"Selfobject" needs in Kohut's self psychology: Links with attachment, self-cohesion, affect regulation, and adjustment

Psychoanalytic Psychology

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 224-260

  Banai, Erez ^a   Mikulincer, Mario ^a   Shaver, Phillip R ^b  

^a BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADJUSTMENT; ANXIETY; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; INTIMACY; MENTAL HEALTH; NARCISSISM; PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY; REVIEW; SELF ESTEEM; SELF EVALUATION; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY;

EID: 18844406753     PISSN: 07369735     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0736-9735.22.2.224     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1991). Attachment and other affectional bonds across the life cycle. In C. M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris (Eds.), Attachment across the life cycle (pp. 33-51). New York: Routledge.
3. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. Anderson, N. H. (1968). Likableness ratings of 555 personality trait words. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 272-279.
6. Ashby, H., Lee, R., & Duke, E. (1979, September). A narcissistic personality behavior MMPI scale. Paper presented at the 87th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, New York.
7. Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1997). A switch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 417-436.
8. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.
9. Blatt, S. J. (1974). Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 29, 7-57.
10. Blatt, S. J., D'Afflitti, J. P., & Quinlan, D. M. (1976). Experiences of depression in normal young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 383-389.
11. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
12. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
13. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books. (Original work published 1969)
14. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Routledge.
15. Brennan, K. A., & Carnelley, K. B. (1999). Using meaning to mend holes in the nomological net of excessive reassurance-seeking and depression. Psychological Inquiry, 10, 282-285.
16. Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford Press.
17. Cassidy, J., & Kobak, R. R. (1988). Avoidance and its relationship with other defensive processes. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment (pp. 300-323). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1964). The approval motive: Studies in evaluative dependence. New York: Wiley.
19. Descutner, C. J., & Thelen, M. H. (1991). Development and validation of a Fear of Intimacy Scale. Psychological Assessment, 3, 218-225.
20. Doi, S. C., & Thelen, M. H. (1993). The Fear of Intimacy Scale: Replication and extension. Psychological Assessment, 5, 377-383.
21. Downey, G., Bonica, C., & Rincon, C. (1999). Rejection sensitivity and adolescent romantic relationships. In W. Furman & B. B. Brown (Eds.), The development of romantic relationships in adolescence (pp. 148-174). New York: Cambridge University Press.
22. Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1327-1343.
23. Eagle, M. N. (1984). Recent developments in psychoanalysis: A critical evaluation. New York: Harvard University Press.
24. Emmons, R. A. (1984). Factor analysis and construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 291-300.
25. Emmons, R. A. (1987). Narcissism: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 11-17.
26. Feeney, J. A. (1999). Adult romantic attachment and couple relationships. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 355-377). New York: Guilford Press.
27. Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 4, 132-154.
28. Freud, S. (1933). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. New York: Norton.
29. Gunderson, J. G., Ronningstam, E., & Smith, L. E. (1995). Narcissistic personality disorder. In J. W. Livesley (Ed.), The DSM-IV personality disorders: Diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders (pp. 201-212). New York: Guilford Press.
30. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
31. Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319-340.
32. Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 1-46). New York: Academic Press.
33. Higgins, E. T., Bond, R. N., Klein, R., & Strauman, T. J. (1986). Self discrepancies and emotional vulnerability: How magnitude, accessibility, and type of discrepancy influence affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 5-15.
34. Higgins, E. T., Klein, R., & Strauman, T. J. (1985). Self-concept discrepancy theory: A psychological model for distinguishing among different aspects of depression and anxiety. Social Cognition, 3, 51-76.
35. Hiroto, D. S., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Generality of learned helplessness in man. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 311-327.
36. James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
37. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1984). LISREL: Analysis of linear structural relationships method of maximum likelihood (3rd ed.). Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software.
38. Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self. New York: International Universities Press.
39. Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. New York: International Universities Press.
40. Kohut, H. (1978a). Introspection, empathy, and psychoanalysis: An examination of the relationship between mode of observation and theory. In P. Ornstein (Ed.), The search for the self (Vol. 1, pp. 205-232). New York: International Universities Press. (Original work published 1959)
41. Kohut, H. (1978b). Forms and transformations of narcissism. In P. Ornstein (Ed.), The search for the self (Vol. 1, pp. 427-460). New York: International Universities Press. (Original work published 1966)
42. Kohut, H. (1978c). The psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders: Outline of a systematic approach. In P. Ornstein (Ed.), The search for the self (Vol. 1, pp. 477-509). New York: International Universities Press. (Original work published 1968)
43. Kohut, H. (1984). How does analysis cure? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
44. Kohut, H., & Wolf, E. (1978). The disorders of the self and their treatment: An outline. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 59, 413-425.
45. Lappan, R., & Patton, M. J. (1986). Self-psychology and the adolescent process: Measures of pseudoautonomy and peer-group dependence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 136-142.
46. Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1995). Measuring belongingness: The Social Connectedness and the Social Assurance Scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 232-241.
47. Linville, P. W. (1985). Self-complexity and affective extremity: Don't put all of your eggs in one cognitive basket. Social Cognition, 3, 94-120.
48. Mikulincer, M. (1994). Human learned helplessness. New York: Plenum Press.
49. Mikulincer, M. (1995). Attachment style and the mental representation of the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1203-1215.
50. Mikulincer, M. (1997). Adult attachment style and information processing: Individual differences in curiosity and cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1217-1230.
51. Mikulincer, M. (1998a). Adult attachment style and affect regulation: Strategic variations in self-appraisals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 420-435.
52. Mikulincer, M. (1998b). Adult attachment style and individual differences in functional versus dysfunctional experiences of anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 513-524.
53. Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (2001). Attachment style and affect regulation: Implications for coping with stress and mental health. In G. Fletcher & M. Clark (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Interpersonal processes (pp. 537-557). Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers.
54. Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Weller, A. (1993). Attachment styles, coping strategies, and posttraumatic psychological distress: The impact of the Gulf War in Israel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 817-826.
55. Mikulincer, M., Orbach, I., & Iavnieli, D. (1998). Adult attachment style and affect regulation: Strategic variations in subjective self-other similarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 436-448.
56. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 35, pp. 53-152). New York: Academic Press.
57. Millon, T. (1977). Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
58. Mollon, P. (2001). Releasing the self: The healing legacy of Heinz Kohut. Philadelphia: Whurr.
59. Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 177-196.
60. Pietromonaco, P. R. (1985). The influence of affect on self-perception in depression. Social Cognition, 3, 121-134.
61. Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45, 590.
62. Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence for its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890-902.
63. Rhodewalt, F., Madrian, J. C., & Cheney, S. (1998). Narcissism, self-knowledge organization, and emotional reactivity: The effects of daily experiences on self-esteem and affect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 75-87.
64. Rhodewalt, F., & Morf, C. C. (1995). Self and interpersonal correlates of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory: A review and new findings. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 1-23.
65. Rhodewalt, F., & Morf, C. C. (1998). On self-aggrandizement and anger: A temporal analysis of narcissism and affective reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 672-685.
66. Robbins, S. B. (1989). Validity of the Superiority and Goal Instability Scales as measures of defects in the self. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53, 122-132.
67. Robbins, S. B., & Dupont, P. (1992). Narcissistic needs of the self and perceptions of interpersonal behavior. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 462-467.
68. Robbins, S. B., Lee, R. M., & Wan, T. H. (1994). Goal continuity as a mediator of early retirement adjustment: Testing a multidimensional model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 18-26.
69. Robbins, S. B., & Patton, M. J. (1985). Self-psychology and career development: Construction of the Superiority and Goal Instability Scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 221-231.
70. Robins, R. W., Tracy, J. L., & Shaver, P. R. (2001). Shamed into self-love: Dynamics, roots, and functions of narcissism. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 230-236.
71. Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.
72. Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R., Keefe, D. E., Hayes, B. E., & Shearin, E. N. (1986). Cognitive interference: Situational determinants and traitlike characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 215-226.
73. Segal, Z. V. (1988). Appraisal of the self-schema in cognitive models of depression. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 147-162.
74. Shaver, P. R., & Clark, C. L. (1994). The psychodynamics of adult romantic attachment. In J. M. Masling & R. F. Bornstein (Eds.), Empirical perspectives on object relations theories (pp. 105-156). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
75. Shaver, P. R., & Hazan, C. (1993). Adult romantic attachment: Theory and evidence. In D. Perlman & W. Jones (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 4, pp. 29-70). London: Jessica Kingsley.
76. Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002). Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment and Human Development, 4, 133-161.
77. Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2004). What do self-report attachment measures assess? In W. S. Rholes & J. A. Simpson (Eds.), Adult attachment: Theory, research, and clinical implications (pp. 17-54). New York: Guilford Press.
78. Siegel, A. M. (1996). Heinz Kohut and the psychology of the self. New York: Routledge.
79. Stern, D. (1994). One way to build a clinically relevant baby. Infant Mental Health Journal, 15, 9-25.
80. Strozier, C. B. (2001). Heinz Kohut: The making of a psychoanalyst. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
81. Swap, W. C., & Rubin, J. Z. (1983). Measurement of interpersonal orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 208-219.
82. Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 181-227). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
83. Tronick, E. Z. (1989). Emotions and emotional communication in infants. American Psychologist, 44, 112-119.
84. Veit, C. T., & Ware, J. E. (1983). The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general populations. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 51, 730-742.
85. Wolf, E. (1988). Treating the self. New York: Guilford Press.
86. Zimbardo, P. G. (1970). The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos. In W. J. Arnold & D. Levine (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 17, pp. 237-307). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
87. Zuroff, D. C., & Fitzpatrick, D. K. (1995). Depressive personality styles: Implications for adult attachment. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 253-265.