Romania's road to "normalcy"

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1997, Pages

  Shafir, Michael ^a  

^a Open Media Research Institute   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 18744419903     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Among the candidates below the top three, the strongest showings were turned in by György Frunda of the UDMR with just over 6 percent, Corneliu Vadim Tudor of the Greater Romania Party with 4.7 percent, and Gheorghe Funar of the Party of Romanian National Unity with 3.2 percent.
2. Originally called the National Salvation Front, Iliescu's group added the adjective "Democratic" before its name in 1992, and then began calling itself the PDSR in 1993. For background on the fall of Ceauşescu and the rise of Iliescu, see Vladimir Tismaneanu and Dorin Tudoran, "The Bucharest Syndrome," Journal of Democracy 4 (January 1993): 41-52.
3. One of Iliescu's television advertisements showed Constantinescu's face fading away into that of exiled King Michael. The CDR responded with a spot showing Iliescu metamorphosing into Ceauşescu.
4. Evenimentul zilei (Bucharest), 5 November 1996.
5. See Andrei Cornea, Masina de fabricat fantasme (The phantom-making machine) (Bucharest: Editura Claris, 1995), 118 and passim.
6. See Silviu Brucan, Stalpii noii puteri in Romania (The pillars of the new power in Romania) (Bucharest: Nemira, 1996).
7. See Vladimir Tismaneanu, Ghilotina de scrum (The ash-guillotine) (Timişoara, Romania: Editura de vest, 1992), 98.
8. See Matei Calinescu and Vladimir Tismaneanu, "The 1989 Revolution and Romania's Future," Problems of Communism, January-April 1991; and Katherine Verdery and Gail Kligman, "Romania After Ceauşescu: Post-Communist Communism?" in Ivo Banac, ed., Eastern Europe in Revolution (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992), 117-47.
9. See Matei Calinescu and Vladimir Tismaneanu, "The 1989 Revolution and Romania's Future," Problems of Communism, January-April 1991; and Katherine Verdery and Gail Kligman, "Romania After Ceauşescu: Post-Communist Communism?" in Ivo Banac, ed., Eastern Europe in Revolution (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992), 117-47.
10. Press conference of international observers at the seat of the Group for Social Dialogue, Bucharest, 6 November 1996. See also reports in Curierul national (Bucharest), 5 November 1996; Adevǎrul (Bucharest), 7 November 1996; and Reuters, 4 November 1996. The foreign observers monitoring the 1996 elections numbered 238 (Curierul naţional, 4 November 1996).
11. Press conference of international observers at the seat of the Group for Social Dialogue, Bucharest, 6 November 1996. See also reports in Curierul national (Bucharest), 5 November 1996; Adevǎrul (Bucharest), 7 November 1996; and Reuters, 4 November 1996. The foreign observers monitoring the 1996 elections numbered 238 (Curierul naţional, 4 November 1996).
12. Press conference of international observers at the seat of the Group for Social Dialogue, Bucharest, 6 November 1996. See also reports in Curierul national (Bucharest), 5 November 1996; Adevǎrul (Bucharest), 7 November 1996; and Reuters, 4 November 1996. The foreign observers monitoring the 1996 elections numbered 238 (Curierul naţional, 4 November 1996).
13. Libertatea (Bucharest), 29 October 1996.
14. Evenimentul zilei, 5 November 1996.
15. See European Institute for the Media, "The Media Coverage of the Parliamentary and Presidential Elections in Romania" (Dusseldorf, 4 November 1996), and the three-part report of the Bucharest Center for Independent Social Studies, "On the Monitorization of Political Broadcasts on Romanian Television" (Nos. 36, 40, and 42; 4-11 September 1996, 2-8 October 1996, and 16-22 October 1996, respectively).
16. Monitorul oficial al Romaniei, Part I, no. 257, 15 October 1992; and the press releases of the Central Electoral Bureau of 7 and 19 November 1996, respectively.
17. Interviews conducted by the author in Bucharest and Cluj-Napoca, 25 October-2 November 1996, and România liberǎ, 7 November 1996.
18. Evenimentul zilei, 13 November 1996.
19. Sec Petre Datculescu, "Cum a votat Romania; O analiza a alegerilor generale si prezidentiale de la 27 septembrie 1992" (How Romania voted: An analysis of the general and presidential elections of 27 September 1992), Revista de cercetari sociale 1 (1994): 44. Romania's Constitution limits the president to two terms. Iliescu was able to run three times because the Constitutional Court, which is packed with his partisans, ruled in 1996 that his 1990-92 service did not count. The constitutional provision in question dates from 1991, and the Court ruled that it does not apply retroactively.
20. Evenimentul zilei, 5 November 1996.
21. Observers generally agreed that part of the USD electorate would nonetheless return to the fold of Iliescu, as it had done in the 1992 presidential contest. See Datculescu, "Cum a votat Romania," 55; and Michael Shafir, "Romania's Elections: More Change than Meets the Eye," RFE/RL Research Report, 6 November 1992.
22. Observers generally agreed that part of the USD electorate would nonetheless return to the fold of Iliescu, as it had done in the 1992 presidential contest. See Datculescu, "Cum a votat Romania," 55; and Michael Shafir, "Romania's Elections: More Change than Meets the Eye," RFE/RL Research Report, 6 November 1992.
23. Evenimentul zilei, 19 November 1996.
24. Excerpts from this address appeared in the Journal of Democracy 8 (January 1997): 185-86.
25. Evenimentul zilei, 18 November 1996.