Pogonophora (Annelida): Form and function

Hydrobiologia

Volumn 535, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 227-251

  Southward, Eve C ^a   Schulze, Anja ^b   Gardiner, Stephen L ^c  

^a THE LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^b SMITHSONIAN MARINE STATION   (United States)

^c BRYN MAWR COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anatomy; Frenulata; Pogonophora; Siboglinidae; Ultrastructure; Vestimentifera

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; NUTRITION; SEDIMENTS; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; TISSUE; CARBON DIOXIDE; DECAY (ORGANIC); OCEAN HABITATS; PHYSIOLOGY;

BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEMS; HYDROTHERMAL VENTS; MARINE ANNELIDS; POGONOPHORIA; ANATOMY; FRENULATA; POGONOPHORA; SIBOGLINIDAE; ULTRASTRUCTURE; VESTIMENTIFERA;

OCEAN HABITATS; MARINE BIOLOGY;

ANATOMY; HOST-SYMBIONT INTERACTION; TUBE DWELLER; ULTRASTRUCTURE; ADAPTATION; ANNELID;

ANNELIDA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); PERVIATA; POGONOPHORA; SCLEROLINIDAE; SIBOGLINIDAE; VESTIMENTIFERA;

EID: 18844378853     PISSN: 00188158     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10750-004-4401-6     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. W. Almeida O. de M. L. Christoffersen D. de S. Amorim A. R. S. Garraffoni G. S. Silva 2003 Polychaeta, Annelida, and Articulata are not monophyletic: articulating the Metameria (Metazoa, Coelomata) Revista Brasileira Zoologia 20 23 57
2. A. C. Andersen L. Hamraoui D. Zaoui 2001 The obturaculum of Riftia pachyptila (Annelida, Vestimentifera): ultrastructure and function of the obturacular muscles and extracellular matrix Cahiers de Biologie Marine 42 219 237
3. A. C. Andersen S. Jollivet S. Claudinot F. H. Lallier 2002 Biometry of the branchial plume in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera; Annelida) Canadian Journal of Zoology 80 320 332
4. A. J. Arp J. J. Childress R. D. Vetter 1987 The sulphide-binding protein in the blood of the vestimentiferan tubeworm Riftia pachyptila is the extracellular haemoglobin Journal of Experimental Biology 128 139 158
5. 2S binding function in annelids from sulfide-free habitats reveals molecular adaptation driven by Darwinian positive selection Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100 5885 5890
6. T. Bakke 1976 The early embryos of Siboglinum fiordicum Webb (Pogonophora) reared in the laboratory Sarsia 60 1 12
7. T. Bartolomaeus 1995 Structure and formation of the uncini in Pectinaria koreni, Pectinaria auricoma (Terebellida) and Spirorbis spirorbis (Sabellida): implications for annelid phylogeny and the position of the Pogonophora Zoomorphology 115 161 177
8. T. Bartolomaeus K. Meyer 1997 Development and phylogenetic significance of hooked setae in Arenicolidae Invertebrate Biology 116 227 242
9. J. Blackwell K. D. Parker K. M. Rudall 1965 Chitin in pogonophore tubes Journal of Marine Biological Association of the UK 45 51 54
10. C. Bosch P. P. Grassé 1984a Cycle partiel des bactéries chimioautotrophes symbiotiques et leurs rapports avec les bacteriocytes chez Riftia pachyptila Jones (Pogonophore Vestimentifère) I. Le trophosome et les bacteriocytes. Compte Rendu Lebdomaire des séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris (Ser. III) 299 371 376
11. C. Bosch P. P. Grassé 1984b Cycle partiel des bactéries chimioautotrophes symbiotiques et leurs rapports avec les bacteriocytes chez Riftia pachyptila Jones (Pogonophore Vestimentifère) II. L'evolution des bactéries symbiotiques et des bacteriocytes. Compte Rendu Lebdomaire des séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris (Ser. III) 299 413 419
12. J. Breton-Gorius 1963 Etude au microscope électronique des cellules chloragogènes d'Arenicola marina L Leur rôle dans la synthèse de l'hémoglobine Annales des Sciences Naturelles 5 211 271
13. M. Bright A. Sorgo 2003 Ultrastructural reinvestigation of the trophosome in adults of Riftia pachhyptila (Annelida, Siboglinidae) Invertebrate Biology 122 347 368
14. M. Bright H. Keckeis C. R. Fisher 2000 An autoradiographic examination of carbon fixation, transfer, and utilization in the Riftia pachyptila symbiosis Marine Biology 136 621 632
15. P. J. C. Brunet D. B. Carlisle 1958 Chitin in Pogonophora Nature 182 1689
16. P. Callsen-Cencic H. J. Flügel 1995 Larval development and the formation of the gut of Siboglinum poseidoni Flügel & Langhof (Pogonophora, Perviata), evidence of protostomian affinity Sarsia 80 73 89
17. D. B. Carlisle 1964 Chitin in a Cambrian fossil, Hyolithellus Biochemical Journal 90 1963 1964
18. S. C. Cary W. Warren W. E. Anderson S. J. Giovannoni 1993 Identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ amplification techniques Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 2 51 62
19. M. Caullery 1914 Sur les Siboglinidae, type nouveau d'invé rtebrés recuelli par l'expédition du Siboga Compte Rendu Lebdomaire des séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris 158 2014 2017
20. C. M. Cavanaugh S. L. Gardiner M. L. Jones H. W. Jannasch J. B. Waterbury 1981 Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: Possible chemoautotrophic symbionts Science 213 340 342
21. L. Chamoy M. Nicolai B. Quennedey F. Gaill J. Delachambre 2000 Characterization of a cDNA encoding RP43, a CUB-domain-containing protein from the tube of Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera), and distribution of its transcript Biochemical Journal 350 421 427
22. L. Chamoy M. Nicolai J. Ravaux B. Quennedey F Gaill J. Delachambre 2001 A novel chitin-binding protein from the vestimentiferan Riftia pachyptila interacts specifically with beta-chitin: Cloning, expression, and characterization Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 8051 8058
23. J. J. Childress C. R. Fisher 1992 The biology of hydrothermal vent animals: physiology, biochemistry and autotrophic symbiosis Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 30 337 441
24. R. P. Dales J. P. Pell 1970 Cytological aspects of haemoglobin and chlorocruorin synthesis in polychaete annelids Zeitschrift für Zellforschung 109 20 32
25. H. Felbeck J. J. Childress G. N. Somero 1981 Calvin-Benson cycle and sulphide oxidation enzymes in animals from sulphide-rich habitats Nature, London 298 291 293
26. R. A. Feldman M. B. Black C. S. Cary R. A. Lutz R. C. Vrijenhoek 1997 Molecular phylogenetics of bacterial endosymbionts and their vestimentiferan hosts Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 6 268 277
27. H. J. Flügel 1978 Dense core tubuli-a new structural element of the spermatophores of Pogonophora 9th International Congress of Electron Microsc. Toronto 1978 2 574 575
28. M. F. Foucart S. Bricteux-Grégoire C. Jeuniaux 1965 Composition chimique du tube d'un pogonophore (Siboglinum sp.) et des formations squelettiques de deux pterobranches Sarsia 20 36 41
29. J. K. Freytag P. R. Girguis D. K. Bergquist J. P. Andras J. J. Childress C. R. Fisher 2001 A paradox resolved: sulfide acquisition by roots of seep tubeworms sustains net chemoautotrophy Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 13408 13413
30. K. Fukunaga T. Miura J. Tsukahara 2000 Structural studies of gonads and developmental larvae of Lamellibrachia satsuma Zoological Science (Tokyo) 17 Supplement 59
31. F. Gaill S. Hunt 1986 Tubes of deep sea hydrothermal vent worms Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera) and Alvinella pompejana (Annelida) Marine Ecology Progress Series 34 267 274
32. F. Gaill L. Hamraoui F. X. Sicot R. Timpl 1994 Immunological properties and tissue localization of two different collagen types in annelid and vestimentiferan species European Journal of Cell Biology 65 392 401
33. F. Gaill K. Mann H. Wiedemann J. Engel R. Timpl 1995 Structural comparison of cuticle and interstitial collagens from annelids living in shallow sea-water and at deep-sea hydrothermal vents Journal of Molecular Biology 246 284 294
34. F. Gaill B. Shillito F. Ménard G. Goffinet J. J. Childress 1997 Rate and process of tube production by the deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Marine Ecology Progress Series 148 135 143
35. S. L. Gardiner M. L. Jones 1985 Ultrastructure of spermiogenesis in the vestimentiferan tube worm Riftia pachyptila (Pogonophora, Obturata) Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 104 19 44
36. S. L. Gardiner M. L. Jones 1993 Vestimentifera F. W. Harrison M. E. Rice Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates 12, Onychophora, Chilopoda, and lesser Protostomata Wiley-Liss New York 371 460
37. S. L. Gardiner E. McMullin C. R. Fisher 2001 Seepiophila jonesi, a new genus and species of vestimentiferan tube worm (Annelida: Pogonophora) from hydrocarbon seep communities in the Gulf of Mexico Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114 694 707
38. J. D. George E. C. Southward 1973 A comparative study of the setae of Pogonophora and polychaetous annelids Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 53 403 424
39. P. R. Girguis R. W. Lee N. Desaulniers J. J. Childress M. Pospesel H. Felbeck F. Zal 2000 Fate of nitrate acquired by the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 2783 2790
40. + elimination in the hydrothermal vent tube-worm Riftia pachyptila Cahiers de Biologie Marine 39 297 300
41. A. W. Green T. Gotoh T. Suzuki F. Zal F. H. Lallier A. Toulmond S. N. Vinogradov 2001 Observation of large, non-covalent globin subassemblies in the appr 3600 kDa hexagonal bilayer hemoglobins by electrospray ionization time-of-flight spectrometry Journal of Molecular Biology 309 553 560
42. B. L. Gupta C. Little 1969 Studies on Pogonophora. II. Ultrastructure of the tentacular crown of Siphonobrachia Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 49 717 741
43. B. L. Gupta C. Little 1970 Studies on Pogonophora 4. Fine structure of the cuticle and epidermis Tissue and Cell 2 637 696
44. B. L. Gupta C. Little 1975 Ultrastructure, phylogeny and Pogonophora Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematick und Evolutionsforschung Sonderheft 1975 43 63
45. K. M. Halanych 2005 Molecular phylogeny of siboglinid annelids (a.k.a. pogonophorans): a review Hydrobiologia 535/536 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 179) 295 305
46. A. V. Ivanov 1951 On including the genus Siboglinum in the class Pogonophora. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 76 739 742 (in Russian)
47. A. V. Ivanov 1957 Material on the embryological development of the Pogonophora Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 36 1127 1144 (in Russian)
48. A. V. Ivanov 1963 Pogonophora Academic Press London
49. A. V. Ivanov 1975 Embryonalentwicklung der Pogonophora und ihre systematische Stellung Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematick und Evolutionsforschung Sonderheft 1975 10 44
50. A. V. Ivanov 1988 Analysis of the embryonic development of Pogonophora in connection with the problems of phylogenetics Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematick und Evolutionsforschung 26 161 185
51. A. V. Ivanov 1989 On the morphological nature of the obturacula in Pogonophora Doklady Akademii Nauk. SSSR 308 758 759
52. A. V. Ivanov 1991 Monilifera, a new subclass of Pogonophora Doklady Akademii Naukii SSSR 312 505 507
53. A. V. Ivanov 1994 On the systematic position of the Vestimentifera Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 121 409 456
54. H. Jensen R. Myklebust 1975 Ultrastructure of muscle cells in Siboglinum fiordicum (Pogonophora) Cell and Tissue Research 163 185 197
55. C. Jeuniaux 1963 Chitin et Chitinolyse Masson Paris 1 181
56. K. E. Johansson 1937 Über Lamellisabella zachsi und ihre systematische Stellung Zoologischer Anzeiger 117 23 26
57. K. E. Johansson 1939 Lamellisabella zachsi Uschakow, ein Vertreter einer neuen Tierklasse Pogonophora Zoologiska Bidragfrån Uppsala 18 253 268
58. M. L. Jones 1981a Riftia pachyptila, new genus, new species, the vestimentiferan worm from the Galápagos Rift geothermal vents (Pogonophora) Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 93 1295 1313
59. M. L. Jones 1981b Riftia pachyptila Jones: observations on the vestimentiferan worm from the Galápagos Rift Science 213 333 336
60. M. L. Jones 1985a On the Vestimentifera, new phylum: six new species, and other taxa, from hydrothermal vents and elsewhere Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington 6 117 185
61. M. L. Jones 1985b Vestimentiferan pogonophores: Their biology and affinities S. Conway-Morris J. D. George R. Gibson H. M. Platt The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates. Systematics Association Special Volume 28 Clarendon Press Oxford 327 342
62. M. L. Jones S. L. Gardiner 1988 Evidence for a transient digestive tract in Vestimentifera Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 101 423 433
63. M. L. Jones S. L. Gardiner 1989 On the early development of the vestimentiferan tube worm Ridgeia sp and observations on the nervous system and trophosome of Ridgeia sp. and Riftia pachyptila. Biological Bulletin 177 254 276
64. L. Jouan J. C. Taveau S. Marco F. H. Lallier J. N. Lamy 2001 Occurrence of two architectural types of hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin in annelids: comparison of 3D reconstruction volumes of Arenicola marina and Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobins Journal of Molecular Biology 305 757 771
65. C. Jouin F. Gaill 1990 Gills of hydrothermal vent annelids: structure, ultrastructure and functional implications in two alvinellid species Progress in Oceanography 24 59 69
66. C. Jouin-Toulmond D. Augustin D. Desbruyères A. Toulmond 1996 The gas transfer system in alvinellids (Annelida Polychaeta, Terebellida). Anatomy and ultrastructure of the anterior circulatory system and characterization of a coelomic, intracellular, haemoglobin Cahiers de Biologie Marine 37 135 151
67. D. Julian F. Gaill A. J. Arp C. R. Fisher 1999 Roots as a site of hydrogen sulfide uptake in the hydrocarbon seep vestimentiferan Lamellibrachia sp Journal of Experimental Biology 202 2245 2257
68. G. Y. Kennedy R. P. Dales 1958 The function of the heart-body in polychaetes Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 37 15 31
69. P. Knight-Jones 1981 Behaviour, setal inversion and phylogeny of Sabellida (Polychaeta) Zoologica Scripta 10 184 202
70. P. Knight-Jones M. R. Fordy 1979 Setal structure, functions and interrelationships in Spirorbidae (Polychaeta, Sedentaria) Zoologica Scripta 8 119 138
71. G. Lanzavecchia M. de Eguileor R. Valvassori 1988 Muscles W. Westheide C.O. Hermans The Ultrastructure of Polychaeta Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 71 88
72. Little, C. & B. L. Gupta, 1968. Pogonophora: uptake of dissolved nutrients. Nature 873-874.
73. C. Little B. L. Gupta 1969 Studies on Pogonophora III. Uptake of nutrients Journal of Experimental Biology 51 759 773
74. I. MacDonald V. Tunnicliffe E. C. Southward 2002 Detection of sperm transfer and synchronous spawning in Ridgeia piscesae Jones at Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge Cahiers de Biologie Marine 43 395 398
75. V. V. Malakhov S. V. Galkin 1998 Vestimentifera, Gutless Invertebrates of the Sea Floor KMK Scientific Press Moscow 206 (In Russian with English summary)
76. V. V. Malakhov I. S. Popelyaev S.V. Galkin 1996a Microscopic anatomy of Ridgeia phaeophiale Jones, 1985 (Pogonophora, Vestimentifera) and the problem of the position of Vestimentifera in the system of the animal kingdom: I General anatomy, obturacula and tentacles Russian Journal of Marine Biology 22 63 74
77. V. V. Malakhov I. S. Popelyaev V. Galkin 1996b. Microscopic anatomy of Ridgeia phaeophiale Jones, 1985 (Pogonophora, Vestimentifera) and the problem of the position of Vestimentifera in the system of the animal kingdom: III. Rudimentary digestive system, trophosome, and blood vascular system Russian Journal of Marine Biology 22 189 198
78. V. V. Malakhov I. S. Popelyaev V. Galkin 1996c. Microscopic anatomy of Ridgeia phaeophiale Jones, 1985 (Pogonophora, Vestimentifera) and the problem of the position of Vestimentifera in the system of the animal kingdom: V Position of Vestimentifera and Pogonophora in the system of the Animal Kingdom Russian Journal of Marine Biology 22 307 313
79. C. P. Mangum R. P. Dales 1965 Products of haem synthesis in polychaetes Comparitive Biochemistry and Physiology 15 237 257
80. K. Mann D. E. Mechling H. P. Bächinger C. Eckerskorn F. Gaill R. Timpl 1996 Glycosylated threonine but not 4-hydroxyproline dominates the triple helix stabilizing positions in the sequence of a hydrothermal vent worm cuticle collagen Journal of Molecular Biology 261 255 266
81. A. G. Marsh L. S. Mullineaux C. M. Young D. T. Manahan 2001 Larval dispersal potential of the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila at deep-sea hydrothermal vents Nature 411 77 80
82. A. Matsuno Y. Sasayama 2002 A comparative study of body wall structures of a pogonophore and an annelid from a phylogenetic viewpoint Zoological Science (Tokyo) 19 695 701
83. D. McHugh 1997 Molecular evidence that echiurans and pogonophorans are derived annelids Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 8006 8009
84. E. R. McMullin S. Hourdez S. W. Schaeffer C. R. Fisher 2003 Phylogeny and biogeography of deep sea vestimentiferan tubeworms and their symbionts Symbiosis 34 1 41
85. K. Meyer T. Bartolomaeus 1996 Ultrastructure and formation of the hooked setae in Owenia fusiformis delle Chiaje, 1842: implications for annelid phylogeny Canadian Journal of Zoology 74 2143 2153
86. T. Miura M. Nedachi J. Hashimoto 2002 Sulphur sources for chemoautotrophic nutrition of shallow water vestimentiferan tubeworms in Kagoshima Bay Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82 537 540
87. T. Miura J. Tsukahara J. Hashimoto 1997 Lamellibrachia satsuma, a new species of vestimentiferan worms (Annelida: Pogonophora) from a shallow hydrothermal vent in Kagoshima Bay, Japan Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 110 447 456
88. E. Negrisolo A. Pallavicini R. Barbato S. Dewilde A. Ghiretti-Magaldi L. Moens G. Lanfranchi 2001 The evolution of extracellular hemoglobins of annelids, vestimentiferans, and pogonophorans Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 26391 26397
89. A. Nørrevang 1970 The position of Pogonophora in the phylogenetic system Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 8 161 172
90. L. Orrhage M. C. M. Müller 2005 Morphology of the nervous system of Polychaeta (Annelida) Hydrobiologia 535/536 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 179) 79 111
91. 12C: further evidence of nonphotosynthetic food sources Science 213 338 340
92. J. Ravaux L. Gay M. F Voss-Foucart F. Gaill 1998 Tube growth process in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent tube-worm Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera): Synthesis and degradation of chitin Cahiers de Biologie Marine 39 99 107
93. G. Rouse 2001 A cladistic analysis of Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914 (Polychaeta, Annelida): formerly the phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 132 55 80
94. G. Rouse K. Fauchald 1995 The articulation of annelids Zoologica Scripta 24 71 138
95. G. Rouse K. Fauchald 1997 Cladistics and polychaetes Zoologica Scripta 26 139 204
96. K. M. Rudall W. Kenchington 1973 The chitin system Biological Reviews 48 597 636
97. E. E. Ruppert R. S. Smith 1988 The functional organization of filtration nephridia Biological Reviews 63 231 258
98. L. Salvini-Plawen 2000 What is convergent/homoplastic in Pogonophora? Journal of Zoological Systematic and Evolutionary Research 38 133 147
99. R. Schmaljohann H. J. Flügel 1987 Methane oxidizing bacteria in Pogonophora Sarsia 72 91 98
100. A. Schulze 2001a Ultrastructure of opisthosomal chaetae in Vestimentifera (Pogonophora, Obturata) and implications for phylogeny Acta Zoologica 82 127 135
101. A. Schulze 2001b Comparative anatomy of excretory organs in vestimentiferan tube worms (Pogonophora, Obturata) Journal of Morphology 250 1 11
102. A. Schulze 2003 Phylogeny of Vestimentifera (Siboglinidae, Annelida) inferred from morphology Zoologica Scripta 32 321 342
103. A. Schulze 2002 Histological and ultrastructural characterization of the intravasal body in Vestimentifera (Siboglinidae, Polychaeta, Annelida) Cahiers de Biologie Marine 43 355 358
104. A. Schulze K. M. Halanych 2003 Siboglinid evolution shaped by habitat preference and sulfide tolerance Hydrobiologia 496 (Dev. Hydrobiol. 170) 199 205
105. B. Shillito J. P. Lechaire F. Gaill 1993 Microvilli-like structures secreting chitin crystallites Journal of Structural Biology 111 59 67
106. B. Shillito J. P. Lechaire G. Goffinet F. Gaill 1995a Composition and morphogenesis of the tubes of vestimentiferan worms Geological Society Special Publication 87 295 302
107. B. Shillito B. Lübbering J. P. Lechaire J. J. Childress F. Gaill 1995b Chitin localization in the secretory system of a repressurized deep-sea tube worm Journal of Structural Biology 114 67 75
108. B. Shillito J. P. Lechaire J. J. Childress F. Gaill 1997 Diffraction contrast imaging of extracellular matrix components using zero-loss filtering Journal of Structural Biology 120 85 92
109. R. V. Smirnov 2000 Two new species of Pogonophora from the arctic mud volcano off northwestern Norway Sarsia 85 141 150
110. P. R. Smith E. E. Ruppert 1988 Nephridia W. Westheide C. O. Hermans Ultrastructure of the Polychaeta Gustav Fischer Stuttgart 231 262
111. A. Sorgo F. Gaill J. P. Lechaire C. Arndt M. Bright 2002 Glycogen storage in the Riftia pachyptila trophosome: contribution of host and symbiont Marine Ecology Progress Series 231 115 120
112. A. J. Southward E. C. Southward 1966 A preliminary account of the general and enzyme histochemistry of Siboglinum atlanticum and other Pogonophora Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 46 579 616
113. A. J. Southward E. C. Southward 1970 Observations on the role of dissolved organic compounds in the nutrition of benthic invertebrates Sarsia 45 69 96
114. A. J. Southward E. C. Southward 1981 Dissolved organic matter and the nutrition of Pogonophora: a reassessment based on recent studies of their morphology and biology Kieler Meeresforschung 5 445 453
115. A. J. Southward E. C. Southward P. R. Dando R. B. Barrett R. L. Ling 1986 Chemoautotrophic function of bacterial symbionts in small Pogonophora Journal of Marine Biology Association U.K 66 415 437
116. E. C. Southward 1961 Pogonophora Siboga Expedition Monograph 25, 3 1 22
117. E. C. Southward 1972 On some Pogonophora from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico Bulletin of Marine Science 22 739 776
118. E. C. Southward 1973 The distribution of glycogen in the tissues of Siboglinum atlanticum (Pogonophora) Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 53 665 671
119. E. C. Southward 1975a A study of the structure of the opisthosoma of Siboglinum fiordicum Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematick und Evolutionsforschung Sonderheft 1975 64 76
120. E. C. Southward 1975b Fine structure and phylogeny of the Pogonophora Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 36 235 251
121. E. C. Southward 1982 Bacterial symbionts in Pogonophora Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 62 889 906
122. E. C. Southward 1984 Pogonophora J. Bereiter-Hahn A. G. Matoltsy K. S. Richards Biology of the Integument 1. Invertebrates Springer-Verlag Berlin 376 388
123. E. C. Southward 1988 Development of the gut and segmentation of newly settled stages of Ridgeia (Vestimentifera): implications for the relationship between Vestimentifera and Pogonophora Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 68 465 487
124. E. C. Southward 1991 Three new species of Pogonophora, including two vestimentiferans, from hydrothermal sites in the Lau Back-arc Basin (Southwest Pacific) Journal of Natural History 25 859 881
125. E. C. Southward 1993 Pogonophora F. W. Harrison M. E. Rice Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates 12, Onychophora, Chilopoda, and lesser Protostomata Wiley-Liss New York 327 369
126. E. C. Southward 1999 Development of Perviata and Vestimentifera (Pogonophora) Hydrobiologia 402 185 202
127. E. C. Southward 2000 Class Pogonophora P. L. Beesley G. J. B. Ross C. J. Glasby Polychaetes and Allies: The Southern Synthesis, Fauna of Australia 4A CSIRO Publishing Melbourne 331 351
128. E. C. Southward K. A. Coates 1989 Sperm masses and sperm transfer in a vestimentiferan, Ridgeia piscesae Jones 1985 (Pogonophora Obturata) Canadian Journal of Zoology 67 2776 2781
129. E. C. Southward S. V. Galkin 1997 A new vestimentiferan (Pogonophora: Obturata) from the hydrothermal vent fields in the Manus Back-arc Basin (Bismarck Sea, Papua New Guinea, Southwest Pacific Ocean) Journal of Natural History 31 43 55
130. E. C. Southward A. J. Southward 1963 Notes on the biology of some Pogonophora Journal of the Marine Biolocial Association of the United Kingdom 43 57 64
131. E. C. Southward A. J. Southward 1967 The distribution of Pogonophora in the Atlantic Ocean Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 19 145 158
132. E. C. Southward A. Schulze V. Tunnicliffe 2002 Vestimentiferans (Pogonophora) in the Pacific and Indian Oceans: a new genus from Lihir Island (Papua New Guinea) and the Java Trench, with the first report of Arcovestia ivanovi from the North Fiji Basin Journal of Natural History 36 1179 1197
133. R. B. Spies 1973 The blood system of the flabelligerid polychaete Flabelliderma commensalis Journal of Morphology 139 465 490
134. V. Storch G. Alberti 1978 Ultrastructural observations on the gills of polychaetes Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 31 169 179
135. R. C. Terwilliger N. B. Terwilliger G. M. Hughes A. J. Southward E. C. Southward 1987 Studies on the haemoglobins of the small Pogonophora Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 67 219 234
136. M. Truchet C. Ballan-Dufrancais A.-Y. Jeantet J.-P. Lechaire R. Cosson 1998 The trophosome of the Vestimentifera Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana Cahiers de Biologie Marine 39 129 141
137. V. Tunnicliffe A. G. MacArthur D. McHugh 1998 A biogeographical perspective of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna Advances in Marine Biology 34 353 442
138. P. Uschakow 1933 Eine neue Form aus der Familie Sabellidae (Polychaeta) Zoologischer Anzeiger 104 205 208
139. J. Van der Land A. Nørrevang 1977 Structure and relationships of Lamellibrachia (Annelida, Vestimentifera) Det Kongelige Danske Videnkabernes Selskab Biologiske Skrifter 21,3 1 102
140. C. L. Van Dover 1994 In situ spawning of hydrothermal vent tubeworms (Riftia pachyptila) Biological Bulletin 186 134 135
141. J. Vovelle 1982 Structures et materiaux squelletogenes organiques et mineraux chez les annelids et les mollusques Bulletin de la Socié té Zoologique Française 107 401 417
142. M. Webb 1964 The posterior extremity of Siboglinum fiordicum (Pogonophora) Sarsia 15 33 36
143. M. Webb 1965 Additional notes on the adult & larva of Siboglinum fiordicum and on the possible mode of tube formation Sarsia 20 21 34
144. M. Webb 1969 Lamellibrachia barhami gen nov. sp. nov., (Pogonophora) from the northeast Pacific Bulletin of Marine Science 19 18 47
145. M. Webb 1971 The morphology and formation of the pogonophoran tube and its value in systematics Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 9, 3 179 181
146. C. M. Young E. Vaquez A. Metaxas P. A. Tyler 1996 Embryology of vestimentiferan tube worms from deep-sea methane/sulphide seeps Nature 381 514 516
147. H. J. Yuasa B. N. Green T. Takagi N. Suzuki S. N. Vinogradov T. Suzuki 1996 Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric composition of the 400 kDa hemoglobin from the pogonophoran Oligobrachia mashikoi and the primary structures of three major globin chains Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1296 235 244
148. F. Zal F. H. Lallier B. N. Green S. N. Vinogradov A. Toulmond 1996 The multi-hemoglobin system of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila: II Complete polypeptide chain composition investigated by maximum entropy analysis of mass spectra Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 8875 8881
149. F. Zal T. Suzuki Y. Kawasaki J. J. Childress F. H. Lallier A. Toulmond 1997 Primary structure of the common polypeptide chain b from the multi-hemoglobin system of the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila: an insight on the sulfide binding-site Proteins 29 562 574
150. F. Zal E. Leize F. H. Lallier A. Toulmond A. Van Dorsselaer J. J. Childress 1998 S-sulfohemoglobin and disulfide exchange: the mechanisms of sulfide binding by Riftia pachyptila hemoglobins Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 8997 9002