'An amusing account of a cave in Wales': William Buckland (1784-1856) and the Red Lady of Paviland

British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 53-74

  Sommer, Marianne ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 1842832864     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007087403005326     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Reproduced in C. G. B. Daubeny (ed.), Fugitive Poems Connected with Natural History and Physical Science, Oxford, 1869, 122.
2. This footnote, which was included in Daubeny's reproduction of the poem, was probably Buckland's addition since it first appeared in a letter to Lady Mary Cole, 15 February 1823 (partially reproduced in F. J. North, 'Paviland Cave, the "Red Lady", the Deluge, and William Buckland', Annals of Science (1942), 5/2, 91-128, 108-10, and in its entirety in J. M. Edmonds and J. A. Douglas, 'William Buckland, F. R. S. (1784-1856) and an Oxford Geological Lecture, 1823', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1976), 30/2, 141-67, 149-52).
3. This footnote, which was included in Daubeny's reproduction of the poem, was probably Buckland's addition since it first appeared in a letter to Lady Mary Cole, 15 February 1823 (partially reproduced in F. J. North, 'Paviland Cave, the "Red Lady", the Deluge, and William Buckland', Annals of Science (1942), 5/2, 91-128, 108-10, and in its entirety in J. M. Edmonds and J. A. Douglas, 'William Buckland, F. R. S. (1784-1856) and an Oxford Geological Lecture, 1823', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1976), 30/2, 141-67, 149-52).
4. North, op. cit. (2), 110.
5. On Buckland as biblical literalist obscurant with regard to human remains see for example D. Riesman, 'Man before the dawn of history', Scientific Monthly (1933), 37/6, 553-62, on the Red Lady, 554; and G. E. Daniel, A Hundred Years of Achaeology, London, 1950, on the Red Lady, 37. Neither Nicolaas Rupke nor Donald K. Grayson deal in detail with Buckland's interpretation of the Red Lady. N. Rupke, The Great Chain of History. William Buckland and the English School of Geology (1814-1849), Oxford, 1983, 89-95, on the Red Lady, 92; D. K. Grayson, The Establishment of Human Antiquity, New York, 1983, 65-77, on the Red Lady, 65-7. For the publication of sources related to Paviland Cave and the Red Lady see opera cit. (2).
6. On Buckland as biblical literalist obscurant with regard to human remains see for example D. Riesman, 'Man before the dawn of history', Scientific Monthly (1933), 37/6, 553-62, on the Red Lady, 554; and G. E. Daniel, A Hundred Years of Achaeology, London, 1950, on the Red Lady, 37. Neither Nicolaas Rupke nor Donald K. Grayson deal in detail with Buckland's interpretation of the Red Lady. N. Rupke, The Great Chain of History. William Buckland and the English School of Geology (1814-1849), Oxford, 1983, 89-95, on the Red Lady, 92; D. K. Grayson, The Establishment of Human Antiquity, New York, 1983, 65-77, on the Red Lady, 65-7. For the publication of sources related to Paviland Cave and the Red Lady see opera cit. (2).
7. On Buckland as biblical literalist obscurant with regard to human remains see for example D. Riesman, 'Man before the dawn of history', Scientific Monthly (1933), 37/6, 553-62, on the Red Lady, 554; and G. E. Daniel, A Hundred Years of Achaeology, London, 1950, on the Red Lady, 37. Neither Nicolaas Rupke nor Donald K. Grayson deal in detail with Buckland's interpretation of the Red Lady. N. Rupke, The Great Chain of History. William Buckland and the English School of Geology (1814-1849), Oxford, 1983, 89-95, on the Red Lady, 92; D. K. Grayson, The Establishment of Human Antiquity, New York, 1983, 65-77, on the Red Lady, 65-7. For the publication of sources related to Paviland Cave and the Red Lady see opera cit. (2).
8. On Buckland as biblical literalist obscurant with regard to human remains see for example D. Riesman, 'Man before the dawn of history', Scientific Monthly (1933), 37/6, 553-62, on the Red Lady, 554; and G. E. Daniel, A Hundred Years of Achaeology, London, 1950, on the Red Lady, 37. Neither Nicolaas Rupke nor Donald K. Grayson deal in detail with Buckland's interpretation of the Red Lady. N. Rupke, The Great Chain of History. William Buckland and the English School of Geology (1814-1849), Oxford, 1983, 89-95, on the Red Lady, 92; D. K. Grayson, The Establishment of Human Antiquity, New York, 1983, 65-77, on the Red Lady, 65-7. For the publication of sources related to Paviland Cave and the Red Lady see opera cit. (2).
9. For an analysis of Buckland's theoretical development in relation to his time see also C. C. Gillispie, Genesis and Geology: A Study in the Relations of Scientific Thought, Natural Theology, and Social Opinion in Great Britain, 1790-1850, 2nd edn., Cambridge, MA, 1996 (1st edn. 1951); and Stephen J. Gould, 'Unconnected truths', Natural History (1983), 83/3, 22-8.
10. For an analysis of Buckland's theoretical development in relation to his time see also C. C. Gillispie, Genesis and Geology: A Study in the Relations of Scientific Thought, Natural Theology, and Social Opinion in Great Britain, 1790-1850, 2nd edn., Cambridge, MA, 1996 (1st edn. 1951); and Stephen J. Gould, 'Unconnected truths', Natural History (1983), 83/3, 22-8.
11. Rupke, op. cit. (4), 9, 21-2, 51-63; on Buckland's Oxford see also M. G. Brock, 'The Oxford of Peel and Gladstone, 1800-1833', in The History of the University of Oxford, Volume VI: Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part I (ed. M. G. Brock and M. C. Curthoys), Oxford, 1997, 7-76.
12. Rupke, op. cit. (4), 9, 21-2, 51-63; on Buckland's Oxford see also M. G. Brock, 'The Oxford of Peel and Gladstone, 1800-1833', in The History of the University of Oxford, Volume VI: Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part I (ed. M. G. Brock and M. C. Curthoys), Oxford, 1997, 7-76.
13. William Buckland to his uncle, 26 October 1818, reproduced in J. M. Edmonds, 'The founding of the Oxford Readership in Geology, 1818', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1979), 34, 33-51, 37-8; British Library Manuscripts Collections, 1818-31: 33 Letters to Lord Grenville, Add MS 58995 (subsequently BrL, Bu C), 24 and 27 November 1818 (pages 64-7).
14. William Buckland to his uncle, 26 October 1818, reproduced in J. M. Edmonds, 'The founding of the Oxford Readership in Geology, 1818', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1979), 34, 33-51, 37-8; British Library Manuscripts Collections, 1818-31: 33 Letters to Lord Grenville, Add MS 58995 (subsequently BrL, Bu C), 24 and 27 November 1818 (pages 64-7).
15. W. Buckland, 'Description of a series of specimens from the plastic clay near Reading, Berks: with observations on the formation to which those beds belong', Transactions of the Geological Society of London (1817 [1816]), 4, 277-304; see also idem, 'On the excavation of valleys by diluvian action, as illustrated by a succession of valleys which intersect the south coast of Dorset and Devon', Transactions of the Geological Society of London (1824 [1822]), 1, 95-102.
16. W. Buckland, 'Description of a series of specimens from the plastic clay near Reading, Berks: with observations on the formation to which those beds belong', Transactions of the Geological Society of London (1817 [1816]), 4, 277-304; see also idem, 'On the excavation of valleys by diluvian action, as illustrated by a succession of valleys which intersect the south coast of Dorset and Devon', Transactions of the Geological Society of London (1824 [1822]), 1, 95-102.
17. W. Buckland, 'Description of the quartz rock of the Lickey Hill in Worcestershire, and of the strata immediately surrounding it; with considerations on the evidences of a recent deluge afforded by the gravel beds of Warwickshire and Oxfordshire, and the valley of the Thames from Oxford downwards to London; and an appendix, containing analogous proofs of diluvian action. Collected from various authorities', Transactions of the Geological Society of London (1821 [1819]), 5, 506-44.
18. W. Buckland, Vindiciae Geologicae; or, the Connexion of Geology with Religion: Explained in an Inaugural Lecture Delivered Before University of Oxford, May 15, 1819, Oxford, 1820; Reliquiae Diluvianae; or, Observations on the Organic Remains Contained in Caves, Fissures, and Diluvial Gravel, and on Other Geological Phenomena, Attesting the Action of an Universal Deluge, London, 1823.
19. W. Buckland, Vindiciae Geologicae; or, the Connexion of Geology with Religion: Explained in an Inaugural Lecture Delivered Before University of Oxford, May 15, 1819, Oxford, 1820; Reliquiae Diluvianae; or, Observations on the Organic Remains Contained in Caves, Fissures, and Diluvial Gravel, and on Other Geological Phenomena, Attesting the Action of an Universal Deluge, London, 1823.
20. It was through Robert Jameson's translation into English that Cuvier's theory received a natural theological frame (Essay on the Theory of the Earth (tr. R. Kerr and ed. R. Jameson), Edinburgh, 1813).
21. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 146. Buckland used the term diluvium to refer to the superficial loam and gravel that he regarded as having been deposited by the Deluge. Alluvium referred to the deposit above, which had been accumulated after the deluge by forces still at work, such as rivers and rainfall. The fossil bones found in the diluvium were thus antediluvian, from before the deluge, while those from the alluvium were postdiluvian.
22. Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Papers of British Scientists, Buckland Papers, NRA 42502 (subsequently OUM, Bu P), 'Lecture notes on the Mosaic deluge and on organic remains', Lecture Notes (box 1, 1/1, page 2).
23. Buckland, opera cit. (10); see also J. M. Edmonds, 'Vindiciae Geologicae, published 1820; the inaugural lecture of William Buckland', Archives of Natural History (1991), 18/2, 255-68.
24. Buckland, opera cit. (10); see also J. M. Edmonds, 'Vindiciae Geologicae, published 1820; the inaugural lecture of William Buckland', Archives of Natural History (1991), 18/2, 255-68.
25. E.g. James Parkinson and George W. Featherstonhaugh. Rupke, op. cit. (4), 91, 93.
26. Buckland discussed the human remains found in the caves at Gailenreuth in the German Jura, at Burringdon, Somersetshire, and in Glamorganshire and Caermarthenshire in the appendix of the Kirkdale paper and in the Reliquiae Diluvianae. W. Buckland, 'Account of an assemblage of fossil teeth and bones of elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, bear, tiger, and hyaena, and sixteen other animals; discovered in a cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire, in the year 1821: with a comparative view of five similar caverns in various parts of England, and others on the continent', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1822), 112, 171-236, 225-7, and Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 164-70. For pre-1823 discoveries of prehistoric human artefacts and bones see also J. Frere, 'Account of flint weapons discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk', Archaeologia (1800 [1797]), 13, 204-5; F. Heller, 'Die Forschungen in der Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth von Esper bis zur Gegenwart', in Die Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth/Ofr.: 200 Jahre wissenschaftliche Forschung 1771-1971 (ed. F. Heller), Erlangen, 1972, 7-56; T. Weaver, 'On fossil human bones, and other animal remains recently found in Germany', Annals of Philosophy (1823), 5, 17-43; H. H. Howorth, 'The origin and progress of the modern theory of the antiquity of man', Geological Magazine (1902), 9/1, 16-27; and Grayson, op. cit. (4), 55-9, 87-8.
27. Buckland discussed the human remains found in the caves at Gailenreuth in the German Jura, at Burringdon, Somersetshire, and in Glamorganshire and Caermarthenshire in the appendix of the Kirkdale paper and in the Reliquiae Diluvianae. W. Buckland, 'Account of an assemblage of fossil teeth and bones of elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, bear, tiger, and hyaena, and sixteen other animals; discovered in a cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire, in the year 1821: with a comparative view of five similar caverns in various parts of England, and others on the continent', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1822), 112, 171-236, 225-7, and Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 164-70. For pre-1823 discoveries of prehistoric human artefacts and bones see also J. Frere, 'Account of flint weapons discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk', Archaeologia (1800 [1797]), 13, 204-5; F. Heller, 'Die Forschungen in der Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth von Esper bis zur Gegenwart', in Die Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth/Ofr.: 200 Jahre wissenschaftliche Forschung 1771-1971 (ed. F. Heller), Erlangen, 1972, 7-56; T. Weaver, 'On fossil human bones, and other animal remains recently found in Germany', Annals of Philosophy (1823), 5, 17-43; H. H. Howorth, 'The origin and progress of the modern theory of the antiquity of man', Geological Magazine (1902), 9/1, 16-27; and Grayson, op. cit. (4), 55-9, 87-8.
28. Buckland discussed the human remains found in the caves at Gailenreuth in the German Jura, at Burringdon, Somersetshire, and in Glamorganshire and Caermarthenshire in the appendix of the Kirkdale paper and in the Reliquiae Diluvianae. W. Buckland, 'Account of an assemblage of fossil teeth and bones of elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, bear, tiger, and hyaena, and sixteen other animals; discovered in a cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire, in the year 1821: with a comparative view of five similar caverns in various parts of England, and others on the continent', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1822), 112, 171-236, 225-7, and Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 164-70. For pre-1823 discoveries of prehistoric human artefacts and bones see also J. Frere, 'Account of flint weapons discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk', Archaeologia (1800 [1797]), 13, 204-5; F. Heller, 'Die Forschungen in der Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth von Esper bis zur Gegenwart', in Die Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth/Ofr.: 200 Jahre wissenschaftliche Forschung 1771-1971 (ed. F. Heller), Erlangen, 1972, 7-56; T. Weaver, 'On fossil human bones, and other animal remains recently found in Germany', Annals of Philosophy (1823), 5, 17-43; H. H. Howorth, 'The origin and progress of the modern theory of the antiquity of man', Geological Magazine (1902), 9/1, 16-27; and Grayson, op. cit. (4), 55-9, 87-8.
29. Buckland discussed the human remains found in the caves at Gailenreuth in the German Jura, at Burringdon, Somersetshire, and in Glamorganshire and Caermarthenshire in the appendix of the Kirkdale paper and in the Reliquiae Diluvianae. W. Buckland, 'Account of an assemblage of fossil teeth and bones of elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, bear, tiger, and hyaena, and sixteen other animals; discovered in a cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire, in the year 1821: with a comparative view of five similar caverns in various parts of England, and others on the continent', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1822), 112, 171-236, 225-7, and Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 164-70. For pre-1823 discoveries of prehistoric human artefacts and bones see also J. Frere, 'Account of flint weapons discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk', Archaeologia (1800 [1797]), 13, 204-5; F. Heller, 'Die Forschungen in der Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth von Esper bis zur Gegenwart', in Die Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth/Ofr.: 200 Jahre wissenschaftliche Forschung 1771-1971 (ed. F. Heller), Erlangen, 1972, 7-56; T. Weaver, 'On fossil human bones, and other animal remains recently found in Germany', Annals of Philosophy (1823), 5, 17-43; H. H. Howorth, 'The origin and progress of the modern theory of the antiquity of man', Geological Magazine (1902), 9/1, 16-27; and Grayson, op. cit. (4), 55-9, 87-8.
30. Buckland discussed the human remains found in the caves at Gailenreuth in the German Jura, at Burringdon, Somersetshire, and in Glamorganshire and Caermarthenshire in the appendix of the Kirkdale paper and in the Reliquiae Diluvianae. W. Buckland, 'Account of an assemblage of fossil teeth and bones of elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, bear, tiger, and hyaena, and sixteen other animals; discovered in a cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire, in the year 1821: with a comparative view of five similar caverns in various parts of England, and others on the continent', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1822), 112, 171-236, 225-7, and Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 164-70. For pre-1823 discoveries of prehistoric human artefacts and bones see also J. Frere, 'Account of flint weapons discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk', Archaeologia (1800 [1797]), 13, 204-5; F. Heller, 'Die Forschungen in der Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth von Esper bis zur Gegenwart', in Die Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth/Ofr.: 200 Jahre wissenschaftliche Forschung 1771-1971 (ed. F. Heller), Erlangen, 1972, 7-56; T. Weaver, 'On fossil human bones, and other animal remains recently found in Germany', Annals of Philosophy (1823), 5, 17-43; H. H. Howorth, 'The origin and progress of the modern theory of the antiquity of man', Geological Magazine (1902), 9/1, 16-27; and Grayson, op. cit. (4), 55-9, 87-8.
31. Buckland discussed the human remains found in the caves at Gailenreuth in the German Jura, at Burringdon, Somersetshire, and in Glamorganshire and Caermarthenshire in the appendix of the Kirkdale paper and in the Reliquiae Diluvianae. W. Buckland, 'Account of an assemblage of fossil teeth and bones of elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, bear, tiger, and hyaena, and sixteen other animals; discovered in a cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire, in the year 1821: with a comparative view of five similar caverns in various parts of England, and others on the continent', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1822), 112, 171-236, 225-7, and Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 164-70. For pre-1823 discoveries of prehistoric human artefacts and bones see also J. Frere, 'Account of flint weapons discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk', Archaeologia (1800 [1797]), 13, 204-5; F. Heller, 'Die Forschungen in der Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth von Esper bis zur Gegenwart', in Die Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth/Ofr.: 200 Jahre wissenschaftliche Forschung 1771-1971 (ed. F. Heller), Erlangen, 1972, 7-56; T. Weaver, 'On fossil human bones, and other animal remains recently found in Germany', Annals of Philosophy (1823), 5, 17-43; H. H. Howorth, 'The origin and progress of the modern theory of the antiquity of man', Geological Magazine (1902), 9/1, 16-27; and Grayson, op. cit. (4), 55-9, 87-8.
32. Buckland discussed the human remains found in the caves at Gailenreuth in the German Jura, at Burringdon, Somersetshire, and in Glamorganshire and Caermarthenshire in the appendix of the Kirkdale paper and in the Reliquiae Diluvianae. W. Buckland, 'Account of an assemblage of fossil teeth and bones of elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, bear, tiger, and hyaena, and sixteen other animals; discovered in a cave at Kirkdale, Yorkshire, in the year 1821: with a comparative view of five similar caverns in various parts of England, and others on the continent', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1822), 112, 171-236, 225-7, and Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 164-70. For pre-1823 discoveries of prehistoric human artefacts and bones see also J. Frere, 'Account of flint weapons discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk', Archaeologia (1800 [1797]), 13, 204-5; F. Heller, 'Die Forschungen in der Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth von Esper bis zur Gegenwart', in Die Zoolithenhöhle bei Burggaillenreuth/Ofr.: 200 Jahre wissenschaftliche Forschung 1771-1971 (ed. F. Heller), Erlangen, 1972, 7-56; T. Weaver, 'On fossil human bones, and other animal remains recently found in Germany', Annals of Philosophy (1823), 5, 17-43; H. H. Howorth, 'The origin and progress of the modern theory of the antiquity of man', Geological Magazine (1902), 9/1, 16-27; and Grayson, op. cit. (4), 55-9, 87-8.
33. However, Cuvier did not exclude the possibility that humans had antedated the last reversal of dry land and sea, and that human fossils thus lay buried under the ocean. The new continents might have been repopulated from spared regions outside the greater part of Europe, Asia and America ('Preliminary discourse' (1812) in M. J. S. Rudwick, Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes: New Translations and Interpretations of the Primary Texts, Chicago, 1997, text 19, 183-252, 232-4).
34. OUM, Bu P, 'Miscellaneous geology' (box 1/4, page 47).
35. BrL, Bu C, 24 January 1822 (pages 87-8).
36. BrL, Bu C, 21 July 1822 (?) (pages 92-4).
37. Buckland, op. cit. (16).
38. Royal Society, Papers of British Churchmen, Buckland Correspondence, MS 251, Humphry Davy to William Buckland, 21 November 1822.
39. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 1-51, 162-3.
40. As, for example, by Granville Penn, a staunch advocate of scriptural geology (BrL, Bu C, 10 December 1824 (?), pages 111-12); North, op. cit. (2), 119-23; see also letters to Lady Mary Cole in T. Sharpe and P. J. McCartney, The Papers of H. T. De la Beche (1796-1855) in the National Museum of Wales, National Museum of Wales, Geological Series No. 17, Cardiff, 1998, 24, 25, letters 152, 153, 165, 171.
41. As, for example, by Granville Penn, a staunch advocate of scriptural geology (BrL, Bu C, 10 December 1824 (?), pages 111-12); North, op. cit. (2), 119-23; see also letters to Lady Mary Cole in T. Sharpe and P. J. McCartney, The Papers of H. T. De la Beche (1796-1855) in the National Museum of Wales, National Museum of Wales, Geological Series No. 17, Cardiff, 1998, 24, 25, letters 152, 153, 165, 171.
42. For literalist interpretations of the situation met with at Kirkdale see W. Eastmead, Historia Rievallensis: Containing the History of Kirby Moorside, and an Account of the Most Important Places in Its Vicinity, London, 1824, 1-44; O. Blewitt, The Panorama of Torquay, a Descriptive and Historical Sketch of the District Comprised between the Dart and Teign, 2nd edn., London, 1832, 110-38; and G. Young, 'On the fossil remains of quadrupeds, & c. discovered in the cavern at Kirkdale, in Yorkshire, and in other cavities or seams in limestone rocks', Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society (1822), 4/2, 262-70. See also M. Millhauser, 'The scriptural geologists. An episode in the history of opinion', Osiris (1954), 11, 65-86; North, op. cit. (2), 93-9, 119-23; Rupke, op. cit. (4), Chapters 2-3.
43. For literalist interpretations of the situation met with at Kirkdale see W. Eastmead, Historia Rievallensis: Containing the History of Kirby Moorside, and an Account of the Most Important Places in Its Vicinity, London, 1824, 1-44; O. Blewitt, The Panorama of Torquay, a Descriptive and Historical Sketch of the District Comprised between the Dart and Teign, 2nd edn., London, 1832, 110-38; and G. Young, 'On the fossil remains of quadrupeds, & c. discovered in the cavern at Kirkdale, in Yorkshire, and in other cavities or seams in limestone rocks', Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society (1822), 4/2, 262-70. See also M. Millhauser, 'The scriptural geologists. An episode in the history of opinion', Osiris (1954), 11, 65-86; North, op. cit. (2), 93-9, 119-23; Rupke, op. cit. (4), Chapters 2-3.
44. For literalist interpretations of the situation met with at Kirkdale see W. Eastmead, Historia Rievallensis: Containing the History of Kirby Moorside, and an Account of the Most Important Places in Its Vicinity, London, 1824, 1-44; O. Blewitt, The Panorama of Torquay, a Descriptive and Historical Sketch of the District Comprised between the Dart and Teign, 2nd edn., London, 1832, 110-38; and G. Young, 'On the fossil remains of quadrupeds, & c. discovered in the cavern at Kirkdale, in Yorkshire, and in other cavities or seams in limestone rocks', Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society (1822), 4/2, 262-70. See also M. Millhauser, 'The scriptural geologists. An episode in the history of opinion', Osiris (1954), 11, 65-86; North, op. cit. (2), 93-9, 119-23; Rupke, op. cit. (4), Chapters 2-3.
45. For literalist interpretations of the situation met with at Kirkdale see W. Eastmead, Historia Rievallensis: Containing the History of Kirby Moorside, and an Account of the Most Important Places in Its Vicinity, London, 1824, 1-44; O. Blewitt, The Panorama of Torquay, a Descriptive and Historical Sketch of the District Comprised between the Dart and Teign, 2nd edn., London, 1832, 110-38; and G. Young, 'On the fossil remains of quadrupeds, & c. discovered in the cavern at Kirkdale, in Yorkshire, and in other cavities or seams in limestone rocks', Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society (1822), 4/2, 262-70. See also M. Millhauser, 'The scriptural geologists. An episode in the history of opinion', Osiris (1954), 11, 65-86; North, op. cit. (2), 93-9, 119-23; Rupke, op. cit. (4), Chapters 2-3.
46. For literalist interpretations of the situation met with at Kirkdale see W. Eastmead, Historia Rievallensis: Containing the History of Kirby Moorside, and an Account of the Most Important Places in Its Vicinity, London, 1824, 1-44; O. Blewitt, The Panorama of Torquay, a Descriptive and Historical Sketch of the District Comprised between the Dart and Teign, 2nd edn., London, 1832, 110-38; and G. Young, 'On the fossil remains of quadrupeds, & c. discovered in the cavern at Kirkdale, in Yorkshire, and in other cavities or seams in limestone rocks', Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society (1822), 4/2, 262-70. See also M. Millhauser, 'The scriptural geologists. An episode in the history of opinion', Osiris (1954), 11, 65-86; North, op. cit. (2), 93-9, 119-23; Rupke, op. cit. (4), Chapters 2-3.
47. For literalist interpretations of the situation met with at Kirkdale see W. Eastmead, Historia Rievallensis: Containing the History of Kirby Moorside, and an Account of the Most Important Places in Its Vicinity, London, 1824, 1-44; O. Blewitt, The Panorama of Torquay, a Descriptive and Historical Sketch of the District Comprised between the Dart and Teign, 2nd edn., London, 1832, 110-38; and G. Young, 'On the fossil remains of quadrupeds, & c. discovered in the cavern at Kirkdale, in Yorkshire, and in other cavities or seams in limestone rocks', Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society (1822), 4/2, 262-70. See also M. Millhauser, 'The scriptural geologists. An episode in the history of opinion', Osiris (1954), 11, 65-86; North, op. cit. (2), 93-9, 119-23; Rupke, op. cit. (4), Chapters 2-3.
48. Charles Lyell to Gideon Mantell (1790-1852) on Buckland's presentation of his vision of prehistoric England at the annual dinner of the Geological Society, 8 February 1822, reproduced in Rupke, op. cit. (4), 71-2.
49. J. P. Emerson, 'Negotiating the serious import of humor', Sociometry (1969), 32/2, 169-81.
50. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 82-3; C. J. Howes, 'The Dillwyn Diaries 1817-1852, Buckland, and caves of Gower (South Wales)', Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society (1988), 18/2, 298-305, 301; N. Thornber, A.H. and R.D. Stride and J.O. Myers, Britain Underground, Dalesman and Blandford, 1953, 220.
51. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 82-3; C. J. Howes, 'The Dillwyn Diaries 1817-1852, Buckland, and caves of Gower (South Wales)', Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society (1988), 18/2, 298-305, 301; N. Thornber, A.H. and R.D. Stride and J.O. Myers, Britain Underground, Dalesman and Blandford, 1953, 220.
52. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 82-3; C. J. Howes, 'The Dillwyn Diaries 1817-1852, Buckland, and caves of Gower (South Wales)', Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society (1988), 18/2, 298-305, 301; N. Thornber, A.H. and R.D. Stride and J.O. Myers, Britain Underground, Dalesman and Blandford, 1953, 220.
53. E. O. Gordon, The Life and Correspondence of William Buckland, D.D., F.R.S., Sometime Dean of Westminster, Twice President of the Geological Society, and First President of the British Association, London, 1894, 15-23; North, op. cit. (2), 93, 102-4; see also letters from William Buckland to Lady Mary Cole in Sharpe and McCartney, op. cit. (24), 23-5. On Buckland's life and work see also F. Buckland (ed.), 'Memoir of the Very Rev. William Buckland, D.D., F.R.S., Dean of Westminster', in The Bridgewater Treatises: On the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as Manifested in the Creation, Treatise VI: Geology and Mineralogy Considered with Reference to Natural Theology, 3rd edn., 2 vols., London, 1858, i, 19-83.
54. E. O. Gordon, The Life and Correspondence of William Buckland, D.D., F.R.S., Sometime Dean of Westminster, Twice President of the Geological Society, and First President of the British Association, London, 1894, 15-23; North, op. cit. (2), 93, 102-4; see also letters from William Buckland to Lady Mary Cole in Sharpe and McCartney, op. cit. (24), 23-5. On Buckland's life and work see also F. Buckland (ed.), 'Memoir of the Very Rev. William Buckland, D.D., F.R.S., Dean of Westminster', in The Bridgewater Treatises: On the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as Manifested in the Creation, Treatise VI: Geology and Mineralogy Considered with Reference to Natural Theology, 3rd edn., 2 vols., London, 1858, i, 19-83.
55. E. O. Gordon, The Life and Correspondence of William Buckland, D.D., F.R.S., Sometime Dean of Westminster, Twice President of the Geological Society, and First President of the British Association, London, 1894, 15-23; North, op. cit. (2), 93, 102-4; see also letters from William Buckland to Lady Mary Cole in Sharpe and McCartney, op. cit. (24), 23-5. On Buckland's life and work see also F. Buckland (ed.), 'Memoir of the Very Rev. William Buckland, D.D., F.R.S., Dean of Westminster', in The Bridgewater Treatises: On the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as Manifested in the Creation, Treatise VI: Geology and Mineralogy Considered with Reference to Natural Theology, 3rd edn., 2 vols., London, 1858, i, 19-83.
56. E. O. Gordon, The Life and Correspondence of William Buckland, D.D., F.R.S., Sometime Dean of Westminster, Twice President of the Geological Society, and First President of the British Association, London, 1894, 15-23; North, op. cit. (2), 93, 102-4; see also letters from William Buckland to Lady Mary Cole in Sharpe and McCartney, op. cit. (24), 23-5. On Buckland's life and work see also F. Buckland (ed.), 'Memoir of the Very Rev. William Buckland, D.D., F.R.S., Dean of Westminster', in The Bridgewater Treatises: On the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as Manifested in the Creation, Treatise VI: Geology and Mineralogy Considered with Reference to Natural Theology, 3rd edn., 2 vols., London, 1858, i, 19-83.
57. Sharpe and McCarthy, op. cit. (24), 25, letters 165 and 166; reproduced in North, op. cit. (2), 102-4. Buckland made the time he needed to prepare his lectures responsible for the delay of the book's appearance in print (BrL, Bu C, letter to Lord Grenville, 27 March 1823, pages 102-3).
58. Sharpe and McCarthy, op. cit. (24), 25, letters 165 and 166; reproduced in North, op. cit. (2), 102-4. Buckland made the time he needed to prepare his lectures responsible for the delay of the book's appearance in print (BrL, Bu C, letter to Lord Grenville, 27 March 1823, pages 102-3).
59. Sharpe and McCarthy, op. cit. (24), 25, letters 165 and 166; reproduced in North, op. cit. (2), 102-4. Buckland made the time he needed to prepare his lectures responsible for the delay of the book's appearance in print (BrL, Bu C, letter to Lord Grenville, 27 March 1823, pages 102-3).
60. Howes, op. cit. (28), 303.
61. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 87, 95-7; and OUM, Bu P, 'Miscellaneous geology' (box 1/4, page 47).
62. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 87, 95-7; and OUM, Bu P, 'Miscellaneous geology' (box 1/4, page 47).
63. That it was Buckland who found the skeleton we only know from his own account in the Reliquiae Diluvianae; according to this account, the bones were covered with six inches of earth (Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 87). Dillwyn does not mention the find in his diary (Howes, op. cit. (28)).
64. That it was Buckland who found the skeleton we only know from his own account in the Reliquiae Diluvianae; according to this account, the bones were covered with six inches of earth (Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 87). Dillwyn does not mention the find in his diary (Howes, op. cit. (28)).
65. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 87-9.
66. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 83, 85, 86-7; Buckland left open the question of the cause by which nearly the entire right half and the skull of the human skeleton were removed, simply referring to previous operations, 'whatever they were' (88).
67. Edmonds and Douglas, op. cit. (2), 149-52.
68. Edmonds and Douglas, op. cit. (2), 150-1; my emphasis.
69. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 87.
70. The idea of a witch might not have seemed as far-fetched in Buckland's time as it would today. When checking the relevant newspapers for entries about the excavation at Paviland Cave, I came across a remarkable article in The Cambrian (Swansea, Wales) of 1 February 1823. A heading under 'Varieties' read 'Belief in witchcraft', and the article told of a woman and her three daughters in Milverton, Somersetshire, who cut and maimed an old woman, whom they took for a witch. They accused the old woman, who sustained herself by collecting rags, of having bewitched one of the daughters who suffered from fits. What is even more, the Devonshire conjuror confirmed their prejudice and recommended the drawing of the witch's blood (Newspaper Library of the British Library).
71. Buckland explicitly stated in his 'Lecture notes on the Mosaic deluge and on organic remains' that contrary to other species of pecora that had been able to spread over the earth much faster than man, the sheep is so feeble and dependent on man's protection that it is not found in the antediluvian gravel of Europe (OUM, Bu P, Lecture Notes (box 1), 'No pecora till the deluge gravel' (1/1, page 5)). Thus Buckland was irritated by the fact that according to Scripture Abel was a shepherd (page 11). In the Reliquiae Diluvianae, after the list of animal remains found at Paviland, which finished with man: 'Man. ... Portion of a female skeleton, clearly postdiluvian', he added: 'Fragments of many recent bones of ox and sheep, apparently the remains of human food' (Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 85; my emphases).
72. To my knowledge this letter is as yet unpublished (OUM, Bu P, Letters: Eyles Colln., page 24, my emphasis).
73. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 90.
74. R. C. Hoare, The Ancient History of South Wiltshire, 2 vols., London, 1812, 1819; The Geography of Strabo, p. iv.
75. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 90-1.
76. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 89-91.
77. This was at any rate John McEnery's conjecture. W. Pengelly, 'The literature of Kent's Cavern. Part II. Including the whole of the Rev. J. Mac. Enery's manuscript', Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art (1869), 3, 191-482, 446.
78. W. Buckland, 'Report of Dr Buckland's observations, at the Canterbury Meeting of the British Archaeological Association', Report of the Proceedings of the British Archaeological Association (1845 [1844]), 106-13, 108.
79. Letters reproduced in Edmonds and Douglas, op. cit. (2), 149-52, 153-4. The remains of the Red Lady are now exhibited at the Oxford University Museum. For a history of the collections see S. Swainston and A. Brookes, 'Paviland Cave and the 'Red Lady': the history of collection and investigation', in Paviland Cave and the 'Red Lady': A Definitive Report (ed. S. Aldhouse-Green), Bristol, 2000, 19-46.
80. Letters reproduced in Edmonds and Douglas, op. cit. (2), 149-52, 153-4. The remains of the Red Lady are now exhibited at the Oxford University Museum. For a history of the collections see S. Swainston and A. Brookes, 'Paviland Cave and the 'Red Lady': the history of collection and investigation', in Paviland Cave and the 'Red Lady': A Definitive Report (ed. S. Aldhouse-Green), Bristol, 2000, 19-46.
81. Edmonds and Douglas, op. cit. (2), 152, 153; see also Sharpe and McCartney, op. cit. (24), 25, letter 168.
82. Edmonds and Douglas, op. cit. (2), 152, 153; see also Sharpe and McCartney, op. cit. (24), 25, letter 168.
83. See for example Gordon, op. cit. (29), 85-6.
84. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 91-2; Sharpe and McCartney, op. cit. (24), 25, letter 171 to Lady Mary Cole.
85. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 91-2; Sharpe and McCartney, op. cit. (24), 25, letter 171 to Lady Mary Cole.
86. Buckland referred to Meyrick in the letter to Cole. Edmonds and Douglas, op. cit. (2), 150.
87. Sharpe and McCartney, op. cit. (24), 25, letter 167.
88. On gendered humour as instrument of oppression and maintenance of existing power structures see B. Gaut, 'Just joking: the ethics and aesthetics of humor', Philosophy and Literature (1998), 22/1, 51-68, 51. In a group sharing similar social status and ideology, humour that targets members of a group with whom they do not empathize will increase social cohesion in the group and at the same time solidify the exclusion of members of the other group. D. T. Robinson and L. Smith-Lovin, 'Getting a laugh: gender, status, and humor in task discussions', Social Forces (2001), 80/1, 123-58, 125-7, 139.
89. On gendered humour as instrument of oppression and maintenance of existing power structures see B. Gaut, 'Just joking: the ethics and aesthetics of humor', Philosophy and Literature (1998), 22/1, 51-68, 51. In a group sharing similar social status and ideology, humour that targets members of a group with whom they do not empathize will increase social cohesion in the group and at the same time solidify the exclusion of members of the other group. D. T. Robinson and L. Smith-Lovin, 'Getting a laugh: gender, status, and humor in task discussions', Social Forces (2001), 80/1, 123-58, 125-7, 139.
90. This is Buckland's reaction to Duncan's verse on the Red Lady placed at the beginning of the article (letter reproduced in Edmonds and Douglas, op. cit (2), 149-52).
91. Ch. König, 'On a fossil human skeleton from Guadaloupe', Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1814), 1, 487-9, 488. See also Ch. König, 'On a fossil human skeleton from Guadaloupe', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1814), 104, 107-20.
92. Ch. König, 'On a fossil human skeleton from Guadaloupe', Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1814), 1, 487-9, 488. See also Ch. König, 'On a fossil human skeleton from Guadaloupe', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1814), 104, 107-20.
93. König, Abstracts, op. cit. (56), 488.
94. Buckland, op. cit. (16), 216-17; on Gailenreuth see Heller, op. cit. (16) and Weaver, op. cit. (16).
95. Buckland, op. cit. (16), 216-17; on Gailenreuth see Heller, op. cit. (16) and Weaver, op. cit. (16).
96. Buckland, op. cit. (16), 216-17; on Gailenreuth see Heller, op. cit. (16) and Weaver, op. cit. (16).
97. W. Buckland, The Bridgewater Treatises: On the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as Manifested in the Creation, Treatise VI: Geology and Mineralogy Considered with Reference to Natural Theology, 2nd edn., 2 vols., London, 1837 (1836), i, 602; on Schmerling see Ch. Morren, 'Notice sur la vie et les travaux de Philippe-Charles Schmerling', Annuaire (1838), 4, 130-50.
98. W. Buckland, The Bridgewater Treatises: On the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as Manifested in the Creation, Treatise VI: Geology and Mineralogy Considered with Reference to Natural Theology, 2nd edn., 2 vols., London, 1837 (1836), i, 602; on Schmerling see Ch. Morren, 'Notice sur la vie et les travaux de Philippe-Charles Schmerling', Annuaire (1838), 4, 130-50.
99. Buckland, op. cit. (47), 107. Original emphasis.
100. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 83.
101. Letter to Penrice, 3 December 1823, reproduced in North, op. cit. (2), 113.
102. Howes, op. cit. (28), 302.
103. Reproduced in Gordon, op. cit. (29), 78.
104. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 89; see Buckland's descriptions of typical grave-goods of these peoples in his paper read to the Archaeological Association (op. cit. (47)). However, even the British pioneers of archaeological excavations, such as Richard Colt Hoare, on whom Buckland relied, although introducing subtle classifications of the kinds of sepulture found, referred to all pre-Roman finds simply as 'Celtic' or 'ancient British'. Daniel, op. cit. (4), 29-31.
105. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 89; see Buckland's descriptions of typical grave-goods of these peoples in his paper read to the Archaeological Association (op. cit. (47)). However, even the British pioneers of archaeological excavations, such as Richard Colt Hoare, on whom Buckland relied, although introducing subtle classifications of the kinds of sepulture found, referred to all pre-Roman finds simply as 'Celtic' or 'ancient British'. Daniel, op. cit. (4), 29-31.
106. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 92.
107. OUM, Bu P, Lecture Notes (box 1), 'Lecture notes on the Mosaic Deluge' (1/5, page 11).
108. He found support for this conjecture in Edward Stillingfleet's Origines Sacrae (1663), which also limited antediluvian man to the east. OUM, Bu P, Lecture Notes (box 1), 'Lecture notes on the Mosaic Deluge and on organic remains', 'No pecora till the deluge gravel' (1/1, page 4).
109. He found support for this conjecture in Edward Stillingfleet's Origines Sacrae (1663), which also limited antediluvian man to the east. OUM, Bu P, Lecture Notes (box 1), 'Lecture notes on the Mosaic Deluge and on organic remains', 'No pecora till the deluge gravel' (1/1, page 4).
110. OUM, Bu P, Lecture Notes, 'Lecture notes on the Mosaic deluge and on organic remains' (box 1), 'No pecora till the deluge gravel' (1/1, pages 3-16); see also Rupke, op. cit. (4), Chapter 8.
111. OUM, Bu P, Lecture Notes, 'Lecture notes on the Mosaic deluge and on organic remains' (box 1), 'No pecora till the deluge gravel' (1/1, pages 3-16); see also Rupke, op. cit. (4), Chapter 8.
112. Buckland, Reliquiae, op. cit. (10), 231.
113. J.-P. Lamarck, Zoological Philosophy: An Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals (ed. and tr. H. Elliot), New York, 1963 (1809), 106-27.
114. Cuvier, op. cit. (17), text 19, 183-252, 232-4 and 226-32.
115. Buckland used humour as a form of attack also in other instances, as for example in the controversy around the glacial theory (see H. B. Woodward, 'Dr Buckland and the glacial theory', Midland Naturalist (1883), 6, 225-9, 229). On humour as a socially accepted form of aggression see Robinson and Smith-Lovin, op. cit. (54), 125. Functioning as a stress-releaser and put to use for its cathartic quality, humour worked to satisfy Buckland's desire for harmony. For Buckland's abhorrence of controversy see OUM, Bu P, Lecture Notes (box 1), 'Lecture notes on the Mosaic Deluge' (1/5, page 9).
116. Buckland used humour as a form of attack also in other instances, as for example in the controversy around the glacial theory (see H. B. Woodward, 'Dr Buckland and the glacial theory', Midland Naturalist (1883), 6, 225-9, 229). On humour as a socially accepted form of aggression see Robinson and Smith-Lovin, op. cit. (54), 125. Functioning as a stress-releaser and put to use for its cathartic quality, humour worked to satisfy Buckland's desire for harmony. For Buckland's abhorrence of controversy see OUM, Bu P, Lecture Notes (box 1), 'Lecture notes on the Mosaic Deluge' (1/5, page 9).
117. Buckland used humour as a form of attack also in other instances, as for example in the controversy around the glacial theory (see H. B. Woodward, 'Dr Buckland and the glacial theory', Midland Naturalist (1883), 6, 225-9, 229). On humour as a socially accepted form of aggression see Robinson and Smith-Lovin, op. cit. (54), 125. Functioning as a stress-releaser and put to use for its cathartic quality, humour worked to satisfy Buckland's desire for harmony. For Buckland's abhorrence of controversy see OUM, Bu P, Lecture Notes (box 1), 'Lecture notes on the Mosaic Deluge' (1/5, page 9).
118. Lamarck, op. cit. (71), 71.
119. This difference becomes obvious in Buckland's defence of the sloth, which, too, was perfectly fitted for its niche. W. Buckland, 'On the adaptation of the structure of the sloths to their peculiar mode of life', Transactions of the Linnean Society (1837), 17, 17-27. On the notion of progressivism see Rupke, op. cit. (4), Chapter 12.
120. This difference becomes obvious in Buckland's defence of the sloth, which, too, was perfectly fitted for its niche. W. Buckland, 'On the adaptation of the structure of the sloths to their peculiar mode of life', Transactions of the Linnean Society (1837), 17, 17-27. On the notion of progressivism see Rupke, op. cit. (4), Chapter 12.
121. OUM, Bu P, Notes by subject (box 2), 'Species change of Lamarck' (6ii, page 28A).
122. OUM, Bu P, Notes by subject (box 2), 'Species change of Lamarck' (6ii, page 26); Lamarck, op. cit. (71), 170.
123. OUM, Bu P, Notes by subject (box 2), 'Species change of Lamarck' (6ii, page 26); Lamarck, op. cit. (71), 170.
124. OUM, Bu P, Notes by subject (box 2), 'Species change of Lamarck' (6ii, page 28A); see also Rupke, op. cit. (4), 174-6.
125. OUM, Bu P, Notes by subject (box 2), 'Species change of Lamarck' (6ii, page 28A); see also Rupke, op. cit. (4), 174-6.
126. Buckland, op. cit. (59).
127. Buckland, op. cit. (59), 21.
128. Buckland quotes from Silliman's American Journal of Science (April 1828), 14; OUM, Bu P, Notes by subject (box 2), 'Species change of Lamarck' (6i, page 4).
129. Buckland quotes from Silliman's American Journal of Science (April 1828), 14; OUM, Bu P, Notes by subject (box 2), 'Species change of Lamarck' (6i, page 4).
130. Antediluvian now mainly indicates that the bones were found in the geological stratum called diluvium, which is no longer thought to have been deposited by the Deluge, but by an earlier catastrophe (although the animals are by inference still also antediluvian in the old sense, i.e. from before the Flood).
131. In his lecture notes on the Mosaic deluge originating from the 1820s, Buckland strongly argued against the possibility of a quiet deluge. He reasoned that even a broken dam induced visible effects. How should it be possible that the Deluge did not produce gravel, as even rivers do, and where were the remains of the animals it drowned? To the Buckland of the 1820s a quiet deluge was a contradiction in terms. OUM, Bu P, Lecture Notes (box 1), 'Lecture notes on the Mosaic Deluge and on organic remains' (1/1, page 12).
132. Buckland, op. cit. (59), 103.
133. On Schmerling see Morren, op. cit. (59). On the discoveries of Boucher de Perthes (1788-1868) in France see J. Boucher de Perthes, Antiquités celtiques et antédiluviennes. Mémoire sur l'industrie primitive et les arts a leur origine, 3 vols., Paris, 1847-1849, i, Chapter 3; C. Cohen and J.-J. Hublin, Boucher de Perthes (1788-1868): Les Origines romantiques de la préhistoire, Paris, 1989; and Ch. Murchison (ed.), Palaeontological Memoirs and Notes of the Late Hugh Falconer, A.M., M.D., Mastodon, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Ossiferous Caves, Primeval Man and His Contemporaries, London, 1868, p. ii, 596-9. On the discoveries of Marcel de Serre (1780-1862), Jules de Christol (1802-61) and Paul Tournai (1805-72) in southern France see Grayson, op. cit. (4), 98-108.
134. On Schmerling see Morren, op. cit. (59). On the discoveries of Boucher de Perthes (1788-1868) in France see J. Boucher de Perthes, Antiquités celtiques et antédiluviennes. Mémoire sur l'industrie primitive et les arts a leur origine, 3 vols., Paris, 1847-1849, i, Chapter 3; C. Cohen and J.-J. Hublin, Boucher de Perthes (1788-1868): Les Origines romantiques de la préhistoire, Paris, 1989; and Ch. Murchison (ed.), Palaeontological Memoirs and Notes of the Late Hugh Falconer, A.M., M.D., Mastodon, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Ossiferous Caves, Primeval Man and His Contemporaries, London, 1868, p. ii, 596-9. On the discoveries of Marcel de Serre (1780-1862), Jules de Christol (1802-61) and Paul Tournai (1805-72) in southern France see Grayson, op. cit. (4), 98-108.
135. On Schmerling see Morren, op. cit. (59). On the discoveries of Boucher de Perthes (1788-1868) in France see J. Boucher de Perthes, Antiquités celtiques et antédiluviennes. Mémoire sur l'industrie primitive et les arts a leur origine, 3 vols., Paris, 1847-1849, i, Chapter 3; C. Cohen and J.-J. Hublin, Boucher de Perthes (1788-1868): Les Origines romantiques de la préhistoire, Paris, 1989; and Ch. Murchison (ed.), Palaeontological Memoirs and Notes of the Late Hugh Falconer, A.M., M.D., Mastodon, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Ossiferous Caves, Primeval Man and His Contemporaries, London, 1868, p. ii, 596-9. On the discoveries of Marcel de Serre (1780-1862), Jules de Christol (1802-61) and Paul Tournai (1805-72) in southern France see Grayson, op. cit. (4), 98-108.
136. On Schmerling see Morren, op. cit. (59). On the discoveries of Boucher de Perthes (1788-1868) in France see J. Boucher de Perthes, Antiquités celtiques et antédiluviennes. Mémoire sur l'industrie primitive et les arts a leur origine, 3 vols., Paris, 1847-1849, i, Chapter 3; C. Cohen and J.-J. Hublin, Boucher de Perthes (1788-1868): Les Origines romantiques de la préhistoire, Paris, 1989; and Ch. Murchison (ed.), Palaeontological Memoirs and Notes of the Late Hugh Falconer, A.M., M.D., Mastodon, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Ossiferous Caves, Primeval Man and His Contemporaries, London, 1868, p. ii, 596-9. On the discoveries of Marcel de Serre (1780-1862), Jules de Christol (1802-61) and Paul Tournai (1805-72) in southern France see Grayson, op. cit. (4), 98-108.
137. On Schmerling see Morren, op. cit. (59). On the discoveries of Boucher de Perthes (1788-1868) in France see J. Boucher de Perthes, Antiquités
138. R. A. C. Godwin-Austen, 'On the geology of the south-east of Devonshire', Transactions of the Geological Society of London (1842), 6/2, 433-89, 444-6.
139. Athenaeum and Literary Gazette, 14 August 1841, reproduced in L. K. Clark, Pioneers of Prehistory in England, London, 1961, 45, my emphasis.
140. Athenaeum and Literary Gazette, 14 August 1841, reproduced in L. K. Clark, Pioneers of Prehistory in England, London, 1961, 45, my emphasis.
141. McEnery's manuscripts were printed in full by William Pengelly (op. cit. (46)); see also P. J. Boylan, 'Dean William Buckland, 1784-1856. A pioneer in cave science', Studies in Speleology (1967), 1/5, 236-53, 243-4, 248-9.
142. McEnery's manuscripts were printed in full by William Pengelly (op. cit. (46)); see also P. J. Boylan, 'Dean William Buckland, 1784-1856. A pioneer in cave science', Studies in Speleology (1967), 1/5, 236-53, 243-4, 248-9.
143. Buckland's humour could elapse into the gross and some observers were considerably intimidated by his daring jokes (see Rupke, op. cit. (4), 270). Sadly ironically, Buckland spent his last years under the influence of a mental illness that drove him entirely out of the secure into the realm of the coarse jokes. He had to be sent to a mental asylum in Clapham (correspondence with Nicolaas Rupke and Jim Kennedy). On Buckland's peculiar personality see Gordon, op. cit. (29).
144. Buckland's humour could elapse into the gross and some observers were considerably intimidated by his daring jokes (see Rupke, op. cit. (4), 270). Sadly ironically, Buckland spent his last years under the influence of a mental illness that drove him entirely out of the secure into the realm of the coarse jokes. He had to be sent to a mental asylum in Clapham (correspondence with Nicolaas Rupke and Jim Kennedy). On Buckland's peculiar personality see Gordon, op. cit. (29).
145. Reproduced in Gordon, op. cit. (29), 123. This made the attendance of Mary Fairfax Somerville (1780-1872) impossible. At the third meeting, organized by William Whewell in 1834, scientific as well as laywomen were welcome. M. Kölbl-Ebert, 'Mary Buckland (née Morland) 1797-1857', Earth Sciences History (1997), 16/1, 33-8, 35.
146. Reproduced in Gordon, op. cit. (29), 123. This made the attendance of Mary Fairfax Somerville (1780-1872) impossible. At the third meeting, organized by William Whewell in 1834, scientific as well as laywomen were welcome. M. Kölbl-Ebert, 'Mary Buckland (née Morland) 1797-1857', Earth Sciences History (1997), 16/1, 33-8, 35.
147. For the life and work of Anning see T. W. Goodhue, Curious Bones: Mary Anning and the Birth of Paleontology, Greensboro, NC, 2002; C. Tickell, Mary Anning of Lyme Regis, Lyme Regis Philpot Museum, 1996; H. Torrens, 'Mary Anning (1799-1847) of Lyme; "the greatest fossilist the world ever knew"', BJHS (1995), 28, 257-84.
148. For the life and work of Anning see T. W. Goodhue, Curious Bones: Mary Anning and the Birth of Paleontology, Greensboro, NC, 2002; C. Tickell, Mary Anning of Lyme Regis, Lyme Regis Philpot Museum, 1996; H. Torrens, 'Mary Anning (1799-1847) of Lyme; "the greatest fossilist the world ever knew"', BJHS (1995), 28, 257-84.
149. For the life and work of Anning see T. W. Goodhue, Curious Bones: Mary Anning and the Birth of Paleontology, Greensboro, NC, 2002; C. Tickell, Mary Anning of Lyme Regis, Lyme Regis Philpot Museum, 1996; H. Torrens, 'Mary Anning (1799-1847) of Lyme; "the greatest fossilist the world ever knew"', BJHS (1995), 28, 257-84.