., 44, 603-627.