Finding the Almouchiquois: Native American Families, Territories, and Land Sales in Southern Maine

Ethnohistory

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 73-100

  Baker, Emerson W ^a  

^a SALEM STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 1842843794     PISSN: 00141801     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00141801-51-1-73     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. See Dean Snow, "Eastern Abenaki," in Handbook of North American Indians, ed. Bruce Trigger, vol. 15 (Washington, DC, 1978), 134-7.
2. Alvin Morrison initiated the effort to do away with Snow's model of the Eastern Abenaki. See Alvin H. Morrison, "Dawnland Decisions: Seventeenth-Century Wabanaki Leaders and Their Responses to the Differential Contact Stimuli in the Overlap Area of New France and New England" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Buffalo, 1974), and "Penobscot Country: Disagreement over Who Lived There in the Seventeenth Century Needs Resolving-If Possible," in Papers of the Ninth Algonquian Conference, ed. William Cowan (Ottawa, 1978), 47-54. Bruce Bourque and Harald Prins also have made important contributions to this process; see Bruce J. Bourque, Twelve Thousand years: American Indians in Maine (Lincoln, NE, 2001), 103-8, and "Ethnicity on the Maritime Peninsula, 1600-1759," Ethnohistory 26 (1989): 157-84; Harald Prins, "Children of Gluskap: Wabanaki Indians on the Eve of the European Invasion," in American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega, ed. Emerson Baker et al. (Lincoln, NE, 1994), 95-117.
3. Alvin Morrison initiated the effort to do away with Snow's model of the Eastern Abenaki. See Alvin H. Morrison, "Dawnland Decisions: Seventeenth-Century Wabanaki Leaders and Their Responses to the Differential Contact Stimuli in the Overlap Area of New France and New England" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Buffalo, 1974), and "Penobscot Country: Disagreement over Who Lived There in the Seventeenth Century Needs Resolving-If Possible," in Papers of the Ninth Algonquian Conference, ed. William Cowan (Ottawa, 1978), 47-54. Bruce Bourque and Harald Prins also have made important contributions to this process; see Bruce J. Bourque, Twelve Thousand years: American Indians in Maine (Lincoln, NE, 2001), 103-8, and "Ethnicity on the Maritime Peninsula, 1600-1759," Ethnohistory 26 (1989): 157-84; Harald Prins, "Children of Gluskap: Wabanaki Indians on the Eve of the European Invasion," in American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega, ed. Emerson Baker et al. (Lincoln, NE, 1994), 95-117.
4. Alvin Morrison initiated the effort to do away with Snow's model of the Eastern Abenaki. See Alvin H. Morrison, "Dawnland Decisions: Seventeenth-Century Wabanaki Leaders and Their Responses to the Differential Contact Stimuli in the Overlap Area of New France and New England" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Buffalo, 1974), and "Penobscot Country: Disagreement over Who Lived There in the Seventeenth Century Needs Resolving-If Possible," in Papers of the Ninth Algonquian Conference, ed. William Cowan (Ottawa, 1978), 47-54. Bruce Bourque and Harald Prins also have made important contributions to this process; see Bruce J. Bourque, Twelve Thousand years: American Indians in Maine (Lincoln, NE, 2001), 103-8, and "Ethnicity on the Maritime Peninsula, 1600-1759," Ethnohistory 26 (1989): 157-84; Harald Prins, "Children of Gluskap: Wabanaki Indians on the Eve of the European Invasion," in American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega, ed. Emerson Baker et al. (Lincoln, NE, 1994), 95-117.
5. Alvin Morrison initiated the effort to do away with Snow's model of the Eastern Abenaki. See Alvin H. Morrison, "Dawnland Decisions: Seventeenth-Century Wabanaki Leaders and Their Responses to the Differential Contact Stimuli in the Overlap Area of New France and New England" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Buffalo, 1974), and "Penobscot Country: Disagreement over Who Lived There in the Seventeenth Century Needs Resolving-If Possible," in Papers of the Ninth Algonquian Conference, ed. William Cowan (Ottawa, 1978), 47-54. Bruce Bourque and Harald Prins also have made important contributions to this process; see Bruce J. Bourque, Twelve Thousand years: American Indians in Maine (Lincoln, NE, 2001), 103-8, and "Ethnicity on the Maritime Peninsula, 1600-1759," Ethnohistory 26 (1989): 157-84; Harald Prins, "Children of Gluskap: Wabanaki Indians on the Eve of the European Invasion," in American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega, ed. Emerson Baker et al. (Lincoln, NE, 1994), 95-117.
6. Alvin Morrison initiated the effort to do away with Snow's model of the Eastern Abenaki. See Alvin H. Morrison, "Dawnland Decisions: Seventeenth-Century Wabanaki Leaders and Their Responses to the Differential Contact Stimuli in the Overlap Area of New France and New England" (Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Buffalo, 1974), and "Penobscot Country: Disagreement over Who Lived There in the Seventeenth Century Needs Resolving-If Possible," in Papers of the Ninth Algonquian Conference, ed. William Cowan (Ottawa, 1978), 47-54. Bruce Bourque and Harald Prins also have made important contributions to this process; see Bruce J. Bourque, Twelve Thousand years: American Indians in Maine (Lincoln, NE, 2001), 103-8, and "Ethnicity on the Maritime Peninsula, 1600-1759," Ethnohistory 26 (1989): 157-84; Harald Prins, "Children of Gluskap: Wabanaki Indians on the Eve of the European Invasion," in American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega, ed. Emerson Baker et al. (Lincoln, NE, 1994), 95-117.
7. For the value of Native American deeds, see Emerson W. Baker "A Scratch with a Bear's Paw: Anglo-Indian Land Deeds in Early Maine," Ethnohistory 36 (1989): 235-56.
8. Almost no linguistic evidence survives for the peoples west of the Kennebec, but in 1604 Champlain noted this linguistic border. W. L. Grant, ed., Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604-1618 (New York, 1970), 58, 61.
9. David Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians and the New England Frontier, 1604-1733" (Ph.D. diss., Union Institute, 1998), 1-25.
10. The most serious limitation is that Almouchiquois is a derogatory term meaning dogs or dog people, apparently given to these people by their Micmac neighbors. As is too often the case, we simply do not know what they called themselves. Prins, "Children of Gluskap," 104, 319.
11. Daniel Gookin, Historical Collections of the Indians of New England (Towtaid, MA, 1970 [1792]; orig. ms., written in 1674, housed at the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston), 10-12; Grant, Voyages, 56-63; Bourque, "Ethnicity on the Maritime Peninsula," 257-63; Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period," in Handbook of North American Indians, 15:160-7. For problems with the term Pawtucket see Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians and the New England Frontier, 1604-1733," 1-40.
12. Daniel Gookin, Historical Collections of the Indians of New England (Towtaid, MA, 1970 [1792]; orig. ms., written in 1674, housed at the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston), 10-12; Grant, Voyages, 56-63; Bourque, "Ethnicity on the Maritime Peninsula," 257-63; Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period," in Handbook of North American Indians, 15:160-7. For problems with the term Pawtucket see Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians and the New England Frontier, 1604-1733," 1-40.
13. Daniel Gookin, Historical Collections of the Indians of New England (Towtaid, MA, 1970 [1792]; orig. ms., written in 1674, housed at the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston), 10-12; Grant, Voyages, 56-63; Bourque, "Ethnicity on the Maritime Peninsula," 257-63; Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period," in Handbook of North American Indians, 15:160-7. For problems with the term Pawtucket see Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians and the New England Frontier, 1604-1733," 1-40.
14. Daniel Gookin, Historical Collections of the Indians of New England (Towtaid, MA, 1970 [1792]; orig. ms., written in 1674, housed at the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston), 10-12; Grant, Voyages, 56-63; Bourque, "Ethnicity on the Maritime Peninsula," 257-63; Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period," in Handbook of North American Indians, 15:160-7. For problems with the term Pawtucket see Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians and the New England Frontier, 1604-1733," 1-40.
15. Daniel Gookin, Historical Collections of the Indians of New England (Towtaid, MA, 1970 [1792]; orig. ms., written in 1674, housed at the Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston), 10-12; Grant, Voyages, 56-63; Bourque, "Ethnicity on the Maritime Peninsula," 257-63; Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period," in Handbook of North American Indians, 15:160-7. For problems with the term Pawtucket see Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians and the New England Frontier, 1604-1733," 1-40.
16. Bourque, Twelve Thousand Years: American Indians in Maine, 106-7, 144- The best starting point for studying the persistent presence of Native Americans in New England is Colin G. Calloway, ed., After King Philip's War: Presence and Persistence in Indian New England (Hanover, NH, 1997).
17. Bourque, Twelve Thousand Years: American Indians in Maine, 106-7, 144- The best starting point for studying the persistent presence of Native Americans in New England is Colin G. Calloway, ed., After King Philip's War: Presence and Persistence in Indian New England (Hanover, NH, 1997).
18. Baker, "A Scratch with a Bear's Paw," 235-56.
19. I b i d.
20. Ibid., 237-49.
21. No set of fur traders' accounts survives for Maine, only small fragments that show up in several court records. The letters of Alexander Brown, a fur trader on the Kennebec in the 1660s, indicate just how detailed was the level of fur trader knowledge about his customers. This correspondence is in the Kennebec Proprietors' Papers, Maine Historical Society, Portland.
22. Emerson Baker and John Reid, "Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal," William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 61 (2004): 3-32.
23. Harald E. L. Prins, "Chief Rawandagon, Alias Robin Hood: Native 'Lord of Misrule' in the Maine Wilderness" in Northeastern Indian Lives, 1632-1816, ed. Robert S. Grumet (Amherst, MA, 1996), 114; Robert S. Grumet, "Suscaneman and the Matinecock Lands, 1653-1703," in ibid., 118-9.
24. Harald E. L. Prins, "Chief Rawandagon, Alias Robin Hood: Native 'Lord of Misrule' in the Maine Wilderness" in Northeastern Indian Lives, 1632-1816, ed. Robert S. Grumet (Amherst, MA, 1996), 114; Robert S. Grumet, "Suscaneman and the Matinecock Lands, 1653-1703," in ibid., 118-9.
25. Only two deeds were found to be forged: the 1625 Samoset to John Brown deed and the 1629 Wheelwright deed. Both of these deeds had long been believed to be forgeries.
26. Grant, Voyages, 73; William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation (Boston, 1898), 126; John Winthrop, The History of New England from 1630 to 1649, vol. 1 (Boston, 1853), 71; Bernard Huffman, "Souriquois, Etchemin and Kwedish: A Lost Chapter in American Ethnography," Ethnohistory 2 (1955): 71-2; Neal Salisbury, Manitou and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500-1643 (New York, 1982), 77, 105, 109, 120, 184.
27. Grant, Voyages, 73; William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation (Boston, 1898), 126; John Winthrop, The History of New England from 1630 to 1649, vol. 1 (Boston, 1853), 71; Bernard Huffman, "Souriquois, Etchemin and Kwedish: A Lost Chapter in American Ethnography," Ethnohistory 2 (1955): 71-2; Neal Salisbury, Manitou and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500-1643 (New York, 1982), 77, 105, 109, 120, 184.
28. Grant, Voyages, 73; William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation (Boston, 1898), 126; John Winthrop, The History of New England from 1630 to 1649, vol. 1 (Boston, 1853), 71; Bernard Huffman, "Souriquois, Etchemin and Kwedish: A Lost Chapter in American Ethnography," Ethnohistory 2 (1955): 71-2; Neal Salisbury, Manitou and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500-1643 (New York, 1982), 77, 105, 109, 120, 184.
29. Grant, Voyages, 73; William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation (Boston, 1898), 126; John Winthrop, The History of New England from 1630 to 1649, vol. 1 (Boston, 1853), 71; Bernard Huffman, "Souriquois, Etchemin and Kwedish: A Lost Chapter in American Ethnography," Ethnohistory 2 (1955): 71-2; Neal Salisbury, Manitou and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500-1643 (New York, 1982), 77, 105, 109, 120, 184.
30. Grant, Voyages, 73; William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation (Boston, 1898), 126; John Winthrop, The History of New England from 1630 to 1649, vol. 1 (Boston, 1853), 71; Bernard Huffman, "Souriquois, Etchemin and Kwedish: A Lost Chapter in American Ethnography," Ethnohistory 2 (1955): 71-2; Neal Salisbury, Manitou and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500-1643 (New York, 1982), 77, 105, 109, 120, 184.
31. Grant, Voyages, 66. Thanks to David Stewart-Smith for bringing this to my attention.
32. Prins, "Children of Gluskap," 107-8.
33. For the best discussion of the various interpretations of the tribal identities of the peoples of Maine see Alvin H. Morrison, "Dawnland Diaspora: Wabanaki Dynamics for Survival," in Papers of the Twenty-Ninth Algonquian Conference, ed. David H. Pentland (Winnepeg, 1998), 211-24; Emerson W. Baker, "Trouble to the Eastward: The Failure of Anglo-Indian Relations in Early Maine" (Ph.D. diss., College of William and Mary, 1985). Brief summaries of these other tribes can be found in Trigger, Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15; see: Philip K. Bock, "Micmac," 109-22; Vincent O. Erickson, "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy," 123-36; and Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period," 160-76; also see Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791 (Cleveland, OH, 1896-1901), 3:69.
34. For the best discussion of the various interpretations of the tribal identities of the peoples of Maine see Alvin H. Morrison, "Dawnland Diaspora: Wabanaki Dynamics for Survival," in Papers of the Twenty-Ninth Algonquian Conference, ed. David H. Pentland (Winnepeg, 1998), 211-24; Emerson W. Baker, "Trouble to the Eastward: The Failure of Anglo-Indian Relations in Early Maine" (Ph.D. diss., College of William and Mary, 1985). Brief summaries of these other tribes can be found in Trigger, Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15; see: Philip K. Bock, "Micmac," 109-22; Vincent O. Erickson, "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy," 123-36; and Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period," 160-76; also see Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791 (Cleveland, OH, 1896-1901), 3:69.
35. For the best discussion of the various interpretations of the tribal identities of the peoples of Maine see Alvin H. Morrison, "Dawnland Diaspora: Wabanaki Dynamics for Survival," in Papers of the Twenty-Ninth Algonquian Conference, ed. David H. Pentland (Winnepeg, 1998), 211-24; Emerson W. Baker, "Trouble to the Eastward: The Failure of Anglo-Indian Relations in Early Maine" (Ph.D. diss., College of William and Mary, 1985). Brief summaries of these other tribes can be found in Trigger, Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15; see: Philip K. Bock, "Micmac," 109-22; Vincent O. Erickson, "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy," 123-36; and Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period," 160-76; also see Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791 (Cleveland, OH, 1896-1901), 3:69.
36. For the best discussion of the various interpretations of the tribal identities of the peoples of Maine see Alvin H. Morrison, "Dawnland Diaspora: Wabanaki Dynamics for Survival," in Papers of the Twenty-Ninth Algonquian Conference, ed. David H. Pentland (Winnepeg, 1998), 211-24; Emerson W. Baker, "Trouble to the Eastward: The Failure of Anglo-Indian Relations in Early Maine" (Ph.D. diss., College of William and Mary, 1985). Brief summaries of these other tribes can be found in Trigger, Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15; see: Philip K. Bock, "Micmac," 109-22; Vincent O. Erickson, "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy," 123-36; and Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period," 160-76; also see Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791 (Cleveland, OH, 1896-1901), 3:69.
37. For the best discussion of the various interpretations of the tribal identities of the peoples of Maine see Alvin H. Morrison, "Dawnland Diaspora: Wabanaki Dynamics for Survival," in Papers of the Twenty-Ninth Algonquian Conference, ed. David H. Pentland (Winnepeg, 1998), 211-24; Emerson W. Baker, "Trouble to the Eastward: The Failure of Anglo-Indian Relations in Early Maine" (Ph.D. diss., College of William and Mary, 1985). Brief summaries of these other tribes can be found in Trigger, Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15; see: Philip K. Bock, "Micmac," 109-22; Vincent O. Erickson, "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy," 123-36; and Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period," 160-76; also see Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791 (Cleveland, OH, 1896-1901), 3:69.
38. For the best discussion of the various interpretations of the tribal identities of the peoples of Maine see Alvin H. Morrison, "Dawnland Diaspora: Wabanaki Dynamics for Survival," in Papers of the Twenty-Ninth Algonquian Conference, ed. David H. Pentland (Winnepeg, 1998), 211-24; Emerson W. Baker, "Trouble to the Eastward: The Failure of Anglo-Indian Relations in Early Maine" (Ph.D. diss., College of William and Mary, 1985). Brief summaries of these other tribes can be found in Trigger, Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15; see: Philip K. Bock, "Micmac," 109-22; Vincent O. Erickson, "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy," 123-36; and Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period," 160-76; also see Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791 (Cleveland, OH, 1896-1901), 3:69.
39. For the best discussion of the various interpretations of the tribal identities of the peoples of Maine see Alvin H. Morrison, "Dawnland Diaspora: Wabanaki Dynamics for Survival," in Papers of the Twenty-Ninth Algonquian Conference, ed. David H. Pentland (Winnepeg, 1998), 211-24; Emerson W. Baker, "Trouble to the Eastward: The Failure of Anglo-Indian Relations in Early Maine" (Ph.D. diss., College of William and Mary, 1985). Brief summaries of these other tribes can be found in Trigger, Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15; see: Philip K. Bock, "Micmac," 109-22; Vincent O. Erickson, "Maliseet-Passamaquoddy," 123-36; and Bert Salwen, "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period," 160-76; also see Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610-1791 (Cleveland, OH, 1896-1901), 3:69.
40. Grant, Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604-1618, 58-59, 76, 89-91. Marc Lescarbot, Nova Francia: A Description of Acadia, 1606 (London, 1928), 52.
41. Grant, Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604-1618, 58-59, 76, 89-91. Marc Lescarbot, Nova Francia: A Description of Acadia, 1606 (London, 1928), 52.
42. Edward Arber, ed., Travels and Works of Captain John Smith (Edinburgh, 1910), 2:706.
43. Marc Lescarbot, "The Defeat of the Almouchiquois Savages by Chief Membertou and his Savage Allies," trans. Thomas Goetz, in Papers of the Sixth Algonquian Conference, 1974, ed. William Cowan, (Ottawa, ON, 1975), 160; Alvin Morrison, "Membertou's Raid on the Chouacoet 'Almouchiquois' - The Micmac Sack of Saco in 1607," in ibid., 150-2; Daniel Thorpe, "Equals of the King: The Balance of Power in Early Acadia," Ethnohistory 25 (1996): 3-17.
44. Marc Lescarbot, "The Defeat of the Almouchiquois Savages by Chief Membertou and his Savage Allies," trans. Thomas Goetz, in Papers of the Sixth Algonquian Conference, 1974, ed. William Cowan, (Ottawa, ON, 1975), 160; Alvin Morrison, "Membertou's Raid on the Chouacoet 'Almouchiquois' - The Micmac Sack of Saco in 1607," in ibid., 150-2; Daniel Thorpe, "Equals of the King: The Balance of Power in Early Acadia," Ethnohistory 25 (1996): 3-17.
45. Marc Lescarbot, "The Defeat of the Almouchiquois Savages by Chief Membertou and his Savage Allies," trans. Thomas Goetz, in Papers of the Sixth Algonquian Conference, 1974, ed. William Cowan, (Ottawa, ON, 1975), 160; Alvin Morrison, "Membertou's Raid on the Chouacoet 'Almouchiquois' - The Micmac Sack of Saco in 1607," in ibid., 150-2; Daniel Thorpe, "Equals of the King: The Balance of Power in Early Acadia," Ethnohistory 25 (1996): 3-17.
46. Sir Ferdinande Gorges, "A Briefe Narration of the Original Undertakings of the Advancement of Plantation Into . . . New England," in Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, ed. James P. Baxter (Boston, 1890), 2:76-77; Morrison, "Membertou's Raid," 152-4; Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 96-100.
47. Sir Ferdinande Gorges, "A Briefe Narration of the Original Undertakings of the Advancement of Plantation Into . . . New England," in Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, ed. James P. Baxter (Boston, 1890), 2:76-77; Morrison, "Membertou's Raid," 152-4; Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 96-100.
48. Sir Ferdinande Gorges, "A Briefe Narration of the Original Undertakings of the Advancement of Plantation Into . . . New England," in Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, ed. James P. Baxter (Boston, 1890), 2:76-77; Morrison, "Membertou's Raid," 152-4; Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 96-100.
49. Though Vines's journal of the trip does not survive, Sir Ferdinando Gorges later wrote an account based on the journal. See James Phinney Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 3 vols. (Boston, 1890)2:19; Thwaites, The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 3:105; Dean Snow, The Archaeology of New England (New York, 1980), 34-38; Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 104.
50. Though Vines's journal of the trip does not survive, Sir Ferdinando Gorges later wrote an account based on the journal. See James Phinney Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 3 vols. (Boston, 1890)2:19; Thwaites, The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 3:105; Dean Snow, The Archaeology of New England (New York, 1980), 34-38; Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 104.
51. Though Vines's journal of the trip does not survive, Sir Ferdinando Gorges later wrote an account based on the journal. See James Phinney Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 3 vols. (Boston, 1890)2:19; Thwaites, The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 3:105; Dean Snow, The Archaeology of New England (New York, 1980), 34-38; Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 104.
52. Though Vines's journal of the trip does not survive, Sir Ferdinando Gorges later wrote an account based on the journal. See James Phinney Baxter, ed., Sir Ferdinando Gorges and His Province of Maine, 3 vols. (Boston, 1890)2:19; Thwaites, The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 3:105; Dean Snow, The Archaeology of New England (New York, 1980), 34-38; Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 104.
53. Thomas Dermer, "To His Worshipful Friend Mr. Samuel Purchas," in Sailors' Narratives of Voyages Along the New England Coast, 1524-1624, ed. George P. Winship (New York, 1968 [1905]), 251.
54. Christopher Levett, "My Discovery of Diverse Rivers and Harbors," in Sailors' Narratives, 262-3; James P. Baxter, ed., The Trelawney Papers, vol. 3 of The Documentary History of the State of Maine (Portland, ME, 1884), 461.
55. Christopher Levett, "My Discovery of Diverse Rivers and Harbors," in Sailors' Narratives, 262-3; James P. Baxter, ed., The Trelawney Papers, vol. 3 of The Documentary History of the State of Maine (Portland, ME, 1884), 461.
56. Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 77, 105, 109, 156, 183-4; John Winthrop, The History of New England from 1630 to 1649, ed., James Savage (Boston, 1853), 1:172.
57. Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 77, 105, 109, 156, 183-4; John Winthrop, The History of New England from 1630 to 1649, ed., James Savage (Boston, 1853), 1:172.
58. Bourque, Twelve Thousand Years in Maine, 86-87.
59. Christopher Levett, A Voyage to New England, (Portland, ME, 1988 [1628]), 44-48.
60. Jane to Andrew and Arthur Alger, 19 September 1659, York Deeds 2 (1887): 114. It is possible that Naguasqua might nave been the daughter of Marchin, the sachem of the Casco Bay region who met Champlain in 1605. Grant, Voyages, 76.
61. Jane to Andrew and Arthur Alger, 19 September 1659, York Deeds 2 (1887): 114. It is possible that Naguasqua might nave been the daughter of Marchin, the sachem of the Casco Bay region who met Champlain in 1605. Grant, Voyages, 76.
62. "John Pory to the Governor of Virginia," in, Three Visitors to Early Plymouth, ed. Sydney V. James (Plymouth, MA, 1963), 17; Thomas Morton, The New English Canaan of Thomas Morton (Boston, 1883), 282-95; Philip Ranlet, "The Lord of Misrule: Thomas Morton of Merrymount," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 134 (1980): 184-5; Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 146; James K. Hosner, ed., Winthrop's Journal: "History of New England" 1630-1649 (New York, 1908), 1:69. Bagnall was a former servant of Thomas Morton.
63. "John Pory to the Governor of Virginia," in, Three Visitors to Early Plymouth, ed. Sydney V. James (Plymouth, MA, 1963), 17; Thomas Morton, The New English Canaan of Thomas Morton (Boston, 1883), 282-95; Philip Ranlet, "The Lord of Misrule: Thomas Morton of Merrymount," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 134 (1980): 184-5; Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 146; James K. Hosner, ed., Winthrop's Journal: "History of New England" 1630-1649 (New York, 1908), 1:69. Bagnall was a former servant of Thomas Morton.
64. "John Pory to the Governor of Virginia," in, Three Visitors to Early Plymouth, ed. Sydney V. James (Plymouth, MA, 1963), 17; Thomas Morton, The New English Canaan of Thomas Morton (Boston, 1883), 282-95; Philip Ranlet, "The Lord of Misrule: Thomas Morton of Merrymount," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 134 (1980): 184-5; Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 146; James K. Hosner, ed., Winthrop's Journal: "History of New England" 1630-1649 (New York, 1908), 1:69. Bagnall was a former servant of Thomas Morton.
65. "John Pory to the Governor of Virginia," in, Three Visitors to Early Plymouth, ed. Sydney V. James (Plymouth, MA, 1963), 17; Thomas Morton, The New English Canaan of Thomas Morton (Boston, 1883), 282-95; Philip Ranlet, "The Lord of Misrule: Thomas Morton of Merrymount," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 134 (1980): 184-5; Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 146; James K. Hosner, ed., Winthrop's Journal: "History of New England" 1630-1649 (New York, 1908), 1:69. Bagnall was a former servant of Thomas Morton.
66. "John Pory to the Governor of Virginia," in, Three Visitors to Early Plymouth, ed. Sydney V. James (Plymouth, MA, 1963), 17; Thomas Morton, The New English Canaan of Thomas Morton (Boston, 1883), 282-95; Philip Ranlet, "The Lord of Misrule: Thomas Morton of Merrymount," New England Historical and Genealogical Register 134 (1980): 184-5; Salisbury, Manitou and Providence, 146; James K. Hosner, ed., Winthrop's Journal: "History of New England" 1630-1649 (New York, 1908), 1:69. Bagnall was a former servant of Thomas Morton.
67. Sidney Perley, The Indian Land Titles of Essex County Massachusetts (Salem, MA, 1912), 49-50. Poquanum's daughter was married to Nanapeshamet's son George No Nose. Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians and the New England Frontier," 86.
68. Sidney Perley, The Indian Land Titles of Essex County Massachusetts (Salem, MA, 1912), 49-50. Poquanum's daughter was married to Nanapeshamet's son George No Nose. Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians and the New England Frontier," 86.
69. Skitterygusset to Francis Small, 27 July 1657, York Deeds 1 (1887): 83.
70. Jane to Andrew and Arthur Alger, 19 September 1659, York Deeds 2 (1887): 114; Jhone to Anthony Brackett, 15 January 1670, Waldo Papers, Maine Historical Society, Portland.
71. Jane to Andrew and Arthur Alger, 19 September 1659, York Deeds 2 (1887): 114; Jhone to Anthony Brackett, 15 January 1670, Waldo Papers, Maine Historical Society, Portland.
72. Jane to Andrew and Arthur Alger, 19 September 1659, York Deeds 2 (1887): 114.
73. Alice Nash, "The Abiding Frontier: Family, Gender and Religion in Wabanaki History, 1600-1763" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1997), 141-9.
74. Jhone to Anthony Brackett, 15 January 1671, Waldo Papers, Maine Historical Society, Portland.
75. Roger Williams to John Winthrop, 13 July 1638, Winthrop Papers (Boston, 1944), 4:47.
76. Nunnatconett and Warrabita, alias Jhone, to George Munjoy, 4 June 1666, Waldo Papers, Maine Historical Society, Portland. Nothing more is known about Nunnatconett, as these are the only references to this sagamore, so one is left to guess. Was this another name for Skitterygusset or Sagettawon, or was this person perhaps Warrabita's spouse or son? Or was Nunnatconett just another member of the band who had specific interests to the land sold?
77. Nanaadconit and Wavaad Button to Francis Neale, George Felt, and Jenkin Williams, 4 August 1672, Essex Deeds 8:189-90.; M. J. Moore, ed., "Book of the Eastern Claims," Maine Historical and Genealogical Recorder 5 (1891): 35.
78. Nanaadconit and Wavaad Button to Francis Neale, George Felt, and Jenkin Williams, 4 August 1672, Essex Deeds 8:189-90.; M. J. Moore, ed., "Book of the Eastern Claims," Maine Historical and Genealogical Recorder 5 (1891): 35.
79. James and Rachel Berry to John Wentworth et al., 20 July 1716, York Deeds 8 (1892): 168.
80. Robinhood and Sagettawon to Nicholas Cole and John Purrington, 26 November 1671, Pejebscot Papers, Maine Historical Society, Portland, 6:63.
81. Thomas Chabinock to John Wadleigh, 18 October 1649, York Deeds 1 (1887): 128.
82. Confirmation of deed by Flewellin, 16 February 1660, York Deeds 1 (1887): 107-9.
83. Richard Waldron to the General Court, 25 September 1675, in The Documentary History of the State of Maine, ed. James P. Baxter (Portland, ME, 1884), 6:94; William Hubbard, "A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England from Piscataqua to Pemaquid," in The Indian Wars in New England, ed. Samuel G. Drake (New York, 1971; originally published in 1677), 105.
84. Richard Waldron to the General Court, 25 September 1675, in The Documentary History of the State of Maine, ed. James P. Baxter (Portland, ME, 1884), 6:94; William Hubbard, "A Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England from Piscataqua to Pemaquid," in The Indian Wars in New England, ed. Samuel G. Drake (New York, 1971; originally published in 1677), 105.
85. Captain Sunday to William Phillips, 22 June 1664, York Deeds 8 (1892): 221.
86. John Rogomock to William Phillips, 29 August 1660, York Deeds 8 (1892): 210; Mogg Hegone to William Phillips, 31 May 1664, York Deeds 2 (1887): 45-46.
87. John Rogomock to William Phillips, 29 August 1660, York Deeds 8 (1892): 210; Mogg Hegone to William Phillips, 31 May 1664, York Deeds 2 (1887): 45-46.
88. Solowen to John Saunders, John Bush, and Peter Turbett, York Deeds 1 (1887): 132.
89. Mapp of the Eastern Country, Maine Historical Society, Portland.
90. Brian Pendleton to the Governor and Council [October 1676], in Baxter, Documentary History, 6:141.
91. Sybil Noyes, Charles T. Libby, and Walter G. Davis, eds., Genealogical Dictionary of Maine and New Hampshire (1918-39; reprint, Baltimore, 1979), 537.
92. Hubbard, "Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England," 177-8.
93. Paul J. Lindholt, ed., John Josselyn, Colonial Traveler: A Critical Edition of Two Voyages to New England (Hanover, NH, 1988), 95.
94. James Rosier, "A True Relation of the Voyage of Captaine George Weymouth," in Early English and French Voyages, Chiefly from Hakluyt, 1534-1608, ed. Henry S. Burrage (New York, 1930), 394. For manitous and Native religion see Kathleen Bragdon, Native People of Southern New England, 1500-1650 (Norman, OK), 184-90.
95. James Rosier, "A True Relation of the Voyage of Captaine George Weymouth," in Early English and French Voyages, Chiefly from Hakluyt, 1534-1608, ed. Henry S. Burrage (New York, 1930), 394. For manitous and Native religion see Kathleen Bragdon, Native People of Southern New England, 1500-1650 (Norman, OK), 184-90.
96. Fannie Hardy Eckstorm, Old John Neptune and Other Maine Indian Shamans (Portland, ME, 1945), 99-105. Thanks to Alice Nash for bringing this reference to my attention.
97. Deposition of Flewellen, 19 February 1661, York Deeds 1 (1887): 107.
98. Joseph Aubrey and Stephen Laurent, Father Aubrey's French Abenaki Dictionary (Portland ME, 1995), 258.
99. Wane Doany to Joseph Littlefield et al., 2 May 1681, Boston Public Library manuscript collections, Boston; Nacodumiah to Harlackenden Symonds, 11 August 1686, York Deeds 5 (1889): 86. Wane Doany is referred to in this deed as "Nacodumiah, called by the English by the name of Dony."
100. Wane Doany to Joseph Littlefield et al., 2 May 1681, Boston Public Library manuscript collections, Boston; Nacodumiah to Harlackenden Symonds, 11 August 1686, York Deeds 5 (1889): 86. Wane Doany is referred to in this deed as "Nacodumiah, called by the English by the name of Dony."
101. Thomas Church, The History of Philip's War (Exeter, NH, 1829), 184-87; Mapp of the Eastern Country, Maine Historical Society, Portland; Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians," 87, 230-2. Colin Calloway, "Wanalancet and Kanca-gamus: Indian Strategy and Leadership on the New Hampshire Frontier," Historical New Hampshire 43 (1988): 282-5.
102. Thomas Church, The History of Philip's War (Exeter, NH, 1829), 184-87; Mapp of the Eastern Country, Maine Historical Society, Portland; Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians," 87, 230-2. Colin Calloway, "Wanalancet and Kanca-gamus: Indian Strategy and Leadership on the New Hampshire Frontier," Historical New Hampshire 43 (1988): 282-5.
103. Thomas Church, The History of Philip's War (Exeter, NH, 1829), 184-87; Mapp of the Eastern Country, Maine Historical Society, Portland; Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians," 87, 230-2. Colin Calloway, "Wanalancet and Kanca-gamus: Indian Strategy and Leadership on the New Hampshire Frontier," Historical New Hampshire 43 (1988): 282-5.
104. Thomas Church, The History of Philip's War (Exeter, NH, 1829), 184-87; Mapp of the Eastern Country, Maine Historical Society, Portland; Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians," 87, 230-2. Colin Calloway, "Wanalancet and Kanca-gamus: Indian Strategy and Leadership on the New Hampshire Frontier," Historical New Hampshire 43 (1988): 282-5.
105. Levett, A Voyage to New England, 39.
106. Mr. Rowles to Katherine Treworgy, York Deeds 3:10; Mr. Roles to Humphrey Chadbourne, York Deeds 1:6; Mr. Rowles to Thomas Spencer, York Deeds 1 (1887): 18.
107. Mr. Rowles to Katherine Treworgy, York Deeds 3:10; Mr. Roles to Humphrey Chadbourne, York Deeds 1:6; Mr. Rowles to Thomas Spencer, York Deeds 1 (1887): 18.
108. Mr. Rowles to Katherine Treworgy, York Deeds 3:10; Mr. Roles to Humphrey Chadbourne, York Deeds 1:6; Mr. Rowles to Thomas Spencer, York Deeds 1 (1887): 18.
109. 62 Hubbard, "Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England," 113; Hoope Whood et al. to Peter Coffin, Rockingham County Deeds, vol. 2, 366; Mary P. Thompson, Landmarks in Ancient Dover, New Hampshire (Durham, NH, 1892) 106, 237; Nathaniel Bouton, ed., New Hampshire Provincial Papers (Concord, NH, 1867), 1:583-4. Baxter, Documentary History, 6:326-7, 414, 422, 433, 439, 442. Although there is absolutely no solid evidence in the matter, one could speculate that Hopehood married a daughter of Rowls.
110. 62 Hubbard, "Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England," 113; Hoope Whood et al. to Peter Coffin, Rockingham County Deeds, vol. 2, 366; Mary P. Thompson, Landmarks in Ancient Dover, New Hampshire (Durham, NH, 1892) 106, 237; Nathaniel Bouton, ed., New Hampshire Provincial Papers (Concord, NH, 1867), 1:583-4. Baxter, Documentary History, 6:326-7, 414, 422, 433, 439, 442. Although there is absolutely no solid evidence in the matter, one could speculate that Hopehood married a daughter of Rowls.
111. 62 Hubbard, "Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England," 113; Hoope Whood et al. to Peter Coffin, Rockingham County Deeds, vol. 2, 366; Mary P. Thompson, Landmarks in Ancient Dover, New Hampshire (Durham, NH, 1892) 106, 237; Nathaniel Bouton, ed., New Hampshire Provincial Papers (Concord, NH, 1867), 1:583-4. Baxter, Documentary History, 6:326-7, 414, 422, 433, 439, 442. Although there is absolutely no solid evidence in the matter, one could speculate that Hopehood married a daughter of Rowls.
112. 62 Hubbard, "Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England," 113; Hoope Whood et al. to Peter Coffin, Rockingham County Deeds, vol. 2, 366; Mary P. Thompson, Landmarks in Ancient Dover, New Hampshire (Durham, NH, 1892) 106, 237; Nathaniel Bouton, ed., New Hampshire Provincial Papers (Concord, NH, 1867), 1:583-4. Baxter, Documentary History, 6:326-7, 414, 422, 433, 439, 442. Although there is absolutely no solid evidence in the matter, one could speculate that Hopehood married a daughter of Rowls.
113. 62 Hubbard, "Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England," 113; Hoope Whood et al. to Peter Coffin, Rockingham County Deeds, vol. 2, 366; Mary P. Thompson, Landmarks in Ancient Dover, New Hampshire (Durham, NH, 1892) 106, 237; Nathaniel Bouton, ed., New Hampshire Provincial Papers (Concord, NH, 1867), 1:583-4. Baxter, Documentary History, 6:326-7, 414, 422, 433, 439, 442. Although there is absolutely no solid evidence in the matter, one could speculate that Hopehood married a daughter of Rowls.
114. Letter from Daniel Denison, in Baxter, Documentary History, 6:48; Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians," 181; Jacob Wyman to Mr. Wheelwright, 9 April 1701, Massachusetts Archives Collection, Records, 1629-1799, 328 vols., vol. 3, Colonial: 1629-1720, 399.
115. Letter from Daniel Denison, in Baxter, Documentary History, 6:48; Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians," 181; Jacob Wyman to Mr. Wheelwright, 9 April 1701, Massachusetts Archives Collection, Records, 1629-1799, 328 vols., vol. 3, Colonial: 1629-1720, 399.
116. Letter from Daniel Denison, in Baxter, Documentary History, 6:48; Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians," 181; Jacob Wyman to Mr. Wheelwright, 9 April 1701, Massachusetts Archives Collection, Records, 1629-1799, 328 vols., vol. 3, Colonial: 1629-1720, 399.
117. Humphrey Chadbourne to the General Court, 9 October 1654, Massachusetts Archives Collection, vol. 30, Indian: 1603-1705, 34.
118. Inventory of Debts Due to the Estate of Capt. John Mitchell, in Province and Court Records of Maine, ed. Charles T. Libby (Portland, ME, 1928), 1:152. In the inventory, Passaconaway is referred to as "Wampeconnaway Penny Cooke Sagamore."
119. Although some historians, most recently James Drake, claim that the fighting in Maine and New Hampshire was a separate conflict from King Philip's War in southern New England, others see it as the spread of the original conflict into a new theater. Here the term King Philip's War will be used here to describe the warfare that occurred throughout New England from 1675 to 1678. Emerson Baker and John Reid, The New England Knight: Sir William Phips, 1651-1695 (Toronto, 1998), 135-7; Kenneth Morrison, The Embattled Northeast: The Elusive Ideal of Alliance in Abenaki-European Relations (Berkeley, CA, 1984), 88-90; James Drake, King Philip's War: Civil War in New England, 1675-1676 (Amherst, MA, 1999), 162-6.
120. Although some historians, most recently James Drake, claim that the fighting in Maine and New Hampshire was a separate conflict from King Philip's War in southern New England, others see it as the spread of the original conflict into a new theater. Here the term King Philip's War will be used here to describe the warfare that occurred throughout New England from 1675 to 1678. Emerson Baker and John Reid, The New England Knight: Sir William Phips, 1651-1695 (Toronto, 1998), 135-7; Kenneth Morrison, The Embattled Northeast: The Elusive Ideal of Alliance in Abenaki-European Relations (Berkeley, CA, 1984), 88-90; James Drake, King Philip's War: Civil War in New England, 1675-1676 (Amherst, MA, 1999), 162-6.
121. Although some historians, most recently James Drake, claim that the fighting in Maine and New Hampshire was a separate conflict from King Philip's War in southern New England, others see it as the spread of the original conflict into a new theater. Here the term King Philip's War will be used here to describe the warfare that occurred throughout New England from 1675 to 1678. Emerson Baker and John Reid, The New England Knight: Sir William Phips, 1651-1695 (Toronto, 1998), 135-7; Kenneth Morrison, The Embattled Northeast: The Elusive Ideal of Alliance in Abenaki-European Relations (Berkeley, CA, 1984), 88-90; James Drake, King Philip's War: Civil War in New England, 1675-1676 (Amherst, MA, 1999), 162-6.
122. Hubbard, "Narrative of the Troubles with the Indians in New England," 154-6. The son of Robinhood mentioned here most likely was Hopehood.
123. "Anthony Brockhols and Others to the Governor and Council," in Baxter, Documentary History, 6:191.
124. Baxter, Documentary History, 6:179-80, 189-90; John R. Brodhead, comp., Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York, 15 vols. (Albany, NY, 1853-87), 3:248-9, 256, 265.
125. Baxter, Documentary History, 6:179-80, 189-90; John R. Brodhead, comp., Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York, 15 vols. (Albany, NY, 1853-87), 3:248-9, 256, 265.
126. The treaty does not survive, but the quotation is from Jeremy Belknap, History of New Hampshire (Boston, 1792), 1:158; Massachusetts Council to Brian Pendleton and Richard Waldron, 9 March 1678, Massachusetts Archives Collection, vol. 69, Military: 1676-1680, 185; William D. Williamson, A History of the State of Maine (Hallowell,ME, 1832), 1:552-3.
127. The treaty does not survive, but the quotation is from Jeremy Belknap, History of New Hampshire (Boston, 1792), 1:158; Massachusetts Council to Brian Pendleton and Richard Waldron, 9 March 1678, Massachusetts Archives Collection, vol. 69, Military: 1676-1680, 185; William D. Williamson, A History of the State of Maine (Hallowell,ME, 1832), 1:552-3.
128. The treaty does not survive, but the quotation is from Jeremy Belknap, History of New Hampshire (Boston, 1792), 1:158; Massachusetts Council to Brian Pendleton and Richard Waldron, 9 March 1678, Massachusetts Archives Collection, vol. 69, Military: 1676-1680, 185; William D. Williamson, A History of the State of Maine (Hallowell,ME, 1832), 1:552-3.
129. Bruce G. Trigger, "Champlain Judged by His Indian Policy: A Different View of Early Canadian History," Anthropologica 13 (1971): 85-114.
130. Colin Galloway, The Western Abenaki of Vermont: War, Migration and the Survival of an Indian People (Norman, OK, 1990); Gordon M. Day, The Identity of the Saint Francis Indians (Ottawa, ON, 1981); Michael Foster and William Cowan, eds. In Search of New England's Native Past: Selected Essays by Gordon M. Day (Amherst, MA, 1998); Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians"; Karen Mack and Richard Will, "Additional Phase I Archaeological Survey of the Proposed University of New England Marine Center, Biddeford, York County, Maine," manuscript report submitted to the Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta, 1999. For Mollyockett, see Martha F. Wilkins, Sunday River Sketches: A New England Chronicle, ed. Randy Bennett (Rumford, ME, 1977), 100.
131. Colin Galloway, The Western Abenaki of Vermont: War, Migration and the Survival of an Indian People (Norman, OK, 1990); Gordon M. Day, The Identity of the Saint Francis Indians (Ottawa, ON, 1981); Michael Foster and William Cowan, eds. In Search of New England's Native Past: Selected Essays by Gordon M. Day (Amherst, MA, 1998); Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians"; Karen Mack and Richard Will, "Additional Phase I Archaeological Survey of the Proposed University of New England Marine Center, Biddeford, York County, Maine," manuscript report submitted to the Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta, 1999. For Mollyockett, see Martha F. Wilkins, Sunday River Sketches: A New England Chronicle, ed. Randy Bennett (Rumford, ME, 1977), 100.
132. Colin Galloway, The Western Abenaki of Vermont: War, Migration and the Survival of an Indian People (Norman, OK, 1990); Gordon M. Day, The Identity of the Saint Francis Indians (Ottawa, ON, 1981); Michael Foster and William Cowan, eds. In Search of New England's Native Past: Selected Essays by Gordon M. Day (Amherst, MA, 1998); Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians"; Karen Mack and Richard Will, "Additional Phase I Archaeological Survey of the Proposed University of New England Marine Center, Biddeford, York County, Maine," manuscript report submitted to the Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta, 1999. For Mollyockett, see Martha F. Wilkins, Sunday River Sketches: A New England Chronicle, ed. Randy Bennett (Rumford, ME, 1977), 100.
133. Colin Galloway, The Western Abenaki of Vermont: War, Migration and the Survival of an Indian People (Norman, OK, 1990); Gordon M. Day, The Identity of the Saint Francis Indians (Ottawa, ON, 1981); Michael Foster and William Cowan, eds. In Search of New England's Native Past: Selected Essays by Gordon M. Day (Amherst, MA, 1998); Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians"; Karen Mack and Richard Will, "Additional Phase I Archaeological Survey of the Proposed University of New England Marine Center, Biddeford, York County, Maine," manuscript report submitted to the Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta, 1999. For Mollyockett, see Martha F. Wilkins, Sunday River Sketches: A New England Chronicle, ed. Randy Bennett (Rumford, ME, 1977), 100.
134. Colin Galloway, The Western Abenaki of Vermont: War, Migration and the Survival of an Indian People (Norman, OK, 1990); Gordon M. Day, The Identity of the Saint Francis Indians (Ottawa, ON, 1981); Michael Foster and William Cowan, eds. In Search of New England's Native Past: Selected Essays by Gordon M. Day (Amherst, MA, 1998); Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians"; Karen Mack and Richard Will, "Additional Phase I Archaeological Survey of the Proposed University of New England Marine Center, Biddeford, York County, Maine," manuscript report submitted to the Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta, 1999. For Mollyockett, see Martha F. Wilkins, Sunday River Sketches: A New England Chronicle, ed. Randy Bennett (Rumford, ME, 1977), 100.
135. Colin Galloway, The Western Abenaki of Vermont: War, Migration and the Survival of an Indian People (Norman, OK, 1990); Gordon M. Day, The Identity of the Saint Francis Indians (Ottawa, ON, 1981); Michael Foster and William Cowan, eds. In Search of New England's Native Past: Selected Essays by Gordon M. Day (Amherst, MA, 1998); Stewart-Smith, "The Pennacook Indians"; Karen Mack and Richard Will, "Additional Phase I Archaeological Survey of the Proposed University of New England Marine Center, Biddeford, York County, Maine," manuscript report submitted to the Maine Historic Preservation Commission, Augusta, 1999. For Mollyockett, see Martha F. Wilkins, Sunday River Sketches: A New England Chronicle, ed. Randy Bennett (Rumford, ME, 1977), 100.