Inter-trial interval, stimulus duration and number of trials in contingency judgments

British Journal of Psychology

Volumn 87, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 549-566

  Mercier, Pierre ^a   Parr, Wendy ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^b VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842790445     PISSN: 20448295     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1996.tb02608.x     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Alloy, L. B. & Tabachnik, N. (1984). Assessment of covariation by humans and animals: The joint influence of prior expectations and current situational information. Psychological Review, 91, 112-149.
2. Arkes, H. R. & Harkness, A. R. (1983). Estimates of contingency between two dichotomous variables. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 112, 117-135.
3. Arkes, H. R. & Rothbart, M. (1985). Memory, retrieval, and contingency judgements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 598-606.
4. Baddeley, A. (1993). La Mémoire Humaine: Théorie et Pratique. Grenoble: Presses Universitaires de Grenoble.
5. Baker, A. G., Berbrier, M. W. & Vallée-Tourangeau, F. (1989). Judgements of a 2 × 2 contingency table: Sequential processing and the learning curve. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41B, 65-97.
6. Baker, A. G., Mercier, P., Vallée-Tourangeau, F. & Frank, R. (1993). Selective associations and causality judgments: Presence of a strong causal factor may reduce judgments of a weaker one. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 414-432.
7. Beyth-Marom, R. (1982). Perception of correlation reexamined. Memory and Cognition, 10, 511-519.
8. Busey, T. A. & Loftus, G. R. (1994). Sensory and cognitive components of visual information acquisition. Psychological Review, 101, 446-469.
9. Crocker, J. (1981). Judgment of covariation by social perceivers. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 272-292.
10. Chapman, L. J. (1967). Illusory correlation in observational report. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 151-155.
11. Chapman, L. J. & Chapman, J. P. (1967). Genesis of popular but erroneous psychodiagnostic observations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72, 193-204.
12. Chapman, L. J. & Chapman, J. P. (1969). Illusory correlation as an obstacle to the use of valid psychodiagnostic signs. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 74, 271-280.
13. Cheng, P. W. & Novick, L. R. (1990). A probabilistic contrast model of causal induction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 545-567.
14. Cheng, P. W. & Novick, L. R. (1992). Covariation in natural causal induction. Psychological Review, 99, 365-382.
15. Crocker, J. (1981). Judgment of covariation by social perceivers. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 272-292.
16. Davis, M. (1979). Effects of interstimulus interval length and variability on startle response habituation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 72, 177-192.
17. Estes, W. K. (1955). Statistical theory of distributional phenomena in learning. Psychological Review, 62, 145-154.
18. Gluck, M. A. & Bower, G. H. (1988). From conditioning to category learning: An adaptive network model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 227-247.
19. Gluck, M. A. & Bower, G. H. (1990). Component and pattern information in adaptive networks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 105-109.
20. Hastie, R. & Park, B. (1986). The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line. Psychological Review, 93, 258-268.
21. Jennings, D. L., Amabile, T. M. & Ross, L. (1982). Informal covariation assessment: Data-based versus theory-based judgments. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic & A. Tversky (Eds), Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, pp. 211-230. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. Kao, S.-F. & Wasserman, E. A. (1993). Assessment of an information integration account of contingency judgment with examination of subjective cell importance and method of information presentation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 19, 1363-1386.
23. Kelley, H. H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, vol. 15, pp. 192-238. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press.
24. Kelley, H. H. (1973). The processes of causal attribution. American Psychologist, 28, 107-128.
25. Kirk, R. E. (1968). Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
26. McClure, J. L., Jaspars, J. M. F. & Lalljee, M. (1993). Discounting attributions and multiple determinants. Journal of General Psychology, 120, 99-122.
27. Malmi, R. A. (1986). Intuitive covariation estimation. Memory and Cognition, 14, 501-508.
28. Marr, D. (1982). Vision. New York: Freeman.
29. Mazur, J. E. & Wagner, A. R. (1982). An episodic model of associative learning. In M. L. Commons, R. J. Herrnstein & A. R. Wagner (Eds), Quantitative Analyses of Behavior: Acquisition, pp. 3-40. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
30. Melz, E. R., Cheng, P. W., Holyoak, K. J. & Waldmann, M. R. (1993). Cue competition in human categorization: Contingency or the Rescorla-Wagner learning rule? Comments on Shanks (1991). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 19, 1398-1410.
31. Mercier, P. (1996). Computer simulations of the Rescorla-Wagner and the Pearce-Hall models in conditioning and contingency judgement. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 28, 55-60.
32. Mercier, P. & Baker, A. G. (1985). Latent inhibition, habituation, and sensory preconditioning: A test of priming in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 11, 485-501.
33. Pfautz, P. L. & Wagner, A. R. (1976). Transient variations in responding to Pavlovian conditioned stimuli have implications for the mechanisms of 'priming'. Animal Learning and Behavior, 4, 107-112.
34. Phillips, W. A. & Christie, D. F. M. (1977). Components of visual memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29, 117-133.
35. Posner, M. I. & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975). Facilitation and inhibition in the processing of signals. In P. M. A. Rabbitt & S. Dornic (Eds), Attention and Performance, vol. 5. New York: Academic Press.
36. Ratcliff, R. (1978). A theory of memory retrieval. Psychological Review, 85, 59-108.
37. Rescorla, R. A. (1967). Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures. Psychological Review, 74, 71-80.
38. Rescorla, R. A. (1968). Probability of shock in the presence or absence of CS in fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 66, 1-5.
39. Rescorla, R. A. & Wagner, A. R. (1972). A theory of pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Eds), Classical Conditioning II: Current Theory and Research, pp. 64-99. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
40. Schneider, W. (1989). Micro Experimental Laboratory (MEL). Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools.
41. Schustack, M. W. (1988). Thinking about causality. In R. J. Sternberg & E. E. Smith (Eds), The Psychology of Human Thought, pp. 92-115. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
42. Shaklee, H. (1983). Human covariations judgment: Accuracy and strategy. Learning and Motivation, 14, 433-448.
43. Shaklee, H. & Mims, M. (1986). Development of rule use in judgments of covariation. In H. R. Arkes & K. R. Hammond (Eds), Judgment and Decision Making: An Interdisciplinary Reader, pp. 495-606. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. Shaklee, H. & Tucker, D. (1980). A rule analysis of judgments of covariation between events. Memory and Cognition, 8, 459-467.
45. Shaklee, H. & Wasserman, E. A. (1986). Judging interevent contingencies: Being right for the wrong reasons. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 24, 91-94.
46. Shanks, D. R. (1985a). Continuous monitoring of human contingency judgment across trials. Memory and Cognition, 13, 158-167.
47. Shanks, D. R. (1985b). Forward and backward blocking in human contingency judgement. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 37B, 1-21.
48. Shanks, D. R. (1986). Selective attribution and the judgment of causality. Learning and Motivation, 17, 311-334.
49. Shanks, D. R. (1987). Acquisition functions in contingency judgment. Learning and Motivation, 18, 147-166.
50. Shanks, D. R. (1989). Selectional processes in causality judgment. Memory and Cognition, 17, 27-34.
51. Shanks, D. R. (1990). Connectionism and human learning: Critique of Gluck and Bower (1988). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119, 101-104.
52. Shanks, D. R. (1991). Categorization by a connectionist network. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 17, 433-443.
53. Shanks, D. R. (1993). Associative versus contingency accounts of category learning: Reply to Melz, Cheng, Holyoak, and Waldmann (1993). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 19, 1411-1423.
54. Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127-190.
55. Terry, W. S. & Wagner, A. R. (1975). Short-term memory for 'surprising' versus 'expected' unconditioned stimuli in Pavlovian conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 104, 122-133.
56. Trolier, T. K. & Hamilton, D. L. (1986). Variables influencing judgments of correlational relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 879-888
57. Vallée-Tourangeau, F., Baker, A. G. & Mercier, P. (1994). Discounting in causality and covariation judgments. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47B, 151-171.
58. Wagner, A. R. (1976). Priming in STM: An information processing mechanism for self-generated or retrieval-generated depression in performance. In T. J. Tighe & R. N. Leaton (Eds), Habituation: Perspectives from Child Development, Animal Behavior, and Neurophysiology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
59. Wagner, A. R. (1981). SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior. In N. E. Spear & R. R. Miller (Eds), Information Processing in Animals: Memory Mechanisms, pp. 5-47. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
60. Wagner, A. R., Rudy, J. W. & Whitlow, J. W. (1973). Rehearsal in animal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology (Monograph), 97, 407-426.
61. Wagner, A. R. & Terry, W. S. (1975). Backward conditioning to a CS following an expected vs a surprising UCS. Animal Learning and Behavior, 3, 370-374.
62. Ward, W. C. & Jenkins, H. M. (1965). The display of information and the judgement of contingency. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 19, 231-241.
63. Wasserman, E. A., Chatlosh, D. L. & Neunaber, D. J. (1983). Perception of causal relations in humans: Factors affecting judgments of response-outcome contingencies under free-operant procedures. Learning and Motivation, 14, 406-432.
64. Whitlow, J. W. J. (1975). Short-term memory in habituation and dishabituation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 104, 189-206.