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Zarahn E., Aguirre G.K., D'Esposito M. Temporal isolation of the neural correlates of spatial mnemonic processing with fMRI. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 7:1999;255-268.
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Postle, B.R.1
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Rowe J.B., Passingham R.E. Working memory for location and time: activity in prefrontal area 46 relates to selection rather than to maintenance in memory. Neuroimage. 14:2001;77-86.
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Passingham RE, Rowe J: Dorsal prefrontal cortex: maintenance in memory or attentional selection? In Principles of Frontal Lobe Function. Edited by Stuss DT, Knight RT: Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002:221-232.
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Passingham, R.E.1
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Petrides M., Pandya D.N. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns. Eur J Neurosci. 11:1999;1011-1036.
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Chafee M.V., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Matching patterns of activity in primate prefrontal area 8a and parietal area 7ip neurons during a spatial working memory task. J Neurophysiol. 79:1998;2919-2940.
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Chafee, M.V.1
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Sawaguchi T., Yamane I. Properties of delay-period activity in the monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a spatial delayed matching to sample task. J Neurophysiol. 82:1999;2070-2080.
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Hoshi E., Shima K., Tanji J. Neuronal activity in the primate prefrontal cortex in the process of motor selection based on two behavioral rules. J Neurophysiol. 83:2000;2355-2373.
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Hoshi, E.1
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Prefrontal task-related activity representing visual cue location or saccade direction in spatial working memory tasks
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This single unit recording study tested an oculomotor delayed response task with manipulation of the maintained spatial information. Monkeys were required to make a saccade 90 degrees clockwise from the cue location after the delay. During the delay in the prefrontal cortex there was a transformation from a population of neurons that code stimulus information to neurons that code response information. This is further illustrated by Funahashi and Takeda [20] when they analyse the same data in terms of population vectors.
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Takeda K., Funahashi S. Prefrontal task-related activity representing visual cue location or saccade direction in spatial working memory tasks. J Neurophysiol. 87:2002;567-588 This single unit recording study tested an oculomotor delayed response task with manipulation of the maintained spatial information. Monkeys were required to make a saccade 90 degrees clockwise from the cue location after the delay. During the delay in the prefrontal cortex there was a transformation from a population of neurons that code stimulus information to neurons that code response information. This is further illustrated by Funahashi and Takeda [20] when they analyse the same data in terms of population vectors.
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J Neurophysiol
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Takeda, K.1
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Kojima S.C., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Functional analysis of spatially discriminating neurones in prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 291:1984;229-240.
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Goldman-Rakic P, Leung H-C: Functional architecture of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in monkeys and humans. In Principles of Frontal Lobe Function. Edited by Stuss DT, Knight RT: Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002:85-95.
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Maintenance of spatial information in the frontal and parietal cortex during oculomotor delayed-response tasks [abstract]
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Curtis C.E., D'Esposito M. Maintenance of spatial information in the frontal and parietal cortex during oculomotor delayed-response tasks [abstract]. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 416:2002;417.
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Curtis, C.E.1
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This is an excellent review of the various factors that influence sustained activity in prefrontal cortex. It discusses in particular the interpretation of effects of load, and selection processes.
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Curtis C.E., D'Esposito M. Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory. Trends Cogn Sci. 7:2003;415-423 This is an excellent review of the various factors that influence sustained activity in prefrontal cortex. It discusses in particular the interpretation of effects of load, and selection processes.
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Curtis, C.E.1
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18
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0037093464
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This paper shows that on a spatial working memory task it is possible to find sustained activity in prefrontal area 46 if there are many items to remember and the delay is very long (24 s). The authors take this finding as evidence for the role of area 46 in storage of spatial information.
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Leung H.C., Gore J.C., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Sustained mnemonic response in the human middle frontal gyrus during on-line storage of spatial memoranda. J Cogn Neurosci. 14:2002;659-671 This paper shows that on a spatial working memory task it is possible to find sustained activity in prefrontal area 46 if there are many items to remember and the delay is very long (24 s). The authors take this finding as evidence for the role of area 46 in storage of spatial information.
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J Cogn Neurosci
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Leung, H.C.1
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19
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0037194739
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Neural correlates of visual working memory: FMRI amplitude predicts task performance
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The authors gave difficult spatial patterns to remember, and showed that the sustained activity in prefrontal area 46 as well as parietal areas predicted performance at the response phase. Using a sophisticated analysis of logistic regression, they showed that differential delay activity occurred even for those trials in which the activity during encoding was strong, demonstrating that it was not a simple consequence of effective versus ineffective encoding.
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Pessoa L., Gutierrez E., Bandettini P., Ungerleider L. Neural correlates of visual working memory: fMRI amplitude predicts task performance. Neuron. 35:2002;975-987 The authors gave difficult spatial patterns to remember, and showed that the sustained activity in prefrontal area 46 as well as parietal areas predicted performance at the response phase. Using a sophisticated analysis of logistic regression, they showed that differential delay activity occurred even for those trials in which the activity during encoding was strong, demonstrating that it was not a simple consequence of effective versus ineffective encoding.
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Neuron
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Pessoa, L.1
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Funahashi S., Takeda K. Information processes in the primate prefrontal cortex in relation to working memory processes. Rev Neurosci. 13:2002;313-345.
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Sala J.B., Rama P., Courtney S.M. Functional topography of a distributed neural system for spatial and nonspatial information maintenance in working memory. Neuropsychologia. 41:2003;341-356.
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Jha A.P., McCarthy G. The influence of memory load upon delay-interval activity in a working-memory task: an event-related functional MRI study. J Cogn Neurosci. 12:2000;90-105.
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Druzgal T.J., D'Esposito M. Dissecting contributions of prefrontal cortex and fusiform face area to face working memory. J Cogn Neurosci. 15:2003;771-784.
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Pochon J-B., Levy R., Poline J-B., Crozier S., Lehericy S., Pillon B., Deweer B., Bihan D.L., Dubois B. The role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the preparation of forthcoming actions: an fMRI study. Cereb Cortex. 11:2001;260-266.
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Rainer G., Rao S.C., Miller E.K. Prospective coding for objects in primate prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 19:1999;5493-5505.
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D'Esposito M., Postle B.R. The dependence of span and delayed-response performance on prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychologia. 37:1999;1303-1315.
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Postle B.R., Berger J.S., D'Esposito M. Functional neuroanatomical double dissociation of mnemonic and executive control processes contributing to working memory performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96:1999;12959-12964.
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Barde L.H., Thompson-Schill S.L. Models of functional organization of the lateral prefrontal cortex in verbal working memory: evidence in favor of the process model. J Cogn Neurosci. 14:2002;1054-1063.
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Wallis J.D., Anderson K.C., Miller E.K. Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules. Nature. 411:2001;953-956.
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Wallis, J.D.1
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30
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0141453628
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From rule to response: Neuronal processes in the premotor and prefrontal cortex
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The authors compared the activity of task rule neurons in the prefrontal and premotor cortex using a match or non-matching task with abstract patterns. They found more such cells in the premotor cortex but the authors suggest that this could be because the tasks were overtrained. Interestingly, the task rule activity appeared earlier in the premotor cortex, which is thought to be downstream of the prefrontal cortex.
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Wallis J.D., Miller E.K. From rule to response: neuronal processes in the premotor and prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol. 90:2003;1790-1806 The authors compared the activity of task rule neurons in the prefrontal and premotor cortex using a match or non-matching task with abstract patterns. They found more such cells in the premotor cortex but the authors suggest that this could be because the tasks were overtrained. Interestingly, the task rule activity appeared earlier in the premotor cortex, which is thought to be downstream of the prefrontal cortex.
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J Neurophysiol
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31
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•] by identifying a distributed network supporting rule representation in humans. It showed sustained activity in the ventral prefrontal and parietal cortices that reflected maintenance of the matching or non-matching rule.
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•] by identifying a distributed network supporting rule representation in humans. It showed sustained activity in the ventral prefrontal and parietal cortices that reflected maintenance of the matching or non-matching rule.
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J Neurophysiol
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Bunge, S.A.1
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32
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Prefrontal interactions reflect future task operations
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This fMRI study used a multi-task paradigm with four types of working memory tasks. There was sustained activity in the frontal polar cortex during the period between the task instruction and the actual performance of the task. This area interacted differently with posterior regions depending on both the domain of the material (spatial or verbal) and the task operation to be performed on that material (remembering the items in a forwards or backwards order). This suggests the role of the frontal polar cortex in establishing task sets.
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Sakai K., Passingham R.E. Prefrontal interactions reflect future task operations. Nat Neurosci. 6:2003;75-81 This fMRI study used a multi-task paradigm with four types of working memory tasks. There was sustained activity in the frontal polar cortex during the period between the task instruction and the actual performance of the task. This area interacted differently with posterior regions depending on both the domain of the material (spatial or verbal) and the task operation to be performed on that material (remembering the items in a forwards or backwards order). This suggests the role of the frontal polar cortex in establishing task sets.
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Nat Neurosci
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Sakai, K.1
Passingham, R.E.2
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Watanabe M., Hikosaka K., Sakagami M., Shirakawa S-I. Coding and monitoring of motivational context in the primate prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 22:2002;2391-2400.
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Watanabe, M.1
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Schultz W., Tremblay L., Hollerman J.R. Reward processing in primate orbitofrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Cereb Cortex. 10:2000;272-283.
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35
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0036089913
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Influence of reward expectation on visuospatial processing in macaque lateral prefrontal cortex
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On the basis of single unit data, the authors proposed dual mechanisms by which the lateral prefrontal cortex exerts an influence on the basis of predicted reward outcomes, improvement of memory-guided saccades when reward is expected and suppression of inappropriate behavior when reward is not expected.
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Kobayashi S., Lauwereyns J., Koizumi M., Sakagami M., Hikosaka O. Influence of reward expectation on visuospatial processing in macaque lateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol. 87:2002;1488-1498 On the basis of single unit data, the authors proposed dual mechanisms by which the lateral prefrontal cortex exerts an influence on the basis of predicted reward outcomes, improvement of memory-guided saccades when reward is expected and suppression of inappropriate behavior when reward is not expected.
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J Neurophysiol
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Kobayashi, S.1
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Leon M.I., Shadlen M.N. Effect of expected reward magnitude on the response of neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the macaque. Neuron. 24:1999;415-425.
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Leon, M.I.1
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O'Doherty J., Critchley H., Deichmann R., Dolan R.J. Dissociating valence of outcome from behavioral control in human orbital and ventral prefrontal cortices. J Neurosci. 23:2003;7931-7939.
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The neural system that bridges reward and cognition in humans: An fMRI study
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Pochon J-B., Levy R., Fossati P., Lehericy S., Poline J-B., Pillon B., Le Bihan D., Dubois B. The neural system that bridges reward and cognition in humans: an fMRI study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 16:2002;5669-5674.
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Pochon, J.-B.1
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40
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Instructed delay activity in the human prefrontal cortex is modulated by monetary reward expectation
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In this fMRI study the authors demonstrated that in the frontal polar cortex there is an interaction between the preparatory activity and the expected outcome.
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Ramnani N., Miall R.C. Instructed delay activity in the human prefrontal cortex is modulated by monetary reward expectation. Cereb Cortex. 13:2003;318-327 In this fMRI study the authors demonstrated that in the frontal polar cortex there is an interaction between the preparatory activity and the expected outcome.
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41
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Active maintenance in prefrontal area 46 creates distractor-resistant memory
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In this fMRI study the subjects remembered spatial sequences, but were given a spatial distractor task before being tested for memory of the original sequence. The degree of delay-related activity in area 46, but not frontal area 8 or parietal cortex, predicted the accuracy of later tests. When the activity in area 46 was high, there was a closer correlation of activity in frontal area 8 and parietal cortex. The data suggest a higher-order interaction between prefrontal and posterior association areas that transforms the memory into a robust, distractor-resistant form.
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Sakai K., Rowe J.B., Passingham R.E. Active maintenance in prefrontal area 46 creates distractor-resistant memory. Nat Neurosci. 5:2002;479-484 In this fMRI study the subjects remembered spatial sequences, but were given a spatial distractor task before being tested for memory of the original sequence. The degree of delay-related activity in area 46, but not frontal area 8 or parietal cortex, predicted the accuracy of later tests. When the activity in area 46 was high, there was a closer correlation of activity in frontal area 8 and parietal cortex. The data suggest a higher-order interaction between prefrontal and posterior association areas that transforms the memory into a robust, distractor-resistant form.
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Nat Neurosci
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Sakai, K.1
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Chafee M.V., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Inactivation of parietal and prefrontal cortex reveals interdependence of neural activity during memory-guided saccades. J Neurophysiol. 83:2000;1550-1566.
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Bor D., Duncan J., Owen A.M. The role of spatial configuration in tests of working memory explored with functional neuroimaging. Scand J Psychol. 42:2001;217-224.
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44
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This fMRI study shows that there is more activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex when subjects encode spatial sequence by reorganising or chunking them than when they do not. This strategy made the task easier for the subjects, and this argues against the possibility that the activity in the prefrontal cortex simply reflects task difficulty.
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Bor D., Duncan J., Wiseman R.J., Owen A.M. Encoding strategies dissociate prefrontal activity from working memory demand. Neuron. 37:2003;361-367 This fMRI study shows that there is more activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex when subjects encode spatial sequence by reorganising or chunking them than when they do not. This strategy made the task easier for the subjects, and this argues against the possibility that the activity in the prefrontal cortex simply reflects task difficulty.
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Neuron
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