Fluid dynamics in stirred vessels - Experiments and simulations of single-phase and liquid-liquid systems

Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola

Volumn , Issue 2308, 2005, Pages

  Svensson, Fredrik J E ^a  

^a CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD); Frequency Analysis; Immiscible; Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA); Liquid Liquid; Macro Instability; Mixing; Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV); Refraction Index Matched; Rushton Turbine; Single phase; Stirred Tank

Indexed keywords

CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); PRESSURE VESSELS; SOLUBILITY; TURBIDIMETERS; VISCOSITY; VORTEX FLOW;

FLOW STRUCTURE; LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETRY (LDA); PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY (PIV); SINGLE-PHASE FLOWS;

FLUID DYNAMICS;

EID: 18844400298     PISSN: 0346718X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (157)

1. Andersson, B., Andersson, R., Håkansson, L., Mortensen, M. and Sudiyo, R. (2004), Computational Fluid Dynamics for Chemical Engineers, Chalmers Reproservice, Göteborg, Sweden.
2. Andersson, S. (1998), Network Disruption and Turbulence in Fibre Suspensions, Doctoral Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering Design, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
3. Augier, F., Masbernat, O. and Guiraud, P. (2003), Slip Velocity and Drag Law in a Liquid-Liquid Homogenous Dispersed Flow, AIChE J., 49, pp. 2300-2316.
4. Bakker, A. and van der Akker, H. E. A. (1994), Single-Phase Flow in Stirred Reactors, Trans. IChemE., 72A, pp. 573-582.
5. Baldyga, J. and Pohorecki, R. (1998). Influence of Turbulent Mechanical Stresses on Microorganisms. Appl. Mechanical Rev., 51, pp. 121-140.
6. Bates, R. L., Fondy, P. L. and Corpstein, R. R. (1963), An Examination of Some Geometric Parameters of Impeller Power, Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. Dev., 2, pp. 310-313.
7. Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E. and Lightfoot, E. N. (2002), Transport Phenomena, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
8. Bouillard, J., Alban, B., Jacques, P. and Xuereb, C. (2001), Liquid Flow Velocity Measurements in Stirred Tanks by Ultra-Sound Doppler Velocimetry, Chem. Eng. Sci., 56, pp. 747-754.
9. Brown, D. E. and Pitt, K. (1972), Drop Size Distribution of Stirred Non-Coalescing Liquid-Liquid System, Chem. Eng. Sci., 27, pp. 577-583.
10. Brucato, A., Ciofalo, M., Grisafi, F. and Micale, G. (1998), Numerical Prediction of Flow Fields in Baffled Stirred Vessels: A Comparison of Alternative Modelling Approaches, Chem. Eng. Sci., 53, pp. 3653-3684.
11. Bruha, O., Fort, I. and Smolka, P. (1994), Flow Transistion in an Axially Agitated System, Proceedings of the VIII European Conference on Mixing (IChEME Symposium Series), Vol 136, Cambridge, UK, pp. 121-128.
12. th Int. Symp. on Particle Image Velocimetry, Göttingen, Germany, paper P1089.
13. Bugay, S., Escudié, R. and Liné A. (2002), Experimental Analysis of Hydrodynamics in Axially Agitated Tank, AIChE J., 48, pp. 463-475.
14. Calabrese, R. V., Chang, T. P. K. and Dang, P. T. (1986), Drop Breakup in Turbulént Stirred Tank Contactors, Part I - Effect of Dispersed-Phase Viscosity, AIChE J., 32, pp. 657-666.
15. Calabrese, R. V. and Stoots, C. M. (1989), Flow in the Impeller Region of a Stirred Tank, Chem. Eng. Prog., 85, pp. 43-50.
16. Chapple, D. and Kresta, S. M. (1994), The Effect of Geometry on the Stability of Flow Patterns in Stirred Tanks, Chem. Eng. Sci., 21, pp. 3651-3660.
17. Chen, H. T. and Middleman, S. (1967), Drop Size Distribution in Agitated Liquid-Liquid Systems, AIChE J., 13, pp. 989-995.
18. Chesters, A. K. (1991), The Modelling of Coalescence Processes in Fluid-Liquid Dispersions: A Review of Current Understanding, Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 69A, pp. 259-270.
19. Clift, R., Grace, J. R. and Weber, M. E. (1978), Bubbles, Drops and Particles, Academic Press, New York, USA.
20. th European Conf. on Mixing, Delft, the Netherlands, pp. 173-180.
21. Costes, J. and Couderc, J. P. (1988a), Study by Laser Doppler Anemometry of the Turbulent Flow Induced by a Rushton Turbine in a Stirred Tank: Influence of the Size of the Units - I. Mean Flow and Turbulence, Chem. Eng. Sci., 43, pp. 2751-2764.
22. Costes, J. and Couderc, J. P. (1988b), Study by Laser Doppler Anemometry of the Turbulent Flow Induced by a Rushton Turbine in a Stirred Tank: Influence of the Size of the Units - II. Spectral Analysis and Scales of Turbulence, Chem. Eng. Sci., 43, pp. 2765-2772.
23. Coulalogou, C. A. and Tavlarides, L. L. (1976), Drop Size Distributions and Coalescence Frequencies of Liquid-Liquid Dispersions in Flow Vessels, AIChE J., 22, pp. 289-297.
24. Coulalogou, C. A and Tavlarides, L. L. (1977), Description of Interaction Processes in Agitated Liquid-Liquid Dispersion, Chem. Eng. Sci., 32, pp. 1289-1297.
25. nd Intl. Symp. on Engr. Turbulence Modeling and Measurement, Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 899-906.
26. Crowe, C. T., Sommerfeld, M. and Tsuji, Y. (1998), Multiphase Flow with Droplets and Paricles, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
27. Cutter, L. A. (1966), Flow and Turbulence in a Stirred Tank, AIChE J., 12, pp. 35-45.
28. th 1999, Produced by Dantec Measurement Technology, Skovlunde, Denmark.
29. Durst, F, Melling, A. and Whitelaw, J. H. (1981), Principles and Practise of Laser Doppler Anemometry, Academic Press, New York, USA.
30. Dyster, K. N., Koutsakos, E., Jaworski, Z. and Nienow, A. W. (1993), An LDA Study of the Radial Discharge Velocities Generated by a Rushton Turbine, Trans. IChemE., 71, pp. 11-23.
31. Einstein, A. (1906), Eine Neue Bestimmung der Molekuldimensionen, Ann. Physik, 19, pp. 289-306.
32. Einstein, A. (1911), Berichtigung zu Meiner Arbeit: Eine Neue Bestimmung der Molekuldimensionen, Ann. Physik, 34, pp. 591-592.
33. Escudié, R. and Liné, A. (2003), Experimental Analysis of Hydrodynamics in a Radially Agitated Tank, AIChE J., 49, pp. 585-603.
34. Fluent (2003), Users's Guide Fluent 6.1, Fluent Incorporated, Lebanon, USA.
35. Fokema, M. D., Kresta, S. M. and Wood, P. E. (1994), Importance of using Correct Impeller Boundary Condition for CFD Simulation of Stirred Tanks, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 72, pp. 177-183.
36. Frisch, U., Sulem, P. L., and Nelkin, M. (1978), Simple Dynamical Model of Intermittent Fully Developed Turbulence, J. Fluid Mechanics, 87, pp. 719-736.
37. Galletti, C., Brunazzi, E., Yianneskis, M. and Paglianti, A. (2003), Spectral and Wavelet Analysis of the Flow Pattern Transition with Impeller Clearance Variations in a Stirred Vessel, Chem. Eng. Sci., 58, pp. 3859-3875
38. Galletti, C., Paglianti, A., Lee, K. C. and Yianneskis, M. (2004), Reynolds Number and Impeller Diameter Effects on Instabilities in Stirred Vessels, AIChE J., 50, pp. 2050-2063.
39. Godfrey, J. C., Obi, F. I. N. and Reeve, R. N. (1989), Measuring Drop Size in Continuous Liquid-Liquid Mixers, Chem. Eng. Prog., 85, pp. 61-69.
40. Gore, R. A. and Crowe, C. T. (1989) Effect on Particle Size on Modulating Turbulent Intensity, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 15, pp. 279-285.
41. Gouesbet, G. and Berlemont, A. (1999), Eulerian and Lagrangian Approaches for Predicting the Behavior of Discrete Particles in Turbulent Flows, Prog. in Energy and Combustion Sci., 25, pp. 133-159.
42. Groth, J. (1991), On the Modelling of Homogenous Turbulence, Doctoral Thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
43. Guillard, F., Trägårdh, C. and Fuchs, L. (2000), A Study of Turbulent Mixing in a Turbine-Agitated Tank using a Fluorescence Technique, Exp. in Fluids, 28, pp. 225-235.
44. Günkel, A. A. and Weber, M. E. (1975), Flow Phenomena in Stirred Tanks Part I - The Impeller Stream, AIChE J., 21, pp. 931-949.
45. Hartmann, H., Derksen, J. J. and van den Akker, H. E. A. (2004), Macroinstability Uncovered in a Rushton Turbine Stirred Tank by Means of LES, AIChE J., 50, pp. 2383-2393.
46. Harvey, A. D. III., Lee, K. C. and Rodgers, S. E. (1995), Steady-State Modeling and Experimental Measurement of a Baffled Impeller Stirred Tank, AIChE J., 41, pp. 2177-2186.
47. Hasal, P., Montes, J.-L., Boisson, H.-C. and Fort, I. (2000), Macro-Instabilities of Velocity Field in Stirred Vessel: Detection and Analysis. Chem. Eng. Sci., 55, pp. 391-401.
48. Heller, W. (1965), Remarks on Refractive Index Mixture Rules, J. Phys. Chem., 69, pp. 1123-1129.
49. Hinze, J. (1955), Fundamentals of the Hydrodynamic Mechanism of Splitting in Dispersion Processes, AIChE J., 1, pp. 289-295.
50. Hinze, J. (1975), Turbulence, McGraw - Hill, New York, USA.
51. Holland, F. A. and Chapman, F. S. (1966), Liquid Mixing and Processing in Stirred Tanks, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, USA.
52. Ishii, M. (1975), Thermo-Fluid Dynamic Theory of Two-Phase Flow, Eyrolles, France.
53. Jacobs, L. J. and Penney, W. R. (1987), Phase Segregation, Chapter 3 in Handbook of Separation Process Technology, edited by R. W. Rousseau, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, USA.
54. Jönsson, G. (1993), Elementär Våglära, Teach Support, Lund, Sweden.
55. Keane, R. D. and Adrian, R. J. (1992), Theory of Cross-Correlation Analysis of PIV Images, Appl. Sci. Res., 49, pp. 191-215.
56. Kiger, K. T. and Pan, C. (2000), PIV Technique for the Simultaneous Measurement of Dilute Two-Phase Flow, J. Fluid Eng., 122, pp. 811-818.
57. Kilander, J. (2003), Hydrodynamics in a Stirred Square Tank Investigated Using PIV and LDA Measurements, Licentiate Thesis, Chemical Engineering Design, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
58. Kolmogorov, A. N. (1941), The Local Structure of Turbulence in Compressible Viscous Fluid for Very Large Reynolds Numbers, Doklady Akademii Nauk USSR, 66, pp. 825-828.
59. Kresta, S. M. and Wood, P. E. (1991), Prediction of the Three Dimensional Turbulent Flow in Stirred Tanks, AIChE J., 37, pp. 448-460.
60. Kresta, S. M. and Wood, P. E. (1993a), The Flow Field Produced by a Pitched Blade Turbine: Characterization of the Turbulence and Estimation of the Dissipation Rate, Chem. Eng. Sci., 48, pp. 1761-1774.
61. Kresta, S. M. and Wood, P. E. (1993b), The Mean Flow Field Produced by a 45° Pitched Blade Turbine: Changes in the Circulation Pattern Due to Off Bottom Clearance, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 71, pp. 42-53.
62. Kresta, S. M. (1998), Turbulence in Stirred Tanks: Anisotropic, Approximate and Applied. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 76, pp. 563-576.
63. La Fontaine, R. F. and Sheperd, I. C. (1996), Particle Image Velocimetry Applied to a Stirred Tank, Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci., 12, pp. 256-264.
64. Laddha, G. S. and Degaleesan, T. E. (1991), Dispersion and Coalescence, Chapter 4 in Handbook of Solvent Extraction, edited by Lo, T., Baird, M. and Hansson, C., Krieger Publishing, Malabar, USA.
65. Lam, A., Sathyagal, A. N., Kumar, S. and Ramkrishna, D. (1996), Maximum Stable Drop Diameter in Stirred Dispersions, AIChE J., 42, pp. 1547-1552.
66. Lane, G. L., Schwarz, M. P. and Evans, G. M. (2000), Comparison of CFD Methods for Modeling of Stirred Tanks, Proc. European Conf. on Mixing, Delft, the Netherlands, pp. 273-280.
67. Laso, M, Steiner, L. and Hartland S. (1987), Dynamic Simulation of Liquid-Liquid Agitated Dispersion - I. Derivation of Simplified Model, Chem. Eng. Sci., 42, pp. 2429-2436.
68. Launder, B. E. and Spalding, D. B. (1974), The Numerical Computation of Turbulent Flows, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 3, pp. 269-289.
69. LaVision (2002), PIV Hardware Manual for DaVis 6.2, Produced by Lavision GmbH, Göttingen, Germany.
70. Lee, K. C. and Yianneskis, M. (1998), Turbulence Properties of the Impeller Stream of a Rushton Turbine, AIChE J., 44, pp. 13-24.
71. Ljungqvist, M. (1996), Some Aspects of the Design of Stirred Vessels, Licenciate Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering Design, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
72. Ljungqvist, M. (1999), Fluid and Solid Particle Dynamics in Stirred Vessels, Doctoral Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering Design, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
73. Ljungqvist, M. and Rasmuson, A. (2001), Numerical Simulation of the Two-Phase Flow in an Axially Stirred Vessel, Chem. Eng. Res. Dev., 79, pp. 533-546.
74. Lomb, N. R. (1976), Least-Squares Frequency Analysis of Unequally Spaced Data, Astrophysical J., 39, pp. 447-462.
75. Luo, J. Y., Issa, R. I and Gosman, A. D. (1994), Prediction of Impeller Induced flows in Mixing vessels using Multi Frames of Reference, Inst. Chem. Engineers Symp. Series., 136, pp. 549-556.
76. Mahouast, M., Cognet, G. and David, R. (1989), Two Component LDV Measurements in a Stirred Tank, AIChE J., 35, pp. 1770-1778.
77. Manninen, M., Taivassalo, V. and Kallio, S. (1996), On the Mixture Models for Multiphase Flow, VTT Publications 288, Technical Research for Engineering Applications, Finland.
78. Markatos, N. C. (1986), The Mathematical Modelling of Turbulent Flows, Appl. Math. Modelling, 10, pp. 190-220.
79. Mavros, P., Xuereb, C. and Bertrand, J. (1996), Determination of 3D Flow Fields in Agitated Vessels by Laser-Doppler Velocimetry - Effect of Impeller Type and Liquid Viscosity on Liquid Flow Patterns, Trans. IChemE, 74, pp. 658-668.
80. Mavros, P. (2001), Flow Visualisation in Stirred Vessels - A Review of Experimental Techniques, Trans. IChemE., 79, pp. 113-127.
81. Mersmann, A. and Grossmann, H. (1982), Dispersion of Immiscible Liquids in Agitated Vessels, Int. Chem. Eng., 22, pp. 581-590.
82. Middleton, J. C., Pierce, F. and Lynch, P. M. (1986), Computations of Flow Fields and Complex Reaction Yield in Turbulent Stirred reactors and Comparison with Experimental Data, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 64, pp. 18-22.
83. Mohlin, K. (2002), Physicochemical Investigations of Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Emulsions, Licentiate Thesis, Department of Applied Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
84. Montante, G., Lee, K. C., Brucato, A. and Yianneskis, M. (2001), Experiments and Predictions of the Transition of the Flow Pattern with Impeller Clearance in Stirred Tanks, Computers and Chem. Eng., 25, pp. 729-735.
85. Montes, J.-L., Boisson, H.-C., Fort, I. and Jahoda, M. (1997), Velocity Field Macro-Instabilities in an Axially Agitated Mixing Vessel. Chem. Eng. J., 67, pp. 139-145.
86. Muralidhar, R. and Ramkrishna, D. (1986), Analysis of Droplet Coalescence in Turbulent Liquid-Liquid Dispersions, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 25, pp. 554-560.
87. th European Conf. on Mixing, Delft, the Netherlands, pp. 165-172.
88. Nienow, A. W. (2004), Break-up, Coalescence and Catastrophic Phase Inversion in Turbulent Contactors, Advances in Colloid and Interface Sci., 108-109, pp. 95-103.
89. Nikiforaki, L., Montante, G., Lee, K. C. and Yianneskis, M. (2003), On the Origin, Frequency and Magnitude of Macro-instabilities of the Flows Stirred in Vessels, Chem. Eng. Sci., 58, pp. 2937-2949.
90. Nikiforaki, L., Yu, J., Baldi, S., Genegner, B., Lee, K. C., Durst, F. and Yianneskis, M. (2004), On the Variation of Precessional Flow Instabilities with Operational Parameters in Stirred Vessels, Chem. Eng. J., 102, pp. 217-231.
91. Nishikawa, M., Mori, F., Kayama, T. and Nishioka, S. (1991), Drop Size Distribution in a Liquid-Liquid Phase Mixing Vessel, J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 24, pp. 88-94.
92. Oldshue, J. Y. (1983), Fluid Mixing Technology, McGraw - Hill, New York, USA.
93. Oshinowo, L., Jaworski, Z., Dyster, K. N., Marshall, E. and Nienow, A. W. (2000), Predicting the Tangential Velocity filed in Stirred Tanks using the Multiple Frames (MRF) Model with Validation by LDA Measurments, Proc. European Conf. on Mixing, Delft, the Netherlands, pp. 281-288.
94. Pacek, A. W., Nienow, A. W. and Moore, I. P. T. (1994), On the Structure of Turbulent Liquid-Liquid Dispersed Flows in an Agitated Vessel, Chem. Eng. Sci., 49, pp. 3485-3498.
95. Pacek, A. W. and Nienow A. W. (1995), A Problem for the Description of Turbulent Dispersed Liquid-Liquid Systems, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 21, pp. 323-328.
96. Pacek, A. W., Man, C. C. and Nienow, A. W. (1998), On the Sauter Mean Diameter and Size Distributions in Turbulent Liquid/Liquid Dispersions in a Stirred Vessel, Chem. Eng. Sci., 53, pp. 2005-2011.
97. Patankar, S. V. (1980), Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, Hemisphere, Washington D. C., USA.
98. th European Conf. on Mixing, Delft, the Netherlands, pp. 345-352.
99. Pettersson, J. (2002), An Experimental Investigation of the Flow Behavior of Fibre/Liquid/Gas Suspensions at MC-Concentrations, Licentiate Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering Design, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
100. Pettersson, M. (1996), Application of Three-Dimensional Phase Doppler Anemometry to Stirred Suspension Hydrodynamics, Doctoral Thesis, Royal Institure of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
101. Pettersson, M. and Rasmuson, Å. (1997), Application of Three-Dimensional Phase-Doppler Anemomtry to Mechanically Agitated Crystallizers, Trans. IChemE., 75, pp. 132-141.
102. Pope, S. B. (2000), Turbulent Flows, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
103. Prandtl, L. (1925), Bericht über Untersuchnugnen zur ausgebildeten Turbulenz, Z. A. M. M.; 5, pp. 136-139.
104. Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teukolsky, S. A., and Vetterling, W. T. (1992), Numerical Recipes, the Art of Scientific Computing, Cambridge University Press, New York, USA.
105. Raffel, M., Willert, C. and Kompenhans, J. (1998), Particle Image Velocimetry - A Practical Guide, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
106. Ranade, V. V. and Joshi, J. B. (1990a), Flow Generated by a Disc Turbine: Part I Experimental, Trans. IChemE., 68, pp. 19-33.
107. Ranade, V. V. and Joshi, J. B. (1990b), Flow Generated by a Disc Turbine: Part II Mathematical Modelling and Comparison with Experimental Data, Trans. IChemE., 68, pp. 19-33.
108. Ranade, V. V., Perrard, M., Le Sauze, N., Xuereb, C. and Bertrand J. (2001), Trailing Vortices of Rushton Turbine: PIV Measurements and CFD Simulations with Snapshot Approach, Trans. IChemE., 79, pp. 3-12.
109. Ranade, V. V. (2002), Computational Flow Modeling for Chemical Reactor Engineering, Academic Press, London, UK.
110. Ribeiro, M. M. M., Guimaraes, M. M. L., Madureira, C. M. N. and Cruz Pinto, J. J. C. (2004), Non-Invasive System and Procedures for the Characterization of Liquid-Liquid Dispersions, Chem. Eng. J., 97, pp. 173-182.
111. Rodger, A. W., Trice, V. G. and Rushton, J. H. (1956), The Effect of Fluid Motions on Interfacial Area of Dispersion, Chem. Eng. Prog., 52, pp. 515-522.
112. th European Conference on Mixing, Elsevier Science, Delft, The Netherlands.
113. Roussinova, V., Kresta, S. M. and Weetman, R. (2003), Low Frequency Macroinstabilities in a Stirred Tank: Scale-up and Prediction Based on Large Eddy Simulations, Chem. Eng. Sci., 58, pp. 2297-2311.
114. Roussinova, V., Kresta, S. M. and Weetman, R. (2004), Resonant geometries for circulation pattern macroinstabilities in a stirred tank, AIChE J., 50, pp. 2986-3005.
115. Rushton, J. H., Costich, E. W. and Everett, H. J. (1950), Power Characteristics of Mixing Impellers - Part II, Chem. Eng. Prog., 46, pp. 467-476.
116. Rutherford, K., Mahmoudi, S. M. S., Lee, K. C. and Yianneskis, M. (1996), The Influence of Rushton Impeller Blade and Disk Thickness on the Mixing Characteristics of Stirred Vessels, Trans. IChemE., 74, pp. 369-378.
117. Sachs, J. P. and Rushton, J. H. (1954), Discharge Flow from Turbine-Type Mixing Impellers, Chem. Eng. Prog., 50, pp. 597-603.
118. Sagaut, P. (2001), Large Eddy Simulation for Imcompressible Flows, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
119. Schiller, L. and Naumann, A. (1935), Über die Grundlegenden Berechnungen bei der Schwerkraufaufbereitungen, Z. Ver. Deutsch. Ing., 77, pp. 318.
120. Schäfer, M., Hörken, M. and Durst, F. (1997), Detailed LDV Measurements for Visualization of the Flow Field within a Stirred-Tank Reactor Equipped with a Rushton Turbine, Trans. IChemE., 75, pp. 729-736.
121. Selker, A. H. and Sleicher, C. A. (1965), Factors Effecting Which Phase Will Disperse When Immiscible Liquids are Stirred Together, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 43, pp. 298-301.
122. Sharp, K. V. and Adrian, R. J. (2001), PIV Study of Small-Scale Flow Structure around a Rushton Turbine, AIChE J., 47, pp. 766-778.
123. Shaw, D. J. (1997), Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Butterworth - Heinemann, Bodmin, UK.
124. She, Z. S., & Lévèque, E. (1994), Universal Scaling Laws in Fully Developed Turbulence, Phys. Rev. Let.t, 72, pp. 336-339.
125. Sheng, J., Meng, H. and Fox, R. O. (2000), A Large Eddy PIV Method for Turbulence Dissipation Rate Estimation, Chem. Eng. Sci., 55, pp. 4423-4434.
126. Shinnar, R. (1961), On the Behavior of Liquid Dispersions in Mixing Vessels, J. FluidMech., 10, pp. 259-275.
127. Skelland, A. H. P. and Seksaria, R. (1978), Minimum Impeller Speeds for Liquid-Liquid Dispersion in Baffled Vessels, Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. Dev., 17, pp. 56-61.
128. Skelland, A. H. P. and Ramsay, G. G. (1987), Minimum Agitator Speeds for Complete Liquid-Liquid Dispersion, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 26, pp. 77-81.
129. Skoog, D. A. and Leary, J. J. (1992), Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Fourth Edition, Sounders College Publishing, New York, USA.
130. Sprow, F. B. (1967), Distribution of Drop Sizes Produced in Turbulent Liquid-Liquid Dispersion, Chem. Eng. Sci., 22, pp. 435-442.
131. Stoots, C. M. and Calabrese, R. V. (1995), Mean Velocity Field Relative to a Rushton Turbine Blade, AIChE J., 41, pp. 1-11.
132. Sturesson, C., Rasmuson, A. and Fort, I. (1995), Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Flow of Agitated Liquid with Pitched Blade Impeller, Chem. Eng. Comm., 138, pp. 1-23.
133. Sturesson, C. (1995), Hydrodynamics and Complete Suspension in Axially Stirred Vessels, Doctoral Thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering Design, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
134. Syrjänen, J. K. and Manninen, M. T. (2000), Detailed CFD Prediction of a 45° Pitched Blade Turbine, Proc. European Conf. on Mixing, Delft, the Netherlands, pp. 265-272.
135. Tavlarides, L.L. and Stamatoudis, M. (1981), The Analysis of Interphase Reactions and Mass Transfer in Liquid-Liquid Dispersions, Adv. Chem. Eng., 11, pp. 199-273.
136. Taylor, G. I. (1935), The Viscosity of a Fluid Containing Small Drops of Another Fluid, Proc. Roy. Soc. A. 138, pp. 41-48.
137. Tennekes, H. and Lumley, J. L. (1972), A First Course in Turbulence, MIT Press, USA.
138. Tonno, M., Aoki, M. and Saito, S. (1983), Scale Effect on Breakup Process in Liquid-Liquid Agitated Tanks, J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 16, pp. 312-319.
139. Van der Molen, K. and Van Maanen, H. R. E. (1978), Laser-Doppler Measurements of the Turbulent Flow in Stirred Vessels to Establish Scaling Rules, Chem. Eng. Sci., 33, pp. 1161-1168.
140. Van Heuven, J. and Beek, W. J. (1971), Power Input, Drop Size and Minimum Stirrer Speed for Liquid-Liquid Dispersion in Stirred Vessels, Proceedings of Solvent, Extr., Proc. Int. SolventExtr. Conf., Amsterdam, pp. 70-73.
141. Van't Riet, K. and Smith, J .M. (1975), The Trailing Vortex System Produced by Rushton Turbine Agitators, Chem. Eng. Sci., 30, pp. 1093-1105.
142. Van't Riet, K., Bruijn, W. and Smith, J. M. (1976), Real and Pseudo-Turbulence in the Discharge Stream from a Rushton Turbine, Chem. Eng. Sci., 31, pp. 407-412.
143. Vasquez, S. A. and Ivanov, V. A. (2000), A Phase Coupled Method for Solvning Multiphase Problems on Unstructured Meshes, FED (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), 257: Proceedings of the ASME Engineering Division Summer Meeting (FEDSM2000), pp. 659-664.
144. Vermuelen, T., Williams, G. M. and Langlois, G. E. (1955), Interfacial Area in Liquid-Liquid and Gas-Liquid Agitation, Chem. Eng. Prog., 51, pp. 85-94.
145. Versteeg, H, K. and Malalasekera, W. (1995), An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics, The Finite Volume Method, Addison Wesley Longman Ltd., Harlow,UK, 1995.
146. Virdung, T. (2005), Fluid Mechanics of Solid-Liquid Suspensions - An Experimental and Numerical Study, Doctorcal Thesis, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers, Göteborg, Sweden.
147. Westerweel, J. (1993), Digital Particle Image Velocimetry - Theory and Application, Doctoral Thesis, Technische Universiteit Delft, Delft, the Netherlands.
148. Wilcox, D. C. (1993), Turbulence Modeling for CFD, DCW Industries, La Cañada, USA.
149. Wu, H. and Pattersson, G. K. (1989), Laser-Doppler Measurements of Turbulent Flow Parameters in a Stirred Mixer, Chem. Eng. Sci., 44, pp. 2207-2221.
150. Yeh, Y, and Cummins, H. Z. (1964), Localized Fluid Flow Measurements with an He-Ne Laser Spectrometer, Appl. Phys. Letters, 4, pp. 176-178.
151. Yeo, L. Y., Matar, O. K., de Ortiz, E. S. P and Hewitt, G. F. (2002), A Description of Phase Inversion Behaviour in Agitated Liquid-Liquid Dispersions under the Influence of the Marangoni Effect, Chem. Eng. Sci., 57, pp. 3505-3520.
152. Yianneskis, M., Popiolek, Z. and Whitelaw, J. H. (1987), An Experimental Study of the Steady and Unsteady Flow Characteristics of Stirred Vessels, J. FluidMech., 175, pp. 537-555.
153. Yianneskis, M. and Whitelaw, J. H. (1993), On the Structure of the Trailing Vortices around Rushton Turbine Blades, Trans. IChemE., 71, pp. 543-550.
154. Yoon, H. S., Sharp, K. V., Hill, D. F., Adrian, R. J., Balachandar, S., Ha, M. Y. and Kar, K. (2001), Integrated Experimental and Computational Approach to Simulations of Flow in a Stirred Tank, Chem. Eng. Sci., 56, pp. 6635-6649.
155. Zhou, G. and Kresta S. M. (1998a), Correlation of Mean Drop Size and Minimum Drop Size with the Turbulence Energy Dissipation and the Flow in an Agitated Tank, Chem. Eng. Sci., 53, pp. 2063-2079.
156. Zhou, G. and Kresta S. M. (1998b), Evolution of Drop Size Distribution in Liquid-Liquid Dispersions for Various Impellers, Chem. Eng. Sci., 53, pp. 2099-2113.
157. Zhu, X. and Vigil, R. D. (2001), Banded Liquid-Liquid Taylor-Couette-Poiseuille Flow, AIChE J., 47, pp. 1932-1940.