Between Scombining dot belowūfū reformism and modernist rationalism - A reappraisal of the origins of the Salafiyya from the Damascene angle

Welt des Islams

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 206-237

  Weismann, Itzchak ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 18944377935     PISSN: 00432539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/1570060011201286     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. For this trend of research, see especially the following works: Ignaz Goldziher, Die Richtungen der islamischen Koranauslegung (Leiden, 1952), pp. 320-70;
2. H.A.R. Gibb (ed.), Whither Islam? A Survey of Modern Movements in the Moslem World (London, 1932);
3. Henri Laoust, "Le Réformisme Orthodoxe des 'Salafiya' et les Caractères Généraux de son Orientation Actuelle," REI 6 (1932), pp. 175-224;
4. Charles C. Adams, Islam and Modernism in Egypt: A Study of the Reform Movement Inaugurated by Muhammad 'Abduh (London, 1933);
5. and the work that summarized their views: H.A.R. Gibb, Modern Trends in Islam (Chicago, 1947).
6. See especially Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939 (reiss. Cambridge, 1983), pp. 222-23.
7. David Dean Commins, Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria (Oxford, 1990);
8. Antonino Pellitteri, Il Riformismo Musulmano in Siria (1870-1920) (Napoli, 1987);
9. Joseph H. Escovitz, "'He was the Muhcombining dot belowammad 'Abduh of Syria' A Study of Tcombining dot belowāhir al-Jazā'irī and his influence," IJMES 18 (1986), pp. 293-310.
10. 2 (1960-), III, p. 954.
11. Muhcombining dot belowammad Bahjat al-Bītcombining dot belowār, "Tarjamat al-Shaykh 'Abd al-Razzāq al-Bītcombining dot belowār," al-Manār, 21 (1919), pp. 318-19;
12. 'Abd al-Razzāq al-Bītcombining dot belowār, Hilyat al-Bashar fī Ta'rīkh al-Qarn al-Thālith 'Ashar (3 Vols., Damascus, 1380-1383H/1961-1963), pp. 11-12.
13. On the mujtahidūn incident, see Zāfir al-Qāsimi, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Qāsimī wa-' Ascombining dot belowruhu (Damascus, 1965), pp. 43-69;
14. For a description and assessment of Midhcombining dot belowat Pasha's term of governorship in Syria, see Max Gross, "Ottoman Rule in the Province of Damascus, 1860-1909," (Ph.D. dissertation, Georgetown University, 1979), pp. 259-314;
15. Shimon Shamir, "The Modernization of Syria: Problems and Solutions in the Early Period of Abdülhamid," in William R. Polk and Richard L. Chambers (eds.), Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East (Chicago, 1968), pp. 351-81;
16. Najib Elias Saliba, "The Achievements of Midhcombining dot belowat Pasha as Governor of the Province of Syria, 1878-1880," IJMES 9 (1978), pp. 307-23.
17. idem, al-Mudhakkirāt (4 vols., Damascus, 1948-1951), 3, p. 720;
18. Bānī, Tanwir al-Bascombining dot belowā'ir, pp. 24-25.
19. Muhcombining dot belowammad Sa'īd al-Bānī, "Tarjamat Salīm al-Bukhārī," Majallat al-Majma' al-'Ilmī al-'Arabī, 9 (1929), pp. 742-44.
20. For the religious aspect, see especially Pessah Shinar, "'Abd al-Qādir and 'Abd al-Krim: Religious Influences on their Thoughts and Actions," Asian and African Studies, 1 (1965), pp. 139-60;
21. Michel Chodkiewicz, 'Abd el-Kader: Écrits Spirituels (Paris, 1982).
22. Raphael Danziger, Abd al-Qadir and the Algerian Resistance to the French and Internal Consolidation (New York and London, 1977), pp. 52-54;
23. Ahmad Nadir, "Les Ordres Religieux et la Conquête Française," Revue Algérienne des Sciences Juridiques, 9 (1972), pp. 832-35.
24. On Shaykh Khālid and his activity in Damascus, see Butrus Abu-Manneh, "The Naqshbandiyya - Mujaddidiyya in the Ottoman Lands in the Early 19th Century," WI 22 (1982), pp. 1-36, esp. pp. 8-12.
25. Linda Schatkowski-Schilcher, Families in Politics: Damascene Factions and Estates of the 18th and 19th Centuries (Stuttgart, 1985), p. 215.
26. Pierre Bardin, Algériens et Tunisiens dans l'Empire Ottoman de 1848 à 1914 (Paris, 1979), pp. 11-14.
27. On Muhcombining dot belowammad al-Fāsī, see al-Hcombining dot belowasan al-Kūhīn, Tcombining dot belowabaqāt al-Shādhiliyya al-Kubrā (Cairo, 1347H), pp. 197-202.
28. idem, Dhikrā al-'Āqil wa-Tanbīh al-Ghāfil (Beirut, 1966).
29. On these reforms and their effects in Syria, see Moshe Ma'oz, Ottoman Reform in Syria and Palestine, 1840-1861 (Oxford, 1968).
30. For their religious basis, see Butrus Abu-Manneh, "The Islamic Roots of the Gülhane Rescript," WI 34 (1994), pp. 173-203.
31. Qāsimī, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Qāsimī wa-'Ascombining dot belowruhu, pp. 26-28.
32. Michel Chodkiewicz, An Ocean Without Shore: Ibn 'Arabī, The Book and the Law (Albany, 1993), pp. 54-57.
33. Ghunaymī was, on the other hand, the closest disciple and associate of 'Abd al-Razzāq al-Bītcombining dot belowār's father, Hcombining dot belowasan al-Bītcombining dot belowār; on him, see Bītcombining dot belowār, Hcombining dot belowilyat al-Bashar, pp. 867-72.
34. Kurd 'Alī, Kunūz al-Ajdād, pp. 5-6;
35. Bānī, Tanwīr al-Bascombining dot belowā'ir, pp. 73-75.
36. 'Isā Iskandar Ma'lūf, "Al-Shaykh Tcombining dot belowāhir al-Jazā'irī," al-Hilāl, 28 (1920), p. 452.
37. Bānī, "Salīm al-Bukhārī," pp. 742-44.
38. Kurd 'Alī, Kunūz al-Ajdād, pp. 15-16;
39. On the reforms under 'Abd al-Hcombining dot belowamīd II's rule see Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (New York, 1961), pp. 175-94;
40. Niyazi Berkes, The Development of Secularism in Turkey (Montreal, 1964), pp. 271-88.
41. Butrus Abu-Manneh, "Sultan Abdulhamid II and Shaikh Abulhuda al-Sayyadi," MES, 15 (1979), pp. 131-42;
42. Werner Ende, "Sayyid Abū 1-Hudā, ein Vertrauter Abdülhamids II. Notwendigkeit und Probleme einer kritischen Biographie", ZDMG, Suppl. 3, pt. 2, XIX.
43. Abu-Manneh, "Abdulhamid and Abulhuda," pp. 143-48.
44. On 'Izzat al-'Ābid see Abd al-Latif Tibawi, A Modern History of Syria Including Lebanon and Palestine (London, 1969), p. 183;
45. Philip S. Khoury. Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus, 1860-1920 (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 37-39.
46. Jacob Landau, The Hejaz Railway and the Muslim Pilgrimage: A Case of Ottoman Political Propaganda (Detroit, 1971),
47. Henri Laoust, "Ibn Taymiyya," pp. 951-53.
48. M. Şükrü Hanioǧlu, "Der Jungtü rkenkongress von Paris und seine Ergebnisse," WI 33 (1993), pp. 23-65.
49. Khayr al-Dīn al-Ziriklī, Shibh al-Jazīra fī 'Ahd al-Mālik 'Abd al-'Azīz (Beirut, 1397/1977), 1, pp. 87-175;
50. Kurd 'Ali, al-Mudhakkirāt, 1, p. 54.
51. Qāsimi, Jamāl al-Dīn al-Qāsimī wa-'Ascombining dot belowruhu, pp. 437-38.
52. Nikki R. Keddie, An Islamic Response to Imperialism (Berkeley, 1968), pp. 37-40.
53. Muhcombining dot belowammad Rashīd Ridā, Ta'rīkh al-Ustādh al-Imām al-Shaykh Muhcombining dot belowammad 'Abduh (3 vols. Cairo, 1323-1350/1905-1931), pp. 390-415;
54. G. Delanoue, "Endoctrinement religieux et idéologie ottomane: l'adresse de Muhcombining dot belowammad 'Abduh au Cheikh al-Islam, Beirut, 1887," Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée (Aix en Pr.), 13-14 (1973), pp. 293-312.
55. Nikki R. Keddie, "The Pan-Islamic Appeal: Afghani and Abdülhamid II," MES 3 (1966), pp. 46-67.
56. Bānī, "Salim al-Bukhārī," p. 744.
57. Ridcombining dot belowā, Ta'rīkh al-Ustādh, pp. 126-30.
58. Albert Hourani, "Rashīd Ridā and the Sufi orders: a footnote to Laoust," BEO 29 (1977), pp. 231-41.