George washington and the founding of democracy

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 1998, Pages

  Lipset, Seymour Martin ^a  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 18744422560     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.1998.0066     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Vintage, 1993), 206.
2. Richard Brookhiser, Founding Father: Rediscovering George Washington (New York: Free Press, 1996), 103.
3. Nort Callahan, George Washington: Soldier and Man (New York: William Morris, 1972), 278.
4. On Washington as a military commander, see Dave R. Palmer, The Way of the Fox: American Strategy in the War for America, 1775-1783 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1975).
5. For a treatment of this debate, see Sidney Hook, The Hero in History: A Study in Limitation and Possibility (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1991).
6. William Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 99-100. This conclusion was also that of my own early research on the subject. See Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Comparative and Historical Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963), esp. 18-23.
7. William Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1963), 99-100. This conclusion was also that of my own early research on the subject. See Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Comparative and Historical Perspective (New York: Basic Books, 1963), esp. 18-23.
8. See Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of George Washington (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1974), 25.
9. See Leonard Levy, Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963), 302-5.
10. Clinton Rossiter, The American Presidency (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1960), 1-88. Other notable accounts of Washington include Marcus Cunliffe, George Washington: Man and Monument (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958); Edmund S. Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (Washington, D.C.: Society of the Cincinnati, 1980); Gordon S. Wood, "The Greatness of George Washington," Virginia Quarterly Review 68 (Spring 1992): 189-207; Woodrow Wilson, George Washington (New York: Schocken, 1969); Richard Norton Smith, Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1993); and John R. Alden, George Washington: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984).
11. Clinton Rossiter, The American Presidency (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1960), 1-88. Other notable accounts of Washington include Marcus Cunliffe, George Washington: Man and Monument (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958); Edmund S. Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (Washington, D.C.: Society of the Cincinnati, 1980); Gordon S. Wood, "The Greatness of George Washington," Virginia Quarterly Review 68 (Spring 1992): 189-207; Woodrow Wilson, George Washington (New York: Schocken, 1969); Richard Norton Smith, Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1993); and John R. Alden, George Washington: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984).
12. Clinton Rossiter, The American Presidency (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1960), 1-88. Other notable accounts of Washington include Marcus Cunliffe, George Washington: Man and Monument (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958); Edmund S. Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (Washington, D.C.: Society of the Cincinnati, 1980); Gordon S. Wood, "The Greatness of George Washington," Virginia Quarterly Review 68 (Spring 1992): 189-207; Woodrow Wilson, George Washington (New York: Schocken, 1969); Richard Norton Smith, Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1993); and John R. Alden, George Washington: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984).
13. Clinton Rossiter, The American Presidency (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1960), 1-88. Other notable accounts of Washington include Marcus Cunliffe, George Washington: Man and Monument (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958); Edmund S. Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (Washington, D.C.: Society of the Cincinnati, 1980); Gordon S. Wood, "The Greatness of George Washington," Virginia Quarterly Review 68 (Spring 1992): 189-207; Woodrow Wilson, George Washington (New York: Schocken, 1969); Richard Norton Smith, Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1993); and John R. Alden, George Washington: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984).
14. Clinton Rossiter, The American Presidency (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1960), 1-88. Other notable accounts of Washington include Marcus Cunliffe, George Washington: Man and Monument (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958); Edmund S. Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (Washington, D.C.: Society of the Cincinnati, 1980); Gordon S. Wood, "The Greatness of George Washington," Virginia Quarterly Review 68 (Spring 1992): 189-207; Woodrow Wilson, George Washington (New York: Schocken, 1969); Richard Norton Smith, Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1993); and John R. Alden, George Washington: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984).
15. Clinton Rossiter, The American Presidency (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1960), 1-88. Other notable accounts of Washington include Marcus Cunliffe, George Washington: Man and Monument (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958); Edmund S. Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (Washington, D.C.: Society of the Cincinnati, 1980); Gordon S. Wood, "The Greatness of George Washington," Virginia Quarterly Review 68 (Spring 1992): 189-207; Woodrow Wilson, George Washington (New York: Schocken, 1969); Richard Norton Smith, Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1993); and John R. Alden, George Washington: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984).
16. Clinton Rossiter, The American Presidency (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1960), 1-88. Other notable accounts of Washington include Marcus Cunliffe, George Washington: Man and Monument (Boston: Little, Brown, 1958); Edmund S. Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (Washington, D.C.: Society of the Cincinnati, 1980); Gordon S. Wood, "The Greatness of George Washington," Virginia Quarterly Review 68 (Spring 1992): 189-207; Woodrow Wilson, George Washington (New York: Schocken, 1969); Richard Norton Smith, Patriarch: George Washington and the New American Nation (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1993); and John R. Alden, George Washington: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984).
17. A detailed description of this still somewhat murky episode and a bibliography of earlier works on it may be found in Richard H. Kohn, "The Inside Story of the Newburgh Conspiracy: America and the Coup d'Etat," William and Mary Quarterly, 27 (April 1970): 187-220. See also C. Edward Skeen, "The Newburgh Conspiracy Reconsidered," with Kohn's "Rebuttal," William and Mary Quarterly, 30 (April 1974): 273-98.
18. A detailed description of this still somewhat murky episode and a bibliography of earlier works on it may be found in Richard H. Kohn, "The Inside Story of the Newburgh Conspiracy: America and the Coup d'Etat," William and Mary Quarterly, 27 (April 1970): 187-220. See also C. Edward Skeen, "The Newburgh Conspiracy Reconsidered," with Kohn's "Rebuttal," William and Mary Quarterly, 30 (April 1974): 273-98.
19. John E. Ferling, The First of Men: The Life of General Washington (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 321.
20. Kohn, "The Inside Story of the Newburgh Conspiracy," 220.
21. James Thomas Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, 1783-1793 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), 423.
22. Wilson, George Washington, 276.
23. William B. Allen, ed., George Washington: A Collection (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1988), 519.
24. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap, 1992), 369-70.
25. Richard Loss, "The Political Thought of President George Washington," Presidential Studies Quarterly 19 (Summer 1989): 480; Smith, Patriarch, 287.
26. Richard Loss, "The Political Thought of President George Washington," Presidential Studies Quarterly 19 (Summer 1989): 480; Smith, Patriarch, 287.
27. Leonard C. Helderman, George Washington: Patron of Learning (New York: The Century Co., 1932), 27-31.
28. Glenn A. Phelps, "George Washington and the Paradox of Party," Presidential Studies Quarterly 19 (Fall 1989): 733-45.
29. Paul F. Boller, Jr., George Washington and Religion (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1963), 75.
30. Barry Schwartz, George Washington: The Making of an American Symbol (New York: The Free Press, 1987), 121.
31. See Walter H. Mazyck, George Washington and the Negro (Washington, D.C.: Associated Publishers, 1932).
32. Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, 40.
33. Smith, Patriarch, 121.
34. Quoted in Joseph Charles, The Origin of the American Party System (New York: Harper Torch Books, 1961), 52. (Emphasis in original.)
35. See the 84 evaluations collected in W.S. Baker, ed., Character Portraits of Washington (Philadelphia: Robert McLindsay, 1887).
36. Edward Shils, "Political Development in the New States," Comparative Studies in Society and History 2 (1960): 288.
37. Among the founders of "third wave" democracies, it is probably only Nelson Mandela whose charisma, role, and accomplishments give him some claim to be the George Washington of his country. The issue remains, however, whether South Africa has the social structure to support democratic institutions - i.e., to sustain a stable game of "ins" and "outs" by preserving the rights of the opposition so as to make possible turnovers in office.
38. Thomas Jefferson to Dr. Walter Jones, 2 January 1814, in Adrienne Koch and William Peden, ed., The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Random House, 1944), 175.
39. Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, 423.