Green money, islamist politics in Turkey

Middle East Quarterly

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 13-23

  Rubin, Michael ^a  

^a AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 18544376539     PISSN: 10739467     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. The New York Times, Nov. 4, 2002.
2. Nov. 5, 2002.
3. Nov. 5, 2002.
4. "Daily Press Briefing," U.S. Department of State, Nov. 4, 2002.
5. Yeni Şafak, July 24, 2004.
6. Aljazeera.net, May 27, 2004;
7. BBC News, June 3, 2004.
8. DefenseNews.com, July 14, 2004.
9. Ali Çarkoǧlu, "Turkey's November 2002 Elections: A New Beginning?" Middle East Review of International Affairs, Dec. 2002.
10. Turkish Daily News, Sept. 28, 1998.
11. Soner Cagaptay, "Turkey Goes to the Polls: A Post-Mortem," Policywatch, no. 675, Nov. 7, 2002.
12. "Economic Survey of Turkey, 2002," Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Oct. 2002.
13. Alan Makovsky, "Turkey: Domestic Change and Regional Politics," Policywatch, no. 261, July 21, 1997;
14. idem, "How to Deal with Erbakan," Middle East Quarterly, Mar. 1997, pp 3-8.
15. Historical exchange rates provided by www.oanda.com.
16. NTV/MSNBC, Sept. 16, 2004.
17. Euromonitor International, Feb. 2, 2004.
18. Yeni Şafak, Sept. 26, 2004.
19. Series of author interviews with AKP officials and opposition politicians, Ankara, Istanbul, and Kayseri, July 2004.
20. The New Zealand Herald (citing a May 2004 Turkish Finance Ministry report), Sept. 8, 2004.
21. EIU RiskWire, May 26, 2004.
22. Background provided by Kombassan Holding website, at http://www. kombassan.com.tr/webhomes.asp?id=home.
23. Turkish Probe, Feb. 28, 2000.
24. Company history provided on official Kombassan Holding website.
25. Turkish Daily News, Aug. 14, 2001.
26. Associated Press, Mar. 31, 2001.
27. Abdullah Gül, official website.
28. Turkish Daily News, Nov. 10, 2004.
29. "World's Richest People - Rahmi Koc and Family," Forbes.com, 2003.
30. Turkish Daily News, Aug. 7, 2001.
31. Sedat Ergin, "Have a Profitable Day," Hürriyet, Jan. 2, 2004.
32. Sedat Ergin, "Have a Profitable Day," Hürriyet Ibid. 2004
33. Author interviews with Turkish officials in the United States, Turkey, and Germany, July-Sept. 2004.
34. Ergin, "Have a Profitable Day."
35. Interview with Afra store manager, Istanbul, July 22, 2004.
36. The Daily Telegraph (Australia), Jan. 27, 2001.
37. The New York Times, Mar. 5, 2003.
38. Turkish Daily News, Mar. 6, 2003.
39. According to the Bim website, "Bim is very similar to the German ALDI operation. Some experts call Bim the Turkish ALDI."
40. For company details, please see its official website, http://www.istikbal.com.tr.
41. Turkish Probe, Feb. 28, 2000.
42. Ji-Hyang Jang, "The Politics of Islamic Banking in Turkey: Taming Political Islamists by Islamic Capital," paper prepared for delivery at the 2003 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.
43. Nilgün Ş. Acikalin, Turkish ministry of energy and natural resources, "Energy Corridor: Turkey," International Energy Agency roundtable on Caspian Oil and Gas Scenarios, Florence, Italy, Apr. 14-15, 2003.
44. Author interview with İlhan Kesici, Istanbul, July 21, 2004.
45. Associated Press, June 17, 1997.
46. Author interview with a former minister, Ankara, July 13, 2004.
47. Turkish Probe, Feb. 28, 2000.
48. Turkish Daily News, Oct. 21, 2000.
49. Multiple interviews in Ankara and Istanbul, July 2004.
50. Author interview with a former minister, Ankara, July 13, 2004; interviews with AKP and independent parliamentarians, Ankara, July 14, 2004.
51. Kesici interview, July 21, 2004.
52. Author interview with former state planning organization official, Istanbul, July 22, 2004.
53. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankasi, "Balance of Payments - Yearly Analytic Presentation (1975-2003)."
54. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankasi, "Balance of Payments - Monthly Analytic Presentation (2003-2004, Jan.-Sept.)."
55. Multiple interviews with former Turkish government officials, July 2004.
56. Author interview with Turkish parliamentarian, Ankara, July 15, 2004.
57. Author interview with national security correspondent, city withheld to protect identity, July 23, 2004.
58. Financial Times, Aug. 21, 2002.
59. Financial Times Ibid., Aug. 23, 2002.
60. Upon learning the subject of inquiry, Korkut Özal declined to be interviewed.
61. Jang, "The Politics of Islamic Banking in Turkey"; conversations with former Turgut Özal administration official;
62. Metin Demirsar, "Future of Islamic Finance Debated at Conference," Turkish Probe, June 13, 1997.
63. Author interview with former Turgut Özal aide, Ankara, July 23, 2004.
64. The New York Times, Nov. 4, 2002.
65. Turkish Daily News, Oct. 27, 2001;
66. Hürriyet, June 23, 2004;
67. "Terrorism: What You Need to Know about U.S. Sanctions," Office of Foreign Assets Control, U.S. Department of the Treasury, Washington, D.C.
68. The Chicago Tribune, Dec. 28, 2003.
69. The Chicago Tribune Ibid. 2003
70. Author interview with former presidential advisor, Ankara, July 23, 2004.
71. Çarkoǧlu, "Turkey's November 2002 Elections."
72. Turkish Daily News, Feb. 18, 2004.
73. Author interview at Grand National Assembly, Ankara, July 14, 2004.
74. Author interview, Ankara, July 13, 2004.
75. Istanbul, July 21, 2004.
76. "Media," Doǧan Yayin Holding, at http://www. doganholding.com.tr/sector/media.asp.
77. "Sectors," Doǧan Yayin Holding, at http://www. doganholding.com.tr/sector/index.asp.
78. The New York Times, Jan. 1, 1998.
79. Author interview with Turkish businessman, Istanbul, July 21, 2004.