Lavinia seabrooke, gender and state formation in late nineteenth-century South Australia

Women's History Review

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 7-26

  Whitehead, Kay ^a,b  

^a FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Flinders University of South Australia ^*  (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; ECONOMICS; EDUCATION; EMPLOYMENT; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; GOVERNMENT; HISTORY; LEGAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SCHOOL; SOCIAL CHANGE; TEACHING; WOMEN'S HEALTH; WOMEN'S RIGHTS;

EMPLOYMENT; GENDER IDENTITY; GOVERNMENT; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; SCHOOLS; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOUTH AUSTRALIA; TEACHING; WOMEN; WOMEN'S HEALTH; WOMEN'S RIGHTS;

EID: 1842775261     PISSN: 09612025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09612029900200197     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. See special issue of the Journal of Australian Studies, 37, 1993;
2. Carole Pateman (1988) The Sexual Contract (Cambridge: Polity Press);
3. Rosemary Pringle & Sophie Watson (1990) Fathers, brothers, mates; the fraternal state in Australia, in Sophie Watson (Ed.) Plaving the State: Australian feminist interventions, pp. 229-243 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin).
4. Suzanne Franzway, Dianne Court & R. W. Connell (1989) Staking a Claim: feminism, bureaucracy and the state (Sydney: Allen & Unwin).
5. For discussion of the femocrats see Marian Sawer (1990) Sisters in Suits: women and public policy in Australia (Sydney: Allen & Unwin).
6. Anne Showstack Sassoon (Ed.) (1987) Women and the State: the shifting boundaries of public and private, p. 22 (London: Routledge);
7. Jane Kenway (1990) Gender and Education Policy: a call for new directions, p. 19 (Geelong: Deakin University Press);
8. Carlos Alberto Torres (1996) State and education revisited: why educational researchers should think politically about education, Review of Research in Education, 21, p. 308.
9. Desley Deacon (1989) Managing Gender: the state, the new middle class and women workers, 1830-1930 (Melbourne: Oxford University Press).
10. Bruce Curtis (1988) Building the Educational State: Canada West, 1836-1871, p. 12 (London, Ontario: Althouse Press).
11. Cited in Franzway et al, Staking a Claim, p. 26.
12. For a succinct overview see Pavla Miller (1989) Historiography of compulsory schooling: what is the problem? History of Education, 18, p. 134.
13. Alison Prentice & Marjorie Theobald (1991) The historiography of women teachers: a retrospect, in Alison Prentice & Marjorie Theobald (Eds) Women Who Taught: perspectives on the history of women and teaching, pp. 3-33 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press);
14. James Albisetti (1993) The feminisation of teaching in the nineteenth century: a comparative perspective, History of Education, 22, pp. 255-260;
15. Michael Apple (1986) Teaching and 'Women's work': a comparative perspective, Teachers College Record, 86, pp. 455473;
16. Barry Bergan (1982) Only a schoolmaster: gender, class and the effort to professionalise elementary teaching in England, 1870-1910, History of Education Quarterly, 22, pp. 1-21.
17. Marjorie R. Theobald (1990) Women's teaching labour, the family and the state in nineteenth century Victoria, in Marjorie R. Theobald & R. J. W. Selleck (Eds) Family, School and State in Australian History, pp. 2544 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin);
18. Marjorie Theobald (1996) Knowing Women: origins of women 's education in nineteenth-century Australia, chs 5-6 (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press).
19. Joan Burstyn (1985) Sources of influence: women as teachers of girls, in June Purvis (Ed.) The Education of Girls and Women, pp. 72-73 (Oxford: History of Education Society).
20. Kay Whitehead (1996) Women's 'life-work': teachers in South Australia, 1836-1906, ch. 2, PhD thesis, University of Adelaide.
21. Whitehead, 'Women's "life-work"', ch. 4.
22. SA Teachers Journal, January 1924;
23. For further discussions of the implications of the male breadwinner wage form see Sonya O. Rose (1986) 'Gender at work': sex, class and industrial capitalism, History Workshop Journal, 21, pp. 113-131;
24. Pat Hudson & W. R. Lee (1990) Women's work and the family economy in historical perspective, in Pat Hudson & W. R. Lee (Eds) Women 's Work and the Family Economy in Historical Perspective, pp. 2-34 (Manchester: Manchester University Press);
25. Wally Seccombe (1986) Patriarchy stabilized: the construction of the male breadwinner wage norm in nineteenth century Britain, Social History, 11, pp. 53-76
26. For Jane's biographical details see Jill Station (Ed.) (1985) Biographical Index of South Australians 1836-1885, pp. 422, 1532 (Adelaide: South Australian Genealogy and Heraldry Society).
27. Brian Dickey (1986) Rations, Residences, Resources: a history of social welfare in South Australia since 1836, pp. 61-64 (Adelaide: Wakefield Press).
28. For Lavinia's biographical details see Station, Biographical Index, pp. 273, 807, 1457;
29. Reg Butler & Alan Phillips (Eds) (1990) Register Personal Notices, vol. 3, p. 46 (Gumeracha: Gould Books).
30. Her daughter's birth is recorded in the latter book. It is not known whether the child survived beyond her infancy; See also SAGG, January 1869, p. 62.
31. Report of the Education Board, South Australian Parliamentary Papers 1874, no. 24, p. 23 (hereafter SAPP).
32. Theda Skocpol (1992) Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: the political origins of social policy in the United States, p. 42 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
33. See also R. W. Connell (1987) Gender and Power: society, the person and sexual politics, p. 44 (Sydney: Allen & Unwin).
34. My thinking about the state has been influenced by Curtis, Building the Educational State, pp. 12-16;
35. Kathleen Weiler (1988) Women Teaching for Change: gender, class and power, pp. 13-17 (Boston: Bergin & Garvey);
36. Connell, Gender and Power, pp. 125-132;
37. Sassoon, Women and the State, pp. 109-110;
38. Deacon, Managing Gender, pp. 3, 17;
39. Miller, 'Historiography of compulsory schooling', pp. 134-136;
40. Bruce Curtis (1992) True Government by Choice Men?: inspection, education and state formation in Canada West, pp. 6-10 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
41. Weiler, Women Teaching for Change, p. 17;
42. Sandra Mlligan (1994) Women in the Teaching Profession, pp. 5-8 (Canberra: Australian Government Printing Service).
43. Alison Oram (1989) 'A master should not serve under a mistress': women and men teachers 1900-1970, in Sandra Acker (Ed.) Teachers, Gender and Careers (Lewes: Falmer Press).
44. June Purvis (1992) Using primary sources when researching women's history from a feminist perspective, Women's History Review, 1, pp. 272-306.
45. Whitehead, 'Women's "Life-Work"', pp. 144-161.
46. Alphabetical Register of Files on the Appointment of Teachers, 1876-87, GRG 18/116.
47. John A Hartley to Mrs Doudy, 9 October 1889 in Brian Condon (Ed.) (1976) The Confidential Letterbook of the Inspector-General of Schools, 1880-1914 (Adelaide: Murray Park College of Advanced Education).
48. Teachers of Public Schools, SAPP 1881, no. 90, pp. 1-10.
49. Whitehead, 'Women's "Life-Work"', pp. 153, 232-233.
50. Education Gazette, May 1895, p. 60, April 1896, p. 53;
51. Inspector-General Hartley's Report, SAPP 1880, no. 44, p. 23;
52. Inspector-General Hartley's Report, SAPP 1882, no. 44, p. 21;
53. Curtis, True Government, p. 17
54. Torres, 'State and education revisited', p. 317.
55. Education Gazette, June 1887, p. 35, June 1888, p. 46;
56. Theobald, Knowing Women, pp. 200-203;
57. Education Gazette, May 1890, p. 43;
58. Helen Jones (1985) Nothing Seemed Impossible: women's education and social change in South Australia, 1875-1915, pp. 28-34 (St Lucia; University of Queensland Press).
59. Councuil of Education Report, SAPP 1877, no. 34, p. 13;
60. See also Alison Mackinnon (1984) One Foot on the Ladder: origins and outcomes of girls' secondary schooling in South Australia (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press);
61. Evidence and Appendices relating to the Eighth Progress Report of the Public Service Commission, SAPP 1891, no. 30A, p. 153;
62. Education Gazette, June 1885, p. 22.
63. Michael Apple (1986) Teachers and Texts: a political economy of class and gender relations, p. 49 (New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul).
64. Seccombe, 'Patriarchy stabilized', p. 66;
65. see also Felicity Hunt (Ed.) (1987) Lessons for Life: the schooling of girls and women, 1850-1950, p. xxiii (Oxford: Basil Blackwell).
66. There is no record of her having taken leave for the birth of her daughter. See Station, Biographical Index, pp. 273, 807;
67. Progress Report of the Select Committee of the House of Assembly on Education 1881, SAPP 1881, no. 122, p. 142;
68. Progress Report of the Commission into the Working of the Education Acts 1882, SAPP 1882, no. 27, p. 27;
69. East Torrens Board of Advice Report, SAPP 1886, no. 44, p. 28;
70. Mackinnon, One Foot on the Ladder, p. 193.
71. Inspector-General Hartley's Report, SAPP 1979, no. 35, p. 45.
72. See Statton, Biographical Index, pp. 273, 807;
73. Inspector Stanton's Report, SAPP 1881, no. 44, p. 14.
74. Catherine was probably referring to evidence presented at the Victorian commission in March 1882. See Carole Hooper (1995) Eliza Mary Johnson, Schoolteacher - and wicked woman? in Lyn Yates (Ed.), Melbourne Studies in Education, 29, pp. 30-32;
75. For further details about Catherine Helen Spence see Jeanne F. Young (1937) Catherine Helen Spence, pp. 105, 150-151, (Melbourne: Lothian).