A bureaucratic authoritarian regime

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 1998, Pages

  Harbeson J, John W ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 18744418195     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (14)

1. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971).
2. Charles F. Cnudde and Deane E. Neubauer, eds., Empirical Democratic Theory (Chicago: Markham, 1969), 2.
3. The attempt to join normative and empirical democratic theory as Dahl and others do is bedeviled by the inseparability of facts and values. Empirical democratic theory inescapably formulates normative principles abstracted from experience by implicit comparative analysis, but identifying democratic polities necessarily depends on implicit, abstract, and normative definitions of democracy. Extending the empirical frame of reference from Europe and the Americas to the globe only dramatizes an implicit conundrum that has always been there.
4. Robert Hess, Ethiopia: The Modernization of Autocracy (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1970).
5. John Markakis, Ethiopia: The Anatomy of a Traditional Polity (London: Oxford University Press, 1974); Hess, Ethiopia: The Modernization of Autocracy; Patrick Gilkes, A Dying Lyon: Feudalism and Modernization in Ethiopia (New York: St. Martin's, 1975); and Christopher Clapham, Haile Selassie's Government (New York: Praeger, 1969).
6. John Markakis, Ethiopia: The Anatomy of a Traditional Polity (London: Oxford University Press, 1974); Hess, Ethiopia: The Modernization of Autocracy; Patrick Gilkes, A Dying Lyon: Feudalism and Modernization in Ethiopia (New York: St. Martin's, 1975); and Christopher Clapham, Haile Selassie's Government (New York: Praeger, 1969).
7. John Markakis, Ethiopia: The Anatomy of a Traditional Polity (London: Oxford University Press, 1974); Hess, Ethiopia: The Modernization of Autocracy; Patrick Gilkes, A Dying Lyon: Feudalism and Modernization in Ethiopia (New York: St. Martin's, 1975); and Christopher Clapham, Haile Selassie's Government (New York: Praeger, 1969).
8. John Markakis, Ethiopia: The Anatomy of a Traditional Polity (London: Oxford University Press, 1974); Hess, Ethiopia: The Modernization of Autocracy; Patrick Gilkes, A Dying Lyon: Feudalism and Modernization in Ethiopia (New York: St. Martin's, 1975); and Christopher Clapham, Haile Selassie's Government (New York: Praeger, 1969).
9. Some scholars contend that it was Amhara-Tigrean ethnic domination, but many Tigreans saw themselves as at best junior partners in the relationship ever since Tigre lost its preeminence with the death of the last Tigrean emperor, Johannes IV (1869-85), and the capital shifted to Addis Ababa under Amhara emperors Menelik II and Haile Selassie I.
10. Amhara parties were not formally represented but Amhara leaders did participate as individuals. Remnants both of Mengistu's "party," the Workers' Party of Ethiopia, and of older parties that had warred with his regime were excluded. The Charter treats the country's ethnic communities as nations.
11. The Mozambican national elections, which marked the conclusion of that country's long and bitter civil war, illustrate the benefits of training large cadres of civilians to monitor elections under the watchful eye of representatives of the former combatants. For an account, see J. Michael Turner, Sue Nelson, and Kimberly Mahling-Clark, "Mozambique's Vote for Democratic Governance," in Krishna Kumar, ed., Postconflict Elections, Democratization and International Assistance (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1998).
12. The observers differed among themselves less on the magnitude of the irregularities than on how much to blame the EPRDF for them. See African-American Institute, Final Report of the African-American Institute on the Ethiopian Local and Regional Elections Observation Mission (Cooperative Agreement 623-0007-A-2042-00, submitted to the U.S. Agency for International Development, 1993), and National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and the African American Institute, An Evaluation of the June 21, 1992 Elections in Ethiopia (Washington, D.C.: National Democratic Institute, 1992).
13. The observers differed among themselves less on the magnitude of the irregularities than on how much to blame the EPRDF for them. See African-American Institute, Final Report of the African-American Institute on the Ethiopian Local and Regional Elections Observation Mission (Cooperative Agreement 623-0007-A-2042-00, submitted to the U.S. Agency for International Development, 1993), and National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and the African American Institute, An Evaluation of the June 21, 1992 Elections in Ethiopia (Washington, D.C.: National Democratic Institute, 1992).
14. By contrast, the special prosecution of officials of the Mengistu regime for genocide has been far more methodical and judicious.