Transcending the National / Asserting the National: How Stateless Nations Like Scotland, Wales and Catalonia React to European Integration

Australian Journal of Politics and History

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 57-74

  Nagel, Klaus Jürgen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITAT POMPEU FABRA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842865004     PISSN: 00049522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8497.2004.00320.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (74)

1. Jordi Muñoz and Josep Costa helped with the compilation and organization of the material. Responsibility is exclusively mine.
2. For comparison between different cases including those discussed here, see Michael Keating, Plurinational Democracy. Stateless Nations in a Post-sovereignty Era (Oxford, 2001); Michael Keating, Nations Against the State. The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Basingstoke, 1996); John MacInnes and David McCrone, eds, Stateless Nations in the Twenty-First Century: Scotland, Catalonia and Quebec, Scottish Affairs Special Issue (Edinburgh, 2001). On regions in Europe, see Barry Jones and Michael Keating, eds, The European Union and the Regions (Oxford, 1995); John Loughlin, Subnational Democracy in the European Union (Oxford, 2001).
3. For comparison between different cases including those discussed here, see Michael Keating, Plurinational Democracy. Stateless Nations in a Post-sovereignty Era (Oxford, 2001); Michael Keating, Nations Against the State. The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Basingstoke, 1996); John MacInnes and David McCrone, eds, Stateless Nations in the Twenty-First Century: Scotland, Catalonia and Quebec, Scottish Affairs Special Issue (Edinburgh, 2001). On regions in Europe, see Barry Jones and Michael Keating, eds, The European Union and the Regions (Oxford, 1995); John Loughlin, Subnational Democracy in the European Union (Oxford, 2001).
4. For comparison between different cases including those discussed here, see Michael Keating, Plurinational Democracy. Stateless Nations in a Post-sovereignty Era (Oxford, 2001); Michael Keating, Nations Against the State. The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Basingstoke, 1996); John MacInnes and David McCrone, eds, Stateless Nations in the Twenty-First Century: Scotland, Catalonia and Quebec, Scottish Affairs Special Issue (Edinburgh, 2001). On regions in Europe, see Barry Jones and Michael Keating, eds, The European Union and the Regions (Oxford, 1995); John Loughlin, Subnational Democracy in the European Union (Oxford, 2001).
5. For comparison between different cases including those discussed here, see Michael Keating, Plurinational Democracy. Stateless Nations in a Post-sovereignty Era (Oxford, 2001); Michael Keating, Nations Against the State. The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Basingstoke, 1996); John MacInnes and David McCrone, eds, Stateless Nations in the Twenty-First Century: Scotland, Catalonia and Quebec, Scottish Affairs Special Issue (Edinburgh, 2001). On regions in Europe, see Barry Jones and Michael Keating, eds, The European Union and the Regions (Oxford, 1995); John Loughlin, Subnational Democracy in the European Union (Oxford, 2001).
6. For comparison between different cases including those discussed here, see Michael Keating, Plurinational Democracy. Stateless Nations in a Post-sovereignty Era (Oxford, 2001); Michael Keating, Nations Against the State. The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland (Basingstoke, 1996); John MacInnes and David McCrone, eds, Stateless Nations in the Twenty-First Century: Scotland, Catalonia and Quebec, Scottish Affairs Special Issue (Edinburgh, 2001). On regions in Europe, see Barry Jones and Michael Keating, eds, The European Union and the Regions (Oxford, 1995); John Loughlin, Subnational Democracy in the European Union (Oxford, 2001).
7. See David McCrone, "Being British. Changing National and State Identities in Scotland and Wales", Journal for the Study of British Culture, Vol. 7, 1 (2000), p. 43.
8. John MacInnes, "Neonacionalisme i Identitat nacional a Escòcia i a Catalunya", Diàlegs - Revista d'Estudis Politics i Socials, Vol. 2, 6 (1999), p. 26 (poll data from 1997 for the British cases and 1996 for Catalonia).
9. See Klaus-Jürgen Nagel, "The 'Europe of the Regions' and the Identity Politics of Nations without States", Scottish Affairs, Vol. 36 (2001), pp. 48-72.
10. See Thiemo W. Eser, Europäische Einigung, Föderalismus und Regionalpolitik (Trier, 1991).
11. See Sverker Gustavsson and Leif Lewin, eds, The Future of the Nation State. Essays on Cultural Pluralism and Political Integration (Stockholm, 1996); Thomas König, Elmar Rieger and Hermann Schmitt, eds, Das europäische Mehrebenensystem (Frankfurt and New York, 1996); Gary Marks et al., Governance in the European Union (London, 1996); Emmanuel Négrier and Bernard Jouve, eds, Que gouvernent les régions d'Europe? (Paris and Montréal, 1998).
12. See Sverker Gustavsson and Leif Lewin, eds, The Future of the Nation State. Essays on Cultural Pluralism and Political Integration (Stockholm, 1996); Thomas König, Elmar Rieger and Hermann Schmitt, eds, Das europäische Mehrebenensystem (Frankfurt and New York, 1996); Gary Marks et al., Governance in the European Union (London, 1996); Emmanuel Négrier and Bernard Jouve, eds, Que gouvernent les régions d'Europe? (Paris and Montréal, 1998).
13. See Sverker Gustavsson and Leif Lewin, eds, The Future of the Nation State. Essays on Cultural Pluralism and Political Integration (Stockholm, 1996); Thomas König, Elmar Rieger and Hermann Schmitt, eds, Das europäische Mehrebenensystem (Frankfurt and New York, 1996); Gary Marks et al., Governance in the European Union (London, 1996); Emmanuel Négrier and Bernard Jouve, eds, Que gouvernent les régions d'Europe? (Paris and Montréal, 1998).
14. See Sverker Gustavsson and Leif Lewin, eds, The Future of the Nation State. Essays on Cultural Pluralism and Political Integration (Stockholm, 1996); Thomas König, Elmar Rieger and Hermann Schmitt, eds, Das europäische Mehrebenensystem (Frankfurt and New York, 1996); Gary Marks et al., Governance in the European Union (London, 1996); Emmanuel Négrier and Bernard Jouve, eds, Que gouvernent les régions d'Europe? (Paris and Montréal, 1998).
15. See Philipp Schmitter, "If the Nation-State Were to Wither Away in Europe, What Might Replace It?", in Gustavsson and Lewin, The Future of the Nation-State, pp. 211-244.
16. See Michael Mann, "Nation-states in Europe and Other Continents: Diversifying, Developing, not Dying", Daedalus, Vol. 122, 3 (1993), pp. 115-140; Alan S. Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation State (London, 1992). For a comparative view see Gary Marks, Liesbet Hooghe and Kermit Blank, "European Integration from the 1980s: State-centric v. Multi-level Governance", Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 34, 3 (1996), pp. 341-378.
17. See Michael Mann, "Nation-states in Europe and Other Continents: Diversifying, Developing, not Dying", Daedalus, Vol. 122, 3 (1993), pp. 115-140; Alan S. Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation State (London, 1992). For a comparative view see Gary Marks, Liesbet Hooghe and Kermit Blank, "European Integration from the 1980s: State-centric v. Multi-level Governance", Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 34, 3 (1996), pp. 341-378.
18. See Michael Mann, "Nation-states in Europe and Other Continents: Diversifying, Developing, not Dying", Daedalus, Vol. 122, 3 (1993), pp. 115-140; Alan S. Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation State (London, 1992). For a comparative view see Gary Marks, Liesbet Hooghe and Kermit Blank, "European Integration from the 1980s: State-centric v. Multi-level Governance", Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 34, 3 (1996), pp. 341-378.
19. See Liesbet Hooghe, ed., Cohesion Policy and European Integration (Oxford, 1996); Ian Bache and Rachel Jones, "Has EU Regional Policy Empowered the Regions? A Study of Spain and the United Kingdom", Regional and Federal Studies, Vol. 10, 3 (2000), pp. 1-20.
20. See Liesbet Hooghe, ed., Cohesion Policy and European Integration (Oxford, 1996); Ian Bache and Rachel Jones, "Has EU Regional Policy Empowered the Regions? A Study of Spain and the United Kingdom", Regional and Federal Studies, Vol. 10, 3 (2000), pp. 1-20.
21. See Martyn Farrows, The Committee of the Regions: Regionalising the Union or Pacifying the Regionalists?, Limerick Papers in European Integration 3 (Limerick, 1997); Charlie Jeffery, ed., The Regional Dimension of the European Union (London and Portland, 1997).
22. See Martyn Farrows, The Committee of the Regions: Regionalising the Union or Pacifying the Regionalists?, Limerick Papers in European Integration 3 (Limerick, 1997); Charlie Jeffery, ed., The Regional Dimension of the European Union (London and Portland, 1997).
23. See Peter A. Kraus, "Kultureller Pluralismus und politische Integration: Die Sprachenfrage in der Europäischen Union", Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, Vol. 27, 4 (1998), pp. 443-458.
24. See Jaume Urgell, ed., Donar protagonisme a Catalunya. Acció international i politico de relacions exteriors catalana (Barcelona, 2003).
25. The people may not be as enthusiastic as the political elite; see Keating, Nations against the State, p. 134.
26. See Immaculada Szmolka, Opiniones y actitudes de los espanoles ante el proceso de integración europea (Madrid, 1999), p. 125. Spain returns 19.6 per cent supranationalists for 61.7 per cent intergovemmentalists (18.4 per cent don't know/no answer), CiU voters give 29.1:62.0, and only 8.9 don't know.
27. See Expansión, 28 July 1998.
28. See Patronat Català Pro Europa, ed., 20 anys d'integració europea a Catalunya (Barcelona, 2002).
29. See Patrice Ndiaye, "La coopération transfrontalière des collectivités décentralisées sur l'arc méditerranéen", Sciences de la Société, Vol. 37 (1996), pp. 151-169.
30. See Michèle Knodt, '"Vier Motoren fur Europa': Symbolische Hochglanzpolitik oder erfolgversprechende regionale Strategie des Landes Baden-Ẅrttemberg?", in Thomas Fischer, ed., Jahrbuch des Föderalismus 2000 (Baden-Baden, 2001), pp. 405-416; Pierre Kukawka, "Le Quadrige européen (Bade-Wurtemberg, Catalogne, Lombardie, Rhône-Alpes) ou l'Europe par les regions", in Richard Balme, ed., Les politiques du néo-régionalisme (Paris, 1996), pp. 91-106; Thomas Fischer and Siegfried Frech, eds, Baden-Württemberg und seine Partnerregionen (Stuttgart and others, 2001).
31. See Michèle Knodt, '"Vier Motoren fur Europa': Symbolische Hochglanzpolitik oder erfolgversprechende regionale Strategie des Landes Baden-Ẅrttemberg?", in Thomas Fischer, ed., Jahrbuch des Föderalismus 2000 (Baden-Baden, 2001), pp. 405-416; Pierre Kukawka, "Le Quadrige européen (Bade-Wurtemberg, Catalogne, Lombardie, Rhône-Alpes) ou l'Europe par les regions", in Richard Balme, ed., Les politiques du néo-régionalisme (Paris, 1996), pp. 91-106; Thomas Fischer and Siegfried Frech, eds, Baden-Württemberg und seine Partnerregionen (Stuttgart and others, 2001).
32. See Michèle Knodt, '"Vier Motoren fur Europa': Symbolische Hochglanzpolitik oder erfolgversprechende regionale Strategie des Landes Baden-Ẅrttemberg?", in Thomas Fischer, ed., Jahrbuch des Föderalismus 2000 (Baden-Baden, 2001), pp. 405-416; Pierre Kukawka, "Le Quadrige européen (Bade-Wurtemberg, Catalogne, Lombardie, Rhône-Alpes) ou l'Europe par les regions", in Richard Balme, ed., Les politiques du néo-régionalisme (Paris, 1996), pp. 91-106; Thomas Fischer and Siegfried Frech, eds, Baden-Württemberg und seine Partnerregionen (Stuttgart and others, 2001).
33. See Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de la Presidència, ed., El català reconegut pel Parlament Europeu (Barcelona, 1991).
34. For comparison, see Lieven de Winter, ed., Non-state Wide Parties in Europe (Barcelona, 1994); Lieven de Winter and Huri Türsan, eds, Regionalist Parties in Western Europe (London and New York, 1998); Lieven de Winter, The Impact of European Integration on Ethnoregionalist Parties, Institut de Ciències Politiques i Socials Working Paper 195 (Barcelona, 2001); Peter Lynch, Minority Nationalism and European Integration (Cardiff, 1996).
35. For comparison, see Lieven de Winter, ed., Non-state Wide Parties in Europe (Barcelona, 1994); Lieven de Winter and Huri Türsan, eds, Regionalist Parties in Western Europe (London and New York, 1998); Lieven de Winter, The Impact of European Integration on Ethnoregionalist Parties, Institut de Ciències Politiques i Socials Working Paper 195 (Barcelona, 2001); Peter Lynch, Minority Nationalism and European Integration (Cardiff, 1996).
36. For comparison, see Lieven de Winter, ed., Non-state Wide Parties in Europe (Barcelona, 1994); Lieven de Winter and Huri Türsan, eds, Regionalist Parties in Western Europe (London and New York, 1998); Lieven de Winter, The Impact of European Integration on Ethnoregionalist Parties, Institut de Ciències Politiques i Socials Working Paper 195 (Barcelona, 2001); Peter Lynch, Minority Nationalism and European Integration (Cardiff, 1996).
37. For comparison, see Lieven de Winter, ed., Non-state Wide Parties in Europe (Barcelona, 1994); Lieven de Winter and Huri Türsan, eds, Regionalist Parties in Western Europe (London and New York, 1998); Lieven de Winter, The Impact of European Integration on Ethnoregionalist Parties, Institut de Ciències Politiques i Socials Working Paper 195 (Barcelona, 2001); Peter Lynch, Minority Nationalism and European Integration (Cardiff, 1996).
38. Spanish Autonomous Communities have no treaty-making power.
39. See the declarations of the practitioner Joaquim Llimona, in Regio 7, 23 March 2002.
40. See Avui, 29 April 1999.
41. See Lynch, Minority Nationalism, pp. 34-35.
42. See Michael Keating and Barry Jones, "Scotland and Wales: Peripheral Assertion and European Integration", Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 44, 3 (1991), p. 319.
43. These documents were obtained from SNP headquarters.
44. See Allan Macartney, "Independence in Europe", Scottish Government Yearbook, (1990), p. 39.
45. For a different view of the juridical situation, see Stefan Schieren, "Independence in Europe: Scotland's choice?", Scottish Affairs, Vol. 31 (2000), pp. 111-127.
46. See Lynch, Minority Nationalism, pp. 37 and 40. At present, independence in Europe is even more acceptable for the party leaders than for the members.
47. See Keating and Jones, "Scotland and Wales", p. 319.
48. Noreen Burrows, "Relations with the European Union", in Gerry Hassan and Chris Warhurst, eds, The new Scottish Politics. The First Year of the Scottish Parliament and Beyond (Norwich, 2000), pp. 125-129.
49. See Klaus Stolz, "Scotland Europa: Paradiplomatischer Akteur einer staatslosen Nation?", in Raimund Krämer, ed., Regionen in der Europäischen Union (Berlin, 1998), pp. 124-141.
50. Angus Robertson, a Scottish nationalist MP, complained that of 4500 working group meetings held between devolution and the European Council in Nice, only seventy-five were attended by officials from the Scottish Executive, and that by that time, Jack McDonnell, the Minister for European Affairs, had never attended a Council of Ministers session. See Scottish Parliament European Committee Official Report, 22 October 2001, col. 1182.
51. See John Loughlin, "La dimension européenne de la devolution", Pouvoirs Locaux, Vol. 49, 2 (2001), p. 117. See Amanda Sloat, "Scotland and Europe: Links between Edinburgh, London, and Brussels", Scottish Affairs, Vol. 31 (2000), pp. 92-93, and the evidence given by her in Scottish Parliament European Committee, 5 November 2001, col 1259-1267.
52. See John Loughlin, "La dimension européenne de la devolution", Pouvoirs Locaux, Vol. 49, 2 (2001), p. 117. See Amanda Sloat, "Scotland and Europe: Links between Edinburgh, London, and Brussels", Scottish Affairs, Vol. 31 (2000), pp. 92-93, and the evidence given by her in Scottish Parliament European Committee, 5 November 2001, col 1259-1267.
53. The European Committee demands a renegotiation of the concordats on the JMC, in order to open it to parliamentary control, and calls for a Scottish Parliament scrutiny reserve, which would come into play when a Scottish minister was due to attend sessions of the JMC or of the Council of Ministers. See Alex Wright, "Relations with Europe", in Nations and Regions: The Dynamics of Devolution. Quarterly Monitoring Programme. Scotland. Quarterly report. February (2002), p. 32.
54. Christopher Harvie, "The Cultural and Commercial Representation of Scotland in Europe", Scottish Affairs, Vol. 35 (2001), p. 10.
55. See John Loughlin and Jörg Mathias, "Die regionale Frage in Großbritannien: Das Beispiel Wales", WeltTrends, Vol. 11 (1996), p. 55.
56. See Lynch, Minority Nationalism, p. 62.
57. Ibid., p. 70.
58. See Ieuan Wyn Jones, Europe - the Challenge for Wales (Ynys Môn, 1996), p. 32.
59. Lynch, Minority Nationalism, p. 62.
60. Bethan Lewis, "Representing Wales in Europe: the Origins and Evolution of the Wales European Centre", Contemporary Wales, Vol 11 (1998), p. 190.
61. For the European policy of the Welsh Office, see Welsh Affairs Committee/House of Commons/Session 1994-95. Fourth Report, Wales in Europe, 2 vols. (London, 1995); Jörg Mathias, "Wales in Europe and Regional Policy", Regional & Federal Studies, Vol. 6, 1 (1996), pp. 78-80.
62. For the European policy of the Welsh Office, see Welsh Affairs Committee/House of Commons/Session 1994-95. Fourth Report, Wales in Europe, 2 vols. (London, 1995); Jörg Mathias, "Wales in Europe and Regional Policy", Regional & Federal Studies, Vol. 6, 1 (1996), pp. 78-80.
63. See John Gray and John Osmond, Wales in Europe. The Opportunity Presented by a Welsh Assembly, Institute of Welsh Affairs/Welsh Centre for International Affairs (Cardiff, June 1997).
64. See Gareth Jones, A Guide to European Funding in Wales 2000-2006, Institute of Welsh Affairs (May 2001).
65. See John Loughlin and Jörg Mathias, Wales in Europe: Welsh Regional Actors and European Integration, Papers in Planning Research 164 (Cardiff, 1997), p. 25. For elite views (political and economical), see also Charles Smith, "Elite Views of Wales and Europe", Agenda. The Journal of the Institute of Welsh Affairs (Winter, 2000), pp. 23-24; and Niels Lange, Zwischen Regionalismus und Europäischer Integration, Wirtschaftsinteressen in regionalistischen Konflikten (Baden-Baden, 1998).
66. See John Loughlin and Jörg Mathias, Wales in Europe: Welsh Regional Actors and European Integration, Papers in Planning Research 164 (Cardiff, 1997), p. 25. For elite views (political and economical), see also Charles Smith, "Elite Views of Wales and Europe", Agenda. The Journal of the Institute of Welsh Affairs (Winter, 2000), pp. 23-24; and Niels Lange, Zwischen Regionalismus und Europäischer Integration, Wirtschaftsinteressen in regionalistischen Konflikten (Baden-Baden, 1998).
67. See John Loughlin and Jörg Mathias, Wales in Europe: Welsh Regional Actors and European Integration, Papers in Planning Research 164 (Cardiff, 1997), p. 25. For elite views (political and economical), see also Charles Smith, "Elite Views of Wales and Europe", Agenda. The Journal of the Institute of Welsh Affairs (Winter, 2000), pp. 23-24; and Niels Lange, Zwischen Regionalismus und Europäischer Integration, Wirtschaftsinteressen in regionalistischen Konflikten (Baden-Baden, 1998).
68. See Michael Keating, "Culture, Collective Identities and Development", in Foundation Europe of Cultures, ed., Regional Identity and Economic Development. Report on the Workshop (Brussels, 1997).
69. See Keating, Nations against the State; Keating, Plurinational Democracy; David MacCrone, The Sociology of Nationalism (London, 1998), last chapter; Montserrat Guibemau, Nacions sense Estat, Nacionalisme i diversitat en I'era global (Barcelona, 1999).
70. See Keating, Nations against the State; Keating, Plurinational Democracy; David MacCrone, The Sociology of Nationalism (London, 1998), last chapter; Montserrat Guibemau, Nacions sense Estat, Nacionalisme i diversitat en I'era global (Barcelona, 1999).
71. See Keating, Nations against the State; Keating, Plurinational Democracy; David MacCrone, The Sociology of Nationalism (London, 1998), last chapter; Montserrat Guibemau, Nacions sense Estat, Nacionalisme i diversitat en I'era global (Barcelona, 1999).
72. Marks et al, Governance in the European Union, p. 110.
73. Keating, Plurinational Democracy.
74. See definitions in MacCrone, Sociology of Nationalism.