CIN 2/3 and cervical cancer in an organised screening programme after an unsatisfactory or a normal Pap smear: A seven-year prospective study of the Norwegian population-based screening programme

Journal of Medical Screening

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 70-76

  Nygard J F ^a,b   Sauer, T ^c   Nygard M ^b   Skare, G B ^b   Thoresen, S O ^b  

^a CANCER REGISTRY OF NORWAY   (Norway)

^b INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH   (Norway)

^c ULLEVÅL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH PROGRAM; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NORWAY; PAPANICOLAOU TEST; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; UTERINE CERVIX CARCINOMA; UTERINE CERVIX CARCINOMA IN SITU;

CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MASS SCREENING; NORWAY; ODDS RATIO; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; REGISTRIES; RISK; TIME FACTORS; UTERINE CERVICAL NEOPLASMS;

EID: 18544408811     PISSN: 09691413     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1258/096914104774061047     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Holowaty P, Miller AB, Rohan T, et al. Natural history of dysplasia of the uterine cervix. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:252-258.
2. Kiviat N. Natural history of cervical neoplasia: Overview and update. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1099-1104.
3. Melnikov J, Nuovo J, Willan AR, et al. Natural history of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions: A meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1998;92:727-735.
4. Myers ER, McCrory DC, Nanda K, et al. Mathematical model for the natural history of human papillomavirus infection and cervical carcinogenesis. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:1158-71.
5. Östör AG. Natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a critical review. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1993;12:186-92.
6. Woodman CB, Collins S, Winter H, et al. Natural history of cervical human papillomavirus infection in young women: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 2001;357:1831-6.
7. zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses Causing Cancer: Evasion from host-cell control in early events in carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:690-8.
8. Walboomers JMM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J Pathol 1999;189:12-9.
9. Wallin KL, Wiklund F, Angstrom T, et al. Type-specific persistence of human papillomavirus DNA before the development of invasive cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1633-8.
10. Screening for squamous cervical cancer: duration of low risk after negative results of cervical cytology and its implication for screening policies. IARC Working Group on evaluation of cervical cancer screening programmes. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;293:659-64.
11. Fahey MT, Irwig L, Macaskill P. Meta-analysis of Pap test accuracy. Am J Epidemiol 1995;141:680-9.
12. Nanda K, McCrory DC, Myers ER, et al. Accuracy of the Papanicolaou test in screening for and follow-up of cervical cytologic abnormalities: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:810-9.
13. Morrison BJ, Coldman AJ, Boyes DA, et al. Forty years of repeated screening: the significance of carcinoma in situ. Br J Cancer 1996;74:814-9.
14. Hakama M. Screening for Cervical Cancer: Experience of the Nordic Countries. In: Franco E, Monsonego J, editors. New Developments in Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention. Oxford: Blackwell Sciences Ltd; 1997.
15. Ponten J, Adami HO, Bergstrom R, et al. Strategies for global control of cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 1995;60:1-26.
16. Gustafsson L, Ponten J, Zack M, et al. International incidence rates of invasive cervical cancer after introduction of cytological screening. Cancer Causes Control 1997;8:755-63.
17. Paterson ME, Peel KR, Joslin CA. Cervical smear histories of 500 women with invasive cervical cancer in Yorkshire. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984;289:896-8.
18. Mitchell H, Medley G, Carlin JB. Risk of subsequent cytological abnormality and cancer among women with a history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a comparative study. Cancer Causes Control 1990;1:143-8.
19. Bosch MM, Rietveld-Scheffers PE, Boon ME. Characteristics of false-negative smears tested in the normal screening situation. Acta Cytol 1992;36:711-6.
20. Robertson JH, Woodend B. Negative cytology preceding cervical cancer: causes and prevention. J Clin Pathol 1993;46:700-2.
21. McGoogan E. Cervical Cancer Following Negative Smears. In: Franco E, Monsonego J, editors. New Developments in Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention. Oxford: Blackwell Sciences Ltd; 1997.
22. Bergeron C, Debaque H, Ayivi J, et al. Cervical smear histories of 585 women with biopsy-proven carcinoma in situ. Acta Cytol 1997;41:1676-80.
23. Mitchell HS. Longitudinal analysis of histologic high-grade disease after negative cervical cytology according to endocervical status. Cancer 2001;93:237-40.
24. Krane JF, Granter SR, Trask CE, et al. Papanicolaou smear sensitivity for the detection of adenocarcinoma of the cervix: a study of 49 cases. Cancer 2001;93:8-15.
25. Forsmo S, Jacobsen BK, Stalsberg H. Cervical neoplasia in pap smears: risk of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) after negative or no prior smears in a population without a mass screening programme. Int J Epidemiol 1996;25:53-8.
26. IARC Working Group on Cervical Cancer Screening. Screening for Squamous Cervical Cancer - The Duration of Low Risk Following Negative Results in Cervical Cytology Tests: Introduction. In: Hakama M, Miller AB, Day NE, editors. Screening for Cancer of the Uterine Cervix. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1986.
27. Lynge E, Poll P. Incidence of cervical cancer following negative smear. A cohort study from Maribo County, Denmark. Am J Epidemiol 1986;124:345-52.
28. Mitchell H, Medley G, Giles G. Cervical cancers diagnosed after negative results on cervical cytology: perspective in the 1980s. BMJ 1990;300:1622-6.
29. Mitchell HS, Giles GG. Cancer diagnosis after a report of negative cervical cytology. Med J Aust 1996;164:270-3.
30. Nygård JF, Skare GB, Thoresen SØ. The cervical cancer screening programme in Norway, 1992-2000. J Med Screen 2002;9:86-91.
31. Kristensen GB, Skyggebjerg KD, Holund B, et al. Analysis of cervical smears obtained within three years of the diagnosis of invasive cervical cancer. Acta Cytol 1991;35:47-50.
32. Sherman ME, Kelly D. High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive carcinoma following the report of three negative Papanicolaou smears: screening failures or rapid progression? Mod Pathol 1992;5:337-42.
33. Ransdell JS, Davey DD, Zaleski S. Clinicopathologic correlation of the unsatisfactory Papanicolaou smear. Cancer 1997;81:139-43.
34. Anttila T, Saikku P, Koskela P, et al. Serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis and Risk for Development of Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JAMA 2001;285:47-51.
35. Hakama M, Luostarinen T, Hallmans G, et al. Joint effect of HPV16 with Chlamydia trachomatis and smoking on risk of cervical cancer: antagonism or misclassification (Nordic countries). Cancer Causes Control 2000;11:783-90.
36. Kibur M, Koskela P, Dillner J, et al. Seropositivity to multiple sexually transmitted infections is not common. Sex Transm Dis 2000;27:425-30.
37. Bjørge T, Gunbjørud AB, Haugen OA, et al. Mass screening for cervical cancer in Norway: evaluation of the pilot project. Cancer Causes Control 1995;6:477-84.
38. Côté RA, editor. Systematized nomenclature of medicine (SNOMED). Skokie, Illinois: College of American Pathologists; 1979.
39. Wright TC, Jr., Cox JT, Massed LS, et al. 2001 Consensus Guidelines for the management of women with cervical cytological abnormalities. JAMA 2002;287:2120-9.
40. Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical Methods in Cancer Research. Volume II - The Design and analysis of cohort studies. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1987.
41. Grambsch PM, Therneau TM. Proportional hazard tests and diagnostics based on weighted residuals. Biometrica 1994;81:515-26.
42. Royston P. Flexible parametric alternatives to the Cox model, and more. The Stata Journal 2001;1:1-28.
43. Royston P, Parmar MK. Flexible parametric proportional-hazards and proportional-odds models for censored survival data, with application to prognostic modelling and estimation of treatment effects. Stat Med 2002;21:2175-97.
44. Aikake H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transaction and Automatic Control 1974;AC-19:716-23.
45. Cancer Registry of Norway. Cervical Cancer Screening. Evaluation of the screening programme 1992-1998. Oslo, Cancer Registry of Norway; 2000.
46. Zielinski GD, Snijders PJ, Rozendaal L, et al. HPV presence precedes abnormal cytology in women developing cervical cancer and signals false negative smears. Br J Cancer 2001;85:398-404.
47. Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, Critchlow CW, et al. A cohort study of the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 in relation to papillomavirus infection. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1272-8.
48. Ho GY, Bierman R, Beardsley L, et al. Natural history of cervicovaginal papillomavirus infection in young women. N Engl J Med 1998;338:423-8.
49. Schlecht NF, Kulaga S, Robitaille J, et al. Persistent human papillomavirus infection as a predictor of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. JAMA 2001;286:3106-14.
50. Sigurdsson K. Effect of organized screening on the risk of cervical cancer. Evaluation of screening activity in Iceland, 1964-1991. Int J Cancer 1993;54:563-70.
51. Stenkvist B, Soderstrom J. Reasons for cervical cancer despite extensive screening. J Med Screen 1996;3:204-7.
52. Kurman RJ, Henson DE, Herbst AL, et al. Interim guidelines for management of abnormal cervical cytology. The 1992 National Cancer Institute Workshop. JAMA 1994;271:1866-9.
53. Solomon D, Henry M. Specimen Adequacy. In: Wied GL, Keebler CM, Rosenthal US, et al., editors. Quality Assurance, Proficiency testing and Workload Limitations in Clinical Cytology. Chicago: The International Academy of Cytology; 1995.
54. Austin RM. Managing risk in gynecologic cytology: reactive and unsatisfactory smears. Cancer 1997;81:137-8.
55. Bar-Am A, Niv J, Segal A. Taking a satisfactory cervical cytologic smear. Is it really an easy procedure? Acta Cytol 1997;41:1781-4.
56. Sigurdsson K. Quality assurance in cervical cancer screening: the Icelandic experience 1964-1993. Eur J Cancer 1995;31A:728-34.
57. Johnson EJ, Patnick J. Achievable standards, benchmarks for reporting, and criteria for evaluating cervical cytopathology. Second edition including revised performance indicators. Cytopathology 2000;11:212-41.
58. Boon ME, Kleinschmidt-Guy ED, Wijsman-Grootendorst A, et al. Upgrading unsatisfactory cervical smears with the MiB-1 method. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;15:270-6.
59. Nygård JF, Sauer T, Skjeldestad FE, et al. CIN 2/3 and Cervical Cancer after an ASCUS Pap smear. A 7-Year Prospective Study of the Norwegian Population-Based, Coordinated Screening Program. Acta Cytol 2003;In press.
60. Macgregor JE, Campbell MK, Mann EM, et al. Screening for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in north east Scotland shows fall in incidence and mortality from invasive cancer with concomitant rise in preinvasive disease. BMJ 1994;308:1407-11.