A survey of tricolpate (eudicot) phylogenetic relationships

American Journal of Botany

Volumn 91, Issue 10, 2004, Pages 1627-1644

  Judd, Walter S ^a   Olmstead, Richard G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiosperms; Eudicots; Tricolpates

Indexed keywords

ANGIOSPERM; EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENY;

MAGNOLIOPHYTA;

EID: 18944364299     PISSN: 00029122     EISSN: 00029122     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1627     Document Type: Review

References (238)

1. ALBACH, D. C., P. S. SOLTIS, D. E. SOLTIS, AND R. G. OLMSTEAD. 2001a. Phylogenetic analysis of asterids based on sequences of four genes. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88: 162-212.
2. ALBACH, D. C., P. S. SOLTIS, AND D. E. SOLTIS. 2001b. Patterns of embryological and biochemical evolution in the asterids. Systematic Botany 26: 242-262.
3. ALVERSON, W. S., K. G. KAROL, D. A. BAUM, M. W. CHASE, S. M. SWENSEN, R. MCCOURT, AND K. J. SYTSMA. 1998. Circumscription of the Malvales and relationships to other Rosidae: evidence from rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany 85: 876-887.
4. ALVERSON, W. S., B. A. WHITLOCK, R. NYFFELER, AND C. BAYER. 1999. Phylogeny of core Malvales: evidence from ndhF sequence data. American Journal of Botany 86: 1474-1486.
5. ANDERBERG, A. A. 1992. The circumscription of the Ericales, and their cladistic relationships to other families of "higher" dicotyledons. Systematic Botany 17: 660-675.
6. ANDERBERG, A. A. 1993. Cladistic relationships and major clades of the Ericales. Plant Systematics and Evolution 184: 207-231.
7. ANDERBERG, A. A., C. RYDIN, AND M. KÄLLERSJÖ. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships in the order Ericales s. l.,: analyses of molecular data from five genes from the plastid and mitochondrial genomes. American Journal of Botany 89: 677-689.
8. ANDERBERG, A. A., AND B. STÅHL. 1995. Phylogenetic interrelationships in the order Primulales, with special emphasis on the family circumscriptions. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 1699-1730.
9. ANDERBERG, A. A., B. STÅHL, AND M. KÄLLERSJÖ. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships in the Primulales inferred from rbcL sequence data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 211: 93-102.
10. ANDERBERG, A. A., B. STÅHL, AND M. KÄLLERSJÖ. 2000. Maesaceae, a new primuloid family in the order Ericales s. l. Taxon 49: 183-187.
11. APG (ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP). 1998. An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: 531-553.
12. APG II. 2003. An update of APG classification for the orders and families of flowering plants. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 399-436.
13. BACKLUND, A., AND B. BREMER. 1997. Phylogeny of the Asteridae s. str. based on rbcL sequences, with particular reference to the Dipsacales. Plant Systematics and Evolution 207: 225-254.
14. BACKLUND, A., AND K. BREMER. 1998. To be or not to be: principles of classification and monotypic plant families. Taxon 47: 391-401.
15. BACKLUND, A., B. OXELMAN, AND B. BREMER. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on ndhF and rbcL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae. American Journal of Botany 87: 1029-1043.
16. BACKLUND, A., AND N. PYCK. 1998. Diervillaceae and Linnaeaceae, two new families of caprifolioids. Taxon 47: 657-661.
17. BARKMAN, T. J., S. H. LIM, K. M. SALLEH, AND J. NAIS. 2004. Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal the photosynthetic relatives of Rafflesia, the world's largest flower. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 101: 787-792.
18. BAUM, D. A., W. S. ALVERSON, AND R. NYFFELER. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3: 315-330.
19. BAYER, C. 1998. Synflorescences of Malvaceae. Nordic Journal of Botany 18: 335-338.
20. BAYER, C. 1999. The bicolor unit - homology and transformation of an in-florescence structure unique to core Malvales. Plant Systematics and Evolution 214: 187-198.
21. BAYER, C., M. F. FAY, A. Y. DE BRUIJN, V. SAVOLAINEN, C. M. MORTON, K. KUBITZKI, W. S. ALVERSON, AND M. W. CHASE. 1999. Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a re-circumscribed order Malvales: combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 129: 267-303.
22. BAYER, C., AND K. KUBITZKI. 2003. Malvaceae. In K. Kubitzki and C. Bayer [eds.], The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales, 225-310. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
23. BAYER, R. J., L. HUFFORD, AND D. E. SOLTIS. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships in Sarraceniaceae based on rbcL and ITS sequences. Systematic Botany 21: 121-134.
24. BEARDSLEY, P. M., AND R. G. OLMSTEAD. 2002. Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma. American Journal of Botany 89: 1093-1102.
25. BEHNKE, H.-D. 1976. Ultrastructure of sieve-element plastids in Caryophyllales (Centrospermae), evidence for the delimitation and classification of the order. Plant Systematics and Evolution 126: 31-54.
26. BEHNKE, D.-H. 1994. Sieve-element plastids: their significance for the evolution and systematics of the order. In H.-D. Behnke and T. J. Mabry [eds.], Caryophyllales: evolution and systematics, 87-121. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
27. BEHNKE, D.-H. 1999. P-type sieve-element plastids present in members of the tribes Triplareae and Coccolobeae (Polygonaceae) renew the links between the Polygonales and the Caryophyllales. Plant Systematics and Evolution 214: 15-27.
28. BELL, C. D., E. J. EDWARDS, S. T. KIM, AND M. J. DONOGHUE. 2001. Dipsacales phylogeny based on chloroplast DNA sequences. Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 481-499.
29. BERRY, P. E., V. SAVOLAINEN, K. J. SYTSMA, J. C. HALL, AND M. W. CHASE. 2001. Lissocarpa is sister to Diospyros (Ebenaceae). Kew Bulletin 56: 725-729.
30. BITTRICH, V. 1993. Introduction to Centrospermae. In K. Kubitzki, J. G. Rohwer, and V. Bittrich [eds.], The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 2, Magnoliid, hamamelid and caryophyllid families, 13-19. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
31. BOUCHER, L. D., S. R. MANCHESTER, AND W. S. JUDD. 2003. An extinct genus of Salicaceae based on twigs with attached flowers, fruits, and foliage from the Eocene Green River Formation of Utah and Colorado, USA. American Journal of Botany 90: 1389-1399.
32. BREMER, B., K. BREMER, N. HEIDARI, P. ERIXON, R. G. OLMSTEAD, A. A. ANDERBERG, M. KÄLLERSJÖ, AND E. BARKHORDARIAN. 2002. Phylogenetics of asterids based on 3 coding and 3 non-coding chloroplast DNA markers and the utility of non-coding DNA at higher taxonomic levels. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24: 274-301.
33. BREMER, B., R. G. OLMSTEAD, L. STRUWE, AND J. A. SWEERE. 1994. rbcL sequences support exclusion of Retzia, Desfontainia, and Nicodemia, from the Gentianales. Plant Systematics and Evolution 190: 213-230.
34. BREMER, B., AND L. STRUWE. 1992. Phylogeny of the Rubiaceae and Loganiaceae: congruence or conflict between morphological and molecular data? American Journal of Botany 79: 1171-1184.
35. BREMER, K. 1987. Tribal interrelationships of the Asteraceae. Cladistics 3: 210-253.
36. BREMER, K. 1994. Asteraceae: cladistics and classification. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, USA.
37. BREMER, K. 1996. Major clades and grades of the Asteraceae. In D. J. N. Hind and H. J. Beentje [eds.], Compositae: systematics. Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference, Kew, UK, 1996, 1-7. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
38. BRUNEAU, A., F. FOREST, P. S. HERENDEEN, B. B. KLITGAARD, AND G. P. LEWIS. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as inferred from chloroplast trnL intron sequences. Systematic Botany 26: 487-514.
39. BUYS, M. H., AND H. H. HILGER. 2003. Boraginaceae cymes are exclusively scorpioid and not helicoid. Taxon 52: 719-724.
40. CANTINO, P. D. 1992a. Evidence for a polyphyletic origin of the Labiatae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 361-379.
41. CANTINO, P. D. 1992b. Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Labiatae. In R. M. Harley and T. Reynolds [eds.], Advances in labiate science, 27-32. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
42. CANTINO, P. D., R. M. HARLEY, AND S. J. WAGSTAFF. 1992. Genera of Labiatae: status and classification. In R. M. Harley and T. Reynolds [eds.], Advances in labiate science, 511-522. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
43. CHADWELL, T. B., S. J. WAGSTAFF, AND P. D. CANTINO. 1992. Pollen morphology of Phryma and some putative relatives. Systematic Botany 17: 210-219.
44. CHAPPILL, J. A. 1994. Cladistic analysis of the Leguminosae: the development of an explicit hypothesis. In M. D. Crisp and J. J. Doyle [eds.], Advances in legume systematics, part 7, 1-9. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
45. CHASE, M. W. 2004. Monocot relationships: an overview of the best characterized major angiosperm clade. American Journal of Botany 91: 1645-1656.
46. CHASE, M. W., AND A. V. COX. 1998. Gene sequences, collaboration, and analysis of large data sets. Australian Systematic Botany 11: 215-229.
47. CHASE, M. W., M. F. FAY, AND V. SAVOLAINEN. 2000. Higher-level classification in the angiosperms: new insights from the perspective of DNA sequence data. Taxon 49: 685-704.
48. CHASE, M. W., D. E. SOLTIS, R. G. OLMSTEAD, D. MORGAN, D. H. LES, B. D. MISHLER, M. R. DUVALL, R. PRICE, H. G. HILLS, Y. QUI, K.A. KRON, J. H. RETTIG, E. CONTI, J. D. PALMER, J. R. MANHART, K. J. SYTSMA, H. J. MICHAELS,W. J. KRESS, K. G. KAROL, W. D. CLARK, M. HÉDREN, B. S. GAUT, R. K. JANSEN, K. KIM, C. F. WIMPEE, J. F. SMITH, G. R. FURNIER, S. H. STRAUSS, Q. XIANG, G. M. PLUNKETT, P. S. SOLTIS, S. M. SWENSEN, S. E. WILLIAMS, P. A. GADEK, C. J. QUINN, L. E. EGUIARTE, E. GOLENBERG, G. H. LEARN, JR., S. GRAHAM, S. C. H. BARRETT, S. DAYANANDAN, AND V. A. ALBERT. 1993. Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 528-580.
49. CHASE, M. W., S. ZMARTY, M. D. LLEDÓ, K. J. WURDACK, S. M. SWENSEN, AND M. F. FAY. 2002. When in doubt, put it in Flacourtiaceae: a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on plastid rbcL DNA sequences. Kew Bulletin 57: 141-181.
50. CIVEYREL, L., A. LETHOMAS, K. FERGUSON, AND M. W. CHASE. 1998. Critical reexamination of palynological characters used to delimit Asclepiadaceae in comparison to the molecular phylogeny obtained from plastid matK sequences. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 9: 517-527.
51. CLAUSING, G., AND S. S. RENNER. 2001. Molecular phylogenetics of Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae: implications for character evolution. American Journal of Botany 88: 486-498.
52. CONTI, E., D. BAUM, AND K. SYTSMA. 1999. Phylogeny of Crypteroniaceae and related families: implications for morphology and biogeography. In XVI International Botanical Congress, abstracts, 250. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
53. CONTI, E., A. LITT, AND K. J. SYTSMA. 1996. Circumscription of Myrtales and their relationships to other rosids: evidence from rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany 83: 221-233.
54. CONTI, E., A. LITT, P. G. WILSON, S. A. GRAHAM, B. G. BRIGGS, L. A. S. JOHNSON, AND K. J. SYTSMA. 1997. Interfamilial relationships in Myrtales: molecular phylogeny and patterns of morphological evolution. Systematic Botany 22: 629-647.
55. COSNER, M. E., R. K. JANSEN, AND T. G. LAMMERS. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships in the Campanulales based on rbcL sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 190: 79-95.
56. CRONQUIST, A. 1981. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York, New York, USA.
57. CRONQUIST, A. 1988. The evolution and classification of flowering plants, 2nd ed. New York Botanical Garden, New York, New York, USA.
58. CUÉNOUD, P., V. SAVOLAINEN, L. W. CHATROU, M. W. POWELL, R. J. GRAYER, AND M. W. CHASE. 2002. Molecular phylogenetics of Caryophyllales based on nuclear 18S rDNA and plastid rbcL, atpB, and matK DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 89: 132-144.
59. DAHLGREN, R. M. T. 1977. A commentary on a diagrammatic presentation of the angiosperms in relation to the distribution of character states. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 1: 253-283.
60. DAHLGREN, R. M. T. 1983. General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics. Nordic Journal of Botany 3: 119-149.
61. DAVIES, T. J., T. G. BARRACLOUGH, M. W. CHASE, P. S. SOLTIS, D. E. SOLTIS, AND V. SAVOLAINEN. 2004. Darwin's abominable mystery: insights from a supertree of the angiosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 101: 1904-1909.
62. DAVIS, C. C., AND M. W. CHASE. 2004. Elatinaceae are sister to Malpighiaceae, Peridiscaceae belong to Saxifragales. American Journal of Botany 91: 262-273.
63. DE PAMPHILIS, C. W., N. D. YOUNG, AND A. D. WOLFE. 1997. Evolution of plastid gene rps2 in a lineage of hemiparasitic and holoparasitic plants: many losses of photosynthesis and complex patterns of rate variation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 94: 7362-7372.
64. DONOGHUE, M. J., AND J. A. DOYLE. 1989. Phylogenetic analysis of angiosperms and the relationships of Hamamelidae. In P. R. Crane and S. Blackmore [eds.], Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae, vol. 1, Introduction and "lower" Hamamelidae. Systematics Association Special Volume 40A, 17-45. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
65. DONOGHUE, M. J., T. ERIKSSON, P. A. REEVES, AND R. G. OLMSTEAD. 2001. Phylogeny and phylogenetic taxonomy of Dipsacales, with special reference to Sinadoxa and Tetradoxa (Adoxaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany 6: 459-479.
66. DONOGHUE, M. J., R. G. OLMSTEAD, J. F. SMITH, AND J. D. PALMER. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships of Dipsacales based on rbcL sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 333-345.
67. DOWNIE, S. R., AND J. D. PALMER. 1992. Restriction site mapping of the chloroplast DNA inverted repeat: a molecular phylogeny of the Asteridae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 238-266.
68. DOYLE, J. A. 1996. Seed plant phylogeny and the relationships of the Gnetales. International Journal of Plant Science 157(Supplement): S3-S39.
69. DOYLE, J. A. 1998. Phylogeny of vascular plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 567-599.
70. DOYLE, J. A., M. J. DONOGHUE, AND E. A. ZIMMER. 1994. Integration of morphological and ribosomal RNA data on the origin of angiosperms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81: 419-450.
71. DOYLE, J. A., AND C. L. HOTTON. 1991. Diversification of early angiosperm pollen in a cladistic context. In S. Blackmore and S. H. Barnes [eds.], Pollen and spores: patterns of diversification, 165-195. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
72. DOYLE, J. A., AND P. K. ENDRESS. 2000. Morphological phylogenetic analyses of basal angiosperms: comparison and combination with molecular data. International Journal of Plant Science 161(Supplement): S121-S153.
73. DOYLE, J. J. 1987. Variation at the DNA level: uses and potential in legume systematics. In C. H. Stirton [ed.], Advances in legume systematics, part 3, 1-30. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
74. DOYLE, J. J. 1994. Phylogeny of the legume family: an approach to understanding the origins of nodulation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25: 325-349.
75. DOYLE, J. J., J. L. DOYLE, J. A. BALLENGER, E. E. DICKSON, T. KAJITA, AND H. OHASHI. 1997. A phylogeny of the chloroplast gene rbcL in the Leguminosae: taxonomic correlations and insights into evolution of nodulation. American Journal of Botany 84: 541-554.
76. DOYLE, J. J., AND M. A. LUCKOW. 2003. The rest of the iceberg. Legume diversity and evolution in a phylogenetic context. Plant Physiology 131: 900-910.
77. DRINNAN, A. N., P. R. CRANE, AND S. B. HOOT. 1994. Patterns of floral evolution in the early diversification of non-magnoliid dicotyledons (eudicots). Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 8: 93-122.
78. ECKARDT, T. 1976. Classical morphological features of Centrospermous families. Plant Systematics and Evolution 126: 5-25.
79. ENDRESS, M. E., AND P. V. BRUYNS. 2000. A revised classification of the Apocynaceae s. l. Botanical Review 66: 1-56.
80. ENDRESS, M. E., B. SENNBLAD, S. NILSSON, L. CIVEYREL, M. W. CHASE, S. HUYSMANS, E. GRAFSRÖM, AND B. BREMER. 1996. A phylogenetic analysis of Apocynaceae s. str. And some related taxa in Gentianales: a multidisciplinary approach. Opera Botanica Belgica 7: 59-102.
81. ENDRESS, M. E., AND W. D. STEVENS. 2001. The renaissance of the Apocynaceae s. l.: recent advances in systematics, phylogeny, and evolution: introduction. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88: 517-522.
82. ENDRESS, P. K. 1987. Floral phyllotaxis and floral evolution. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 108: 417-438.
83. ENDRESS, P. K. 2001. Origins of flower morphology. Journal of Experimental Zoology 291: 105-115.
84. ENDRESS, P. K., P. BAAS, AND M. GREGORY. 2000. Systematic plant morphology and anatomy - 50 years of progress. Taxon 49: 401-434.
85. ERBAR, C. 1991. Sympetalae - a systematic character? Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 112: 417-451.
86. ERBAR, C., AND P. LEINS. 1996. Distribution of the character states "early" and "late sympetaly" within the "Sympetalae Tetracyclicae" and presumably related groups. Botanica Acta 109: 427-440.
87. ERIKSSON, T., AND M. J. DONOGHUE. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of Sambucus and Adoxa (Adoxoideae, Adoxaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences and preliminary morphological data. Systematic Botany 22: 555-573.
88. EVANS, R. C., L. A. ALICE, C. S. CAMPBELL, T. A. DICKINSON, AND E. A. KELLOGG. 2000. The granule-bound starch synthase (GBSSI) gene in the Rosaceae: multiple loci and phylogenetic utility. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17: 388-400.
89. FAN, C., AND Q.-Y. XIANG. 2003. Phylogenetic analyses of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany 90: 1357-1372.
90. FAY, M. F., C. BAYER, W. S. ALVERSON, A. Y. DE BRUIJN, AND M. W. CHASE. 1998a. Plastid rbcL sequence data indicate a close affinity between Diegodendron and Bixa. Taxon 47: 43-50.
91. FAY, M. F., B. BREMER, G. T. PRANCE, M. VAN DER BANK, D. BRIDSON, AND M. W. CHASE. 2000. Plastid rbcL sequence data show Dialypetalanthus to be a member of Rubiaceae. Kew Bulletin 55: 853-864.
92. FAY, M. F., R. G. OLMSTEAD, J. E. RICHARDSON, E. SANTIAGO, G. T. PRANCE, AND M. W. CHASE. 1998b. Molecular data support the inclusion of Duckeodendron cestroides in Solanaceae. Kew Bulletin 53: 203-212.
93. FERGUSON, D. M. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis and relationships in Hydrophyllaceae based on ndhF sequence data. Systematic Botany 23: 253-268.
94. FISHBEIN, M., C. HIBSCH-JETTER, D. E. SOLTIS, AND L. HUFFORD. 2001. Phylogeny of Saxifragales (angiosperms, eudicots): analysis of a rapid, ancient radiation. Systematic Biology 50: 817-847.
95. FISHBEIN, M., L. HUFFORD, D. E. SOLTIS. In press. Phylogeny of Saxifragales: patterns of floral evolution and taxonomic revision. Systematic Botany.
96. GADEK, P. A., E. S. FERNANDO, C. J. QUINN, S. B. HOOT, T. TERAZAS, M. C. SHEAHAN, AND M. W. CHASE. 1996. Sapindales: molecular delimitation and infraordinal groups. American Journal of Botany 83: 802-811.
97. GOTTSCHLING, M., H. H. HILGER, M. WOLF, AND N. DIANE. 2001. Secondary structure of the ITS1 transcript and its application in a reconstruction of the phylogeny of Boraginales. Plant Biology 3: 629-636.
98. GRAHAM, S.W., AND R. G. OLMSTEAD. 2000. Utility of 17 chloroplast genes for inferring the phylogeny of the basal angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 87: 1712-1730.
99. GUSTAFSSON, M. H. G., V. BITTRICH, AND P. F. STEVENS. 2002. Phylogeny of Clusiaceae based on rbcL sequences. International Journal of Plant Science 163: 1045-1054.
100. HALL, J. C., K. J. SYTSMA, AND H. H. ILTIS. 2002. Phylogeny of Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data. American Journal of Botany 89: 1826-1842.
101. HEDRÉN, M., M. W. CHASE, AND R. G. OLMSTEAD. 1995. Relationships in the Acanthaceae and related families as suggested by cladistic analysis of rbcL nucleotide sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 194: 93-109.
102. HEMPEL, A. L., P. A. REEVES, R. G. OLMSTEAD, AND R. K. JANSEN. 1995. Implications of rbcL sequence data for higher order relationships of the Loasaceae and the anomalous aquatic plant Hydrostachys (Hydrostachyaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 194: 25-37.
103. HICKEY, L. J., AND J. A. WOLFE. 1975. The bases of angiosperm phylogeny: vegetative morphology. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 62: 538-589.
104. HILU, K. W., T. BORSCH, K. MÜLLER, D. E. SOLTIS, P. S. SOLTIS, V. SAVOLAINEN, M. W. CHASE, M. P. POWELL, L. A. ALICE, R. EVANS, H. SAUQUET, C. NEINHUIS, T. A. B. SLOTTA, J. G. ROHWER, C. S. CAMPBELL, AND L. W. CHATROU. 2003. Angiosperm phylogeny based on matK sequence information. American Journal of Botany 90: 1758-1776.
105. HOCH, P. C., J. V. CRISCI, H. TOBE, AND P. E. BERRY. 1993. A cladistic analysis of the plant family Onagraceae. Systematic Botany 18: 31-47.
106. HOOT, S. B., AND P. R. CRANE. 1995. Interfamilial relationships in the Ranunculidae based on molecular systematics. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 9: 119-131.
107. HOOT, S. B., S. MAGALLÓN, AND P. R. CRANE. 1999. Phylogeny of basal eudicots based on three molecular data sets: atpB, rbcL, and 18S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86: 1-32.
108. HUFFORD, L. 1992. Rosidae and their relationships to other nonmagnoliid dicotyledons: a phylogenetic analysis using morphological and chemical data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 218-248.
109. HUMPHRIES, C. J., AND S. BLACKMORE. 1989. A review of the classification of the Moraceae. In P. R. Crane and S. Blackmore [eds.], Evolution, systematics and fossil history of the Hamamelidae, vol. 2, "Higher" Hamamelidae. Systematics Association Special Volume 40B, 267-277. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
110. JANSEN, R. K., H. J. MICHAELS, AND J. D. PALMER. 1991. Phylogeny and character evolution in the Asteraceae based on chloroplast DNA restriction site mapping. Systematic Botany 16: 98-115.
111. JANSEN, R. K., H. J. MICHAELS, R. S. WALLACE, K.-J. KIM, S. C. KEELEY, L. E. WATSON, AND J. D. PALMER. 1992. Chloroplast DNA variation in the Asteraceae: phylogenetic and evolutionary implications. In P. S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis, and J. J. Doyle [eds.], Molecular systematics of plants, 252-294. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
112. JOHNSON, L. A. S., AND B. G. BRIGGS. 1984. Myrtales and Myrtaceae: a phylogenetic analysis. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71: 700-756.
113. JORGENSEN, L. B. 1981. Myrosin cells and dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum in the order Capparales. Nordic Journal of Botany 1: 433-445.
114. JUDD, W. S. 1997. The Flacourtiaceae in the southeastern United States. Harvard Papers in Botany 10: 65-79.
115. JUDD, W. S., C. S. CAMPBELL, E. A. KELLOGG, P. F. STEVENS, AND M. J. DONOGHUE. 2002. Plant Systematics: a phylogenetic approach. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
116. JUDD, W. S., AND K. A. KRON. 1993. Circumscription of Ericaceae (Ericales) as determined by preliminary cladistic analyses based on morphological, anatomical, and embryological features. Brittonia 45: 99-114.
117. JUDD, W. S., AND S. R. MANCHESTER. 1998. Circumscription of Malvaceae (Malvales) as determined by a preliminary cladistic analysis employing morphological, palynological, and chemical characters. Brittonia 49: 384-405.
118. JUDD, W. S., R. W. SANDERS, AND M. J. DONOGHUE. 1994. Angiosperm family pairs: preliminary cladistic analyses. Harvard Papers in Botany 5: 1-51.
119. KAJITA, T., H. OHASHI, Y. TATEISHI, C. D. BAILEY, AND J. J. DOYLE. 2001. rbcL and legume phylogeny with particular reference to Phaseoleae, Millettieae, and allies. Systematic Botany 26: 515-536.
120. KÄLLERSJÖ, M., G. BERGQVIST, AND A. A. ANDERBERG. 2000. Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s. l.: a phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology. American Journal of Botany 87: 1325-1341.
121. KÄLLERSJÖ, M., J. S. FARRIS, M. W. CHASE, B. BREMER, M. F. FAY, C. J. HUMPHRIES, G. PETERSEN, O. SEBERG, AND K. BREMER. 1998. Simultaneous parsimony jackknife analysis of 2538 rbcL DNA sequences reveals support for major clades of green plants, land plants, and flowering plants. Plant Systematics and Evolution 213: 259-287.
122. KÅREHED, J. 2001. Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae. American Journal of Botany 88: 2259-2274.
123. KÅREHED, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1-24.
124. KÅREHED, J., J. LUNDBERG, B. BREMER, AND K. BREMER. 1999. Evolution of the Australasian families Alseuosmiaceae, Argophyllaceae, and Phellinaceae. Systematic Botany 24: 660-682.
125. KARIS, P. O. 1993. Morphological phylogenetics of the Asteraceae - Asteroideae, with notes on character evolution. Plant Systematics and Evolution 186: 69-93.
126. KARIS, P. O., M. KÄLLERSJÖ , AND K. BREMER. 1992. Phylogenetic analysis of the Cichorioideae (Asteraceae), with emphasis on the Mutisieae. American Journal of Botany 79: 416-427.
127. KAROL, K. G., J. E. RODMAN, E. CONTI, AND K. J. SYTSMA. 1999. Nucleotide sequence of rbcL and phylogenetic relationships of Setchellanthus caerulens (Setchellanthaceae). Taxon 48: 303-315.
128. KEDVES, M. 1989. Evolution of the Normapolles complex. In P. R. Crane and S. Blackmore [eds.], Evolution, systematics and fossil history of the Hamamelidae. vol. 2, "Higher" Hamamelidae. Systematics Association Special Volume 40B, 1-7. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
129. KEELEY, S. C., AND R. K. JANSEN. 1991. Evidence from chloroplast DNA for the recognition of a new tribe, Tarchonantheae and the tribal placement of Pluchea (Asteraceae). Systematic Botany 16: 173-181.
130. KIM, J.-K., AND R. K. JANSEN. 1995. Phylogenetic implications of chloroplast DNA variation in the Berberidaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 9: 341-349.
131. KIM, K.-J., R. K. JANSEN, R. S. WALLACE, H. J. MICHAELS, AND J. D. PALMER. 1992. Phylogenetic implications of rbcL sequence variation in the Asteraceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 428-445.
132. KIM, S., D. E. SOLTIS, P. S. SOLTIS, M. J. ZANIS, AND Y. SUH. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among early-diverging eudicots based on four genes: were the eudicots ancestrally woody? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 16-30.
133. KRON, K. A. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships of Empetraceae, Epacridaceae, Ericaceae, Monotropaceae and Pyrolaceae: evidence from nucleotide ribosomal 18S sequence data. Annals of Botany 77: 293-303.
134. KRON, K. A., AND M. W. CHASE. 1993. Systematics of the Ericaceae, Empetraceae, Epacridaceae and related taxa based on rbcL sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 735-741.
135. KRON, K. A., W. S. JUDD, P. F. STEVENS, D. M. CRAYN, A. A. ANDERBERG, P. A. GADEK, C. J. QUINN, AND J. L. LUTEYN. 2002. A phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68: 335-423.
136. KUBITZKI, K. 2003. Introduction to Capparales. In Kubitzki and C. Bayer [eds.], Families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales, and non-betalain Caryophyllales, 7-10. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
137. KUBITZKI, K., AND M. W. CHASE. 2003. Introduction to Malvales. In K. Kubitzki and C. Bayer [eds.], Families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales, and non-betalains Caryophyllales, 12-16. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
138. KUIJT, J. 1969. The biology of parasitic flowering plants. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA.
139. LAMB, R. S., AND V. F. IRISH. 2003. Functional divergence within the APETALA3/ PISTILLATA floral homeotic gene lineages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100: 6558-6563.
140. LAMMERS, T. G. 1992. Circumscription and phylogeny of the Campanuales. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 388-413.
141. LÅNGSTRÖM, E., AND M. W. CHASE. 2002. Tribes of Boraginoideae (Boraginaceae)and placement of Antiphytum, Echiochilon, Ogastemma, and Sericostoma: a phylogenetic analysis based on atpB plastid DNA sequence data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 234: 137-153.
142. LAURENT, N., B. BREMER, AND K. BREMER. 1998. Phylogeny and generic interrelationships of the Stylidiaceae (Asterales), with a possible extreme case of floral paedomorphosis. Systematic Botany 23: 289-304.
143. LEINS, P., AND C. ERBAR. 1990. On the mechanism of secondary pollen presentation in the Campanulales-Asterales-complex. Botanica Acta 103: 87-92.
144. LEVIN, R. A., W. L. WAGNER, P. C. HOCH, W. J. HAHN, A. RODRIGUEZ, D. A. BAUM, L. KATINAS, E. A. ZIMMER, AND K. J. SYTSMA. 2004. Paraphyly in tribe Onagreae: insights into phylogenetic relationships of Onagraceae based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. Systematic Botany 29: 147-164.
145. LEVIN, R. A., W. L. WAGNER, P. H. HOCH, M. NEPOKROEFF, J. C. PIRES, E. A. ZIMMER, AND K. J. SYTSMA. 2003. Family-level relationships of Onagraceae based on chloroplast rbcL and ndhF data. American Journal of Botany 90: 107-115.
146. LISTON, A. 2003. A new interpretation of floral morphology in Garrya (Garryaceae). Taxon 52: 271-276.
147. LITT, A., AND M. W. CHASE. 1999. The systematic position of Euphronia, with comments on the position of Balanops: an analysis based on rbcL sequence data. Systematic Botany 23: 401-409.
148. LITT, A., AND V. F. IRISH. 2003. Duplication and diversification in the APETALA1/ FRUITFULL floral homeotic gene lineage: implications for the evolution of floral development. Genetics 165: 821-833.
149. LOCONTE, H., M. CAMPBELL, AND D. W. STEVENSON. 1995. Ordinal and familial relationships of ranunculid genera. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 9: 99-118.
150. LUNDBERG, J. 2001. Phylogenetic studies in the euasterids II: with particular reference of Asterales and Escalloniaceae. Online article at website: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-1597.
151. LUNDBERG, J., AND K. BREMER. 2003. A phylogenetic study of the order Asterales using one morphological and three molecular data sets. International Journal of Plant Science 164: 553-578.
152. MABRY, T. J. 1973. Is the order Centrospermae monophyletic? In G. Bendz and J. Santesson [eds.], Chemistry in botanical classification, 275-285. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
153. MANOS, P. S., K. C. NIXON, AND J. J. DOYLE. 1993. Cladistic analysis of restriction site variation within the chloroplast DNA inverted repeat region of selected Hamamelididae. Systematic Botany 18: 551-562.
154. MANOS, P. S., AND K. P. STEELE. 1997. Phylogenetic analyses of "higher" Hamamelididae based on plastid sequence data. Systematic Botany 84: 1407-1419.
155. MATHEWS, S., AND M. J. DONOGHUE. 1999. The root of angiosperm phylogeny inferred from duplicate phytochrome genes. Science 286: 947-950.
156. MCDADE, L. A., S. E. MASTA, M. L. MOODY, AND E. WATERS. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships among Acanthaceae: evidence from two genomes. Systematic Botany 25: 106-121.
157. MCDADE, L. A., AND M. L. MOODY. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among Acanthaceae: evidence from noncoding trnL-trnF chloroplast DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 86: 70-80.
158. MEIMBERG, H., P. DITTRICH, G. BRINGMANN, J. SCHLAUER, AND G. HEUBL. 2000. Molecular phylogeny of Caryophyllidae s. l. based on matK sequences with special emphasis on carnivorous taxa. Plant Biology 2: 218-228.
159. MICHAELS, H. J., K. M. SCOTT, R. G. OLMSTEAD, T. SZARO, R. K. JANSEN, AND J. D. PALMER. 1993. Interfamilial relationships of the Asteraceae: insights from rbcL sequence variation. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 742-751.
160. MORGAN, D. R., AND D. E. SOLTIS. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships among members of Saxifragaceae sensu lato based on rbcL sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 631-660.
161. MORGAN, D. R., D. E. SOLTIS, AND K. R. ROBERTSON. 1994. Systematic and evolutionary implications of rbcL sequence variation in Rosaceae. American Journal of Botany 81: 890-903.
162. MORTON, C. M., K. A. KRON, AND M. W. CHASE. 1997a. A molecular evaluation of the monophyly of the order Ebenales based upon rbcL sequence data. Systematic Botany 21: 567-586.
163. MORTON, C. M., S. A. MORI, G. T. PRANCE, K. G. KAROL, AND M. W. CHASE. 1997b. Phylogenetic relationships of Lecythidaceae: a cladistic analysis using rbcL sequence and morphological data. American Journal of Botany 84: 530-549.
164. NANDI, O. I, M. W. CHASE, AND P. L. ENDRESS. 1998. A combined cladistic analysis of angiosperms using rbcL and non-molecular data sets. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85: 137-212.
165. NEYLAND, R. 2001. A phylogeny inferred from large ribosomal subunit (26S) rDNA sequences suggests that Cuscuta is a derived member of Convolvulaceae. Brittonia 53: 108-114.
166. NICHOLAS, A., AND H. BAIJNATH. 1994. A consensus classification for the order Gentianales with additional details on the suborder Apocynineae. Botanical Review 60: 440-482.
167. NICKRENT, D. L. 2003. The parasitic plant connection. On line article at website: http://www.science.siu.edu/parasitic-plants.
168. NICKRENT, D. L., R. J. DUFF, A. E. COLWELL, A. D. WOLFE, N. D. YOUNG, K. E. STEINEM, AND C. W. DE PAMPHILIS. 1997. Molecular phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of parasitic plants. In D. Soltis, P. Soltis, and J. Doyle [eds.], Molecular systematics of plants, vol. 2, DNA sequencing, 211-241. Kluwer Academic, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
169. NICKRENT, D. L., AND D. E. SOLTIS. 1995. A comparison of angiosperm phylogenies based upon complete 18S rDNA and rbcL sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 83: 208-234.
170. OLMSTEAD, R. G., B. BREMER, K. M. SCOTT, AND J. D. PALMER. 1993. A parsimony analysis of the Asteridae sensu lato based on rbcL sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 700-722.
171. OLMSTEAD, R. G., C. W. DE PAMPHILIS, A. D. WOLFE, N. D. YOUNG, W. J. ELISONS, AND P. A. REEVES. 2001. Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American Journal of Botany 88: 348-361.
172. OLMSTEAD, R. G., K.-J. KIM, R. K. JANSEN, AND S. J. WAGSTAFF. 2000. The phylogeny of the Asteridae sensu lato based on chloroplast ndhF gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 16: 96-112.
173. OLMSTEAD, R. G., H. J. MICHAELS, K. M. SCOTT, AND J. D. PALMER. 1992a. Monophyly of the Asteridae and identification of their major lineages inferred from DNA sequences of rbcL. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 249-265.
174. OLMSTEAD, R. G., AND J. D. PALMER. 1991. Chloroplast DNA and systematics of the Solanaceae. In J. G. Hawkes, R. N. Lester, M. Nee, and N. Estrada [eds.], Solanaceae 3: taxonomy, chemistry, evolution, 161-168. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
175. OLMSTEAD, R. G., AND J. D. PALMER. 1992. A chloroplast DNA phylogeny of the Solanaceae: subfamilial relationships and character evolution. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 346-360.
176. OLMSTEAD, R. G., AND P. A. REEVES. 1995. Evidence for the polyphyly of the Scrophulariaceae based on chloroplast rbcL and ndhF sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 83: 176-193.
177. OLMSTEAD, R. G., K. M. SCOTT, AND J. D. PALMER. 1992b. A chloroplast DNA phylogeny for the Asteridae: implication for the Lamiales. In R. M. Harley and T. Reynolds [eds.], Advances in labiate science, 19-25. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
178. OLMSTEAD, R. G., AND J. A. SWEERE. 1994. Combining data in phylogenetic systematics: an empirical approach using three molecular data sets in the Solanaceae. Systematic Biology 43: 461-481.
179. OLMSTEAD, R. G., J. A. SWEERE, R. E. SPANGLER, L. BOHS, AND J. D. PALMER. 1999. Phylogeny and provisional classification of the Solanaceae based on chloroplast DNA. In M. Nee, D. E. Symon, R. N. Lester, and J. P. Jessop [eds.], Solanaceae IV, 111-137. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
180. OXELMAN, B., M. BACKLUND, AND B. BREMER. 1999. Relationships of Buddlejaceae s. l. investigated using parsimony jackknife and branch support analysis of chloroplast ndhF and rbcL sequence data. Systematic Botany 24: 164-182.
181. PANERO, J. L., AND V. A. FUNK. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115: 909-922.
182. PLUNKETT, G. M. 2001. Relationships of the order Apiales to subclass Asteridae: a re-evaluation of morphological characters based on insights from molecular data. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 8: 183-200.
183. PLUNKETT, G. M., AND P. P. LOWRY. 2001. Relationships among 'ancient araliads' and their significance for the systematics of Apiales. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19: 259-276.
184. PLUNKETT, G. M., D. E. SOLTIS, AND P. S. SOLTIS. 1997. Clarification of the relationship between Apiaceae and Araliaceae based on matK and rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany 84: 567-580.
185. PLUNKETT, G. M., D. E. SOLTIS, AND P. S. SOLTIS. 1996a. Evolutionary patterns in Apiaceae: inferences based on matK sequence data. Systematic Botany 21: 477-495.
186. PLUNKETT, G. M., D. E. SOLTIS, AND P. S. SOLTIS. 1996b. Higher level relationships of Apiales (Apiaceae and Araliaceae) based on phylogenetic analysis of rbcL sequences. American Journal of Botany 83: 499-515.
187. POHILL, R. M., P. H. RAVEN, AND C. H. STERTON. 1981. Evolution and systematics of the Leguminosae. In R. M. Pohill and P. H. Raven [eds.], Advances in legume systematics, part 1, 1-26. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
188. POTGIETER, K., AND V. A. ALBERT. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships within Apocynaceae s. l. based on trnL intron and trnL-F spacer sequences and propagule characters. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88: 523-549.
189. QIU, Y.-L., M. W. CHASE, S. B. HOOT, E. CONTI, P. R. CRANE, K. J. SYTSMA, AND C. R. PARKS. 1998. Phylogenetics of the Hamamelidae and their allies: parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequences of the plastid gene rbcL. International Journal of Plant Science 159: 891-905.
190. QIU, Y.-L., J. LES, F. BERNASCOND-QUADRONI, D. E. SOLTIS, P. S. SOLTIS, M. ZANIS, E. A. ZIMMER, Z. CHEN, V. SAVOLAINEN, AND M. W. CHASE. 1999. The earliest angiosperms: evidence from mitochondria, plastid, and nuclear genomes. Nature 402: 404-407.
191. RODMAN, J. E. 1981. Divergence, convergence, and parallelism in phytochemical characters: the glucosinolate-myrosinase system. In D. A. Young and D. S. Seigler [eds.], Phytochemistry and angiosperm phylogeny, 43-79. Praeger, New York, New York, USA.
192. RODMAN, J. E. 1990. Centrospermae revisited, part 1. Taxon 39: 383-393.
193. RODMAN, J. E. 1991. A taxonomic analysis of glucosinolate-producing plants. II. Cladistics. Systematic Botany 16: 619-629.
194. RODMAN, J. E. 1994. Cladistic and phenetic studies. In H.-D. Behnke and T. J. Mabry [eds.], Caryophyllales: evolution and systematics, 279-301. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
195. RODMAN, J. E., K. G. KAROL, R. A. PRICE, AND K. J. SYTSMA. 1996. Molecules, morphology and Dahlgren's expanded order Capparales. Systematic Botany 21: 289-307.
196. RODMAN, J. E., M. K. OLIVER, R. R. NAKAMURA, J. U. MCCLAMMER, JR., AND A. H. BLEDSOE. 1984. A taxonomic analysis and revised classification of Centrospermae. Systematic Botany 9: 297-323.
197. RODMAN, J. E., R. A. PRICE, K. G. KAROL, E. CONTI, K. J. SYTSMA, AND J. D. PALMER. 1993. Nucleotide sequences of the rbcL gene indicate monophyly of mustard oil plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 686-699.
198. SANDERS, R. W., AND W. S. JUDD. 2000. Incorporating phylogenetic results into floristic treatments. Sida, Botanical Miscellany 18: 97-112.
199. SANTIAGO, E., AND R. G. OLMSTEAD. 2003. Phylogenetics of the Antillean Goetzeoideae (Solanaceae) and their relationships within Solanaceae based on chloroplast and ITS DNA sequence data. Systematic Botany 28: 452-460.
200. SAVOLAINEN, V., M. F. FAY, D. C. ALBACH, A. BACKLUND, M. VAN DER BANK, K. M. CAMERON, S. A. JOHNSON, M. D. LLEDÓ, J.-C. PINTAUD, M. POWELL, M. C. SHEAHAN, D. E. SOLTIS, P. S. SOLTIS, P. WESTON, W. M. WHITTEN, K. J. WURDACK, AND M. W. CHASE. 2000a. Phylogenyof eudicots: a nearly complete familial analysis based on rbcL gene sequences. Kew Bulletin 55: 257-309.
201. SAVOLAINEN, V., M. W. CHASE, S. B. HOOT, C. M. MORTON, D. E. SOLTIS, C. BAYER, M. F. FAY, A. Y. DE BRUIJN, S. SULLIVAN, AND Y.-L. QIU. 2000b. Phylogenetics of flowering plants based upon a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL gene sequences. Systematic Biology 49: 306-362.
202. SCHWARZBACH, A. E., AND L. A. MCDADE. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the mangrove family Avicenniaceae based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Systematic Botany 27: 84-98.
203. SCOTLAND, R. W., J. A. SWEERE, P. A. REEVES, AND R. G. OLMSTEAD. 1995. Higher-level systematics of Acanthaceae determined by chloroplast DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 82: 266-275.
204. SENNBLAD, B., AND B. BREMER. 1996. The familial and subfamilial relationships of Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae evaluated with rbcL data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 202: 153-175.
205. SOLTIS, D. E., AND L. HUFFORD. 2002. Ovary position diversity in Saxifragaceae: clarifying the homology of epigyny. International Journal of Plant Science 163: 277-293.
206. SOLTIS, D. E., A. E. SENTERS, M. J. ZANIS, S. KIM, J. D. THOMPSON, P. S. SOLTIS, L. P. ROSNSE DE CRAENE, P. K. ENDRESS, AND J. S. FARRIS. 2003. Gunnerales are sister to other core eudicots: implications for the evolution of pentamery. American Journal of Botany 90: 461-470.
207. SOLTIS, D. E., AND P. S. SOLTIS. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships in Saxifragaceae sensu lato: a comparison of topologies based on 18S rDNA and rbcL sequences. American Journal of Botany 84: 504-522.
208. SOLTIS, D. E., P. S. SOLTIS, M. W. CHASE, M. E. MORT, D. C. ALBACH, M. ZANIS, V. SAVOLAINEN, W. H. HAHN, S. B. HOOT, M. F. FAY, M. AXTELL, S. M. SWENSEN, L. M. PRINCE, W. J. KRESS, K. C. NIXON, AND J. S. FARRIS. 2000. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA, rbcL, and atpB sequences. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 133: 381-461.
209. SOLTIS, D. E., P. S. SOLTIS, D. R. MORGAN, S. M. SWENSEN, B. C. MULLIN, J. M. DOUD, AND P. G. MARTIN. 1995. Chloroplast gene sequence data suggest a single origin of the predisposition for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in angiosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92: 2647-2651.
210. SOLTIS, D. E., P. S. SOLTIS, M. E. MORT, M. W. CHASE, V. SAVOLAINEN, S. B. HOOT, AND C. M. MORTON. 1998. Inferring complex phylogenies using parsimony: an empirical approach using three large DNA data sets for angiosperms. Systematic Biology 47: 32-42.
211. SOLTIS, D. E., P. S. SOLTIS, D. L. NICKRENT, L. A. JOHNSON, W. J. HAHN, S. B. HOOT, J. A. SWEERE, R. K. KUZOFF, K. A. KRON, M. W. CHASE, S. M. SWENSEN, E. Z. ZIMMER, S.-M. CHAW, L. J. GILLESPIE, J. W. KRESS, AND K. J. SYTSMA. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships among angiosperms inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 84: 1-49.
212. SOLTIS, P. S., AND D. E. SOLTIS. 2004. The origin and diversification of angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 91: 1614-1626.
213. STEFANOVIC, S., L. E. KRUEGER, AND R. G. OLMSTEAD. 2002. Monophyly of the Convolvulaceae and circumscription of their major lineages based on DNA sequences of multiple chloroplast loci. American Journal of Botany 89: 1510-1522.
214. STERN, W. L. 1973. Development of the amentiferous concept. Brittonia 25: 316-333.
215. STEVENS, P. F. 2003. Angiosperm phylogeny website, version 4. Website, http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/.
216. STRUWE, L., AND V. A. ALBERT. 2000. Supermerous corollas, fleshy fruits, and pantropical biogeography in Anthocleista, Fagraea, and Potalia (Gentianaceae). American Journal of Botany 87(6, Supplement): 161.
217. STRUWE, L., V. A. ALBERT, AND B. BREMER. 1994. Cladistics and family level classification of the Gentianales. Cladistics 10: 175-206.
218. STRUWE, L., M. THIUY, J. W. KADEREIT, A. S.-R. PEPPER, T. J. MOTLEY, P. J. WHITE, J. H. E. ROVA, K. POTGIETER, AND V. A. ALBERT. 1998. Saccifolium (Saccifoliaceae), an endemic of Sierra de la Neblina on the Brazilian-Venezuelan border, is related to a temperate-alpine lineage of Gentianaceae. Harvard Papers in Botany 3: 199-214.
219. SYTSMA, K. J., J. MORAWETZ, J. C. PIRES, M. NEPOKROEFF, E. CONTI, M. ZJHRA, J. C. HALL, AND M. W. CHASE. 2002. Urticalean rosids: circumscription, rosid ancestry, and phylogenetics based on rbcL, trnLF, and ndhF sequences. American Journal of Botany 89: 1531-1546.
220. TAKHTAJAN, A. L. 1997. Diversity and classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York, New York, USA.
221. THIV, M., L. STRUWE, V. A. ALBERT, AND J. W. KADEREREIT. 1999. The phylogenetic relationships of Saccifolium bandeirae (Gentianaceae) reconsidered. Harvard Papers in Botany 4: 519-526.
222. THORNE, R. F. 1973. Inclusion of the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) in the Araliaceae. Notes of the Royal Botanical Garden, Edinburgh 32: 161-165.
223. THORNE, R. F. 2001. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae. Botanical Review 66: 441-647.
224. TUCKER, S. C., AND A. W. DOUGLAS. 1994. Ontogenetic evidence and phylogenetic relationships among basal taxa of legumes. In I. K. Ferguson and S. Tucker [eds.], Advances in legume systematics, part 6, 11-32. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
225. WAGENITZ, G. 1959. Die systematische Stellung der Rubiaceae. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik 79: 17-35.
226. WAGENITZ, G. 1977. New aspects of the systematics of Asteridae. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 1: 375-395.
227. WAGENITZ, G. 1992. The Asteridae: evolution of a concept and its present status. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79: 209-217.
228. WAGSTAFF, S. J., L. HICKERSON, R. SPANGLER, P. A. REEVES, AND R. G. OLMSTEAD. 1998. Phylogeny in Labiatae s. l., inferred from cpDNA sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 209: 265-274.
229. WAGSTAFF, S. J., AND R. G. OLMSTEAD. 1997. Phylogeny of Labiatae and Verbenaceae inferred from rbcL sequences. Systematic Botany 22: 165-179.
230. WILLIAMS, S. E., V. A. ALBERT, AND M. W. CHASE. 1994. Relationships of Droseraceae: a cladistic analysis of rbcL sequence and morphological data. American Journal of Botany 81: 1027-1037.
231. XIANG, Q. Y., S. J. BRUNSFELD, D. E. SOLTIS, AND P. S. SOLTIS. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships in Cornus based on chloroplast DNA restriction sites: implications for biogeography and character evolution. Systematic Botany 21: 515-534.
232. XIANG, Q. Y., M. MOODY, D. E. SOLTIS, C. Z. FAN, AND P. S. SOLTIS. 2002. Relationships within Cornales and circumscription of Cornaceae - matK and rbcL sequence data and effects of out-groups and long branches. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24: 35-47.
233. XIANG, Q. Y., D. E. SOLTIS, D. R. MORAN, AND P. S. SOLTIS. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships of Cornus L. sensu lato and putative relatives inferred from rbcL sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 723-734.
234. XIANG, Q. Y., D. E. SOLTIS, AND P. S. SOLTIS. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of Cornaceae and close relatives inferred from matK and rbcL sequences. American Journal of Botany 85: 285-297.
235. YAMAZAKI, T. 1974. A system of Gamopetalae based on embryology. Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, section III, Botany 11: 263-281.
236. YEO, P. F. 1993. Secondary pollen presentation. Plant Systematics and Evolution (Supplement) 6: 1-268.
237. YOUNG, N. D., K. E. STEINER, AND C. W. DE PAMPHILIS. 1999. The evolution of parasitism in Scrophulariaceae/Orobanchaceae: plastid gene sequences refute an evolutionary transition series. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86: 876-893.
238. ZANIS, M., P. S. SOLTIS, Y. L. QIU, E. ZIMMER, AND D. E. SOLTIS. 2003. Phylogenetic analyses and perianth evolution in basal angiosperms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 90: 129-150.