The precautionary principle, epidemiology and the ethics of delay

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 9-16

  Richter, Elihu D ^a   Laster, Richard ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Delay; Epidemiology; Ethics; Precautionary Principle

Indexed keywords

CONFERENCE PAPER; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ETHICS; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; MODEL; RISK ASSESSMENT; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; STRESS;

EID: 1842734346     PISSN: 12321087     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (41)

1. Soskolne C. In: Weed DL, editor. Ethics and Chemoprevention Research. Semin Oncol 1983; X: 355-9.
2. Richter ED, Barach P, Berman T, Ben-David G, Weinberger Z. Extending the boundaries of the Declaration of Helsinki: a case study of an unethical experiment in a non-medical setting. J Med Ethics 2001; 27(3): 126-9.
3. Talmud. Brooklyn, New York: Soncino Press.
4. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. Goetz PW, editor. Christianity. Chicago; 1991.
5. Gauthier D. Morals by Agreement. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; 1986.
6. Lessnoff M. Social Contract. Hampshire, UK: Macmillan; 1986.
7. Goldberg E: Knesset hearings on State Controller Committee's report on exposures to non-ionizing radiation. Knesset Committee on Governmental Operations, Government of Israel [in Hebrew] [cited: Nov. 2001]. Available from: http://www.Knesset.gov.il.
8. Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc Royal Soc Med 1965; 58: 295-300.
9. Kriebel D, Tickner J, Epstein P, Lemons J, Levins R, Loechler E, et al. The precautionary principle in environmental science. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109(9): 871-6.
10. European Commission. Communication from the Commission on the Precautionary Principle. Brussels: COM; 2000. p. 1.
11. Sanderson H. International summit on science and the precautionary principle. Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, University of Massachusetts, Lowell. September 20-22, 2001. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2002; 9(2): 155-6.
12. Raffensperger C, Schettler T, Myers N. Precaution: belief, regulatory system, and overarching principle. Int J Occup Environ Health 2000; 6(4): 266-9.
13. World Health Organisation Available from: http://www.who.dk/ eprise/main/who/progs/ehi/indicators/20020320_1
14. Richter ED, Peretz T. Ethical issues in molecular epidemiology. In: Jedrychowski W, Perera F, Maugeri U, editors. Molecular Epidemiology in Preventive Medicine. 2003, p. 381-96.
15. Paneth N. Supercourse on Epidemiology, Introduction [cited]. Available from: http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec8011/001.htm
16. Richter ED, Berman T. Genocide, ecocide, public health and ecology: commentary on workshop on global ecological integrity and human health at the World Health Organization, European Centre for Environment and Health, Rome Division, December 3-4, 1998. In: Jedrychowski W, Vena J, Maugeri U, editors. Proceedings of the Conference on Challenges to Epidemiology in Changing Europe: 1999 Jul 2-3, Krakow, Poland. p. 213-9.
17. European Environment Agency. Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896-2000. Report no. 22. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency; 2001.
18. Richter ED, Yaffe Y, Gruener N. Blood and air lead levels in a battery factory. Environ Res 1979; 20(2): 87-98.
19. Richter ED. "Acceptable" levels of lead exposures in Israel: Do they lower childhood IQ and damage workers' health? [Editorial]. Isr J Med Sci 1992; 28: 81-4.
20. Tulchinsky TH, Ginsberg GH, Iscovich J, Shihab S, Fischbein A, Richter ED. Cancer in ex-asbestos cement workers in Israel. Am J Ind Med 1999; 35(1): 1-8.
21. Richter ED, Gordon M, Westin JB. Cancer clusters in university laboratory workers and students: zebras or horses with stripes? A case study in epidemiologic delay. Epidemiology 1996; 7(4), Suppl S 41.
22. Richter ED, Ben-Michael D, Berman T, Berman T, Levy O, Westin JB, et al. Cancer risks in naval divers with multiple exposures to carcinogens. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111(4): 609-17.
23. Richter ED, Barach P, Ben-Michael E, et al. Raised speed limits, speed spillover, case fatality and road deaths in Israel: a five-year follow-up. Am J Publ Health 2003, in press.
24. Westin J, Bitchachi E, Richter ED. Classroom chalk: a possible new source of exposure to crystalline silica [Abstract]. Second International Conference on Silica, Oct 2002, Italy.
25. Richter ED, Berman T. Speed, air pollution and health [Editorial]. Arch Environ Health 2001; 56(4): 296-9.
26. Richter ED, Soskolne C, LaDou J, et al. Whistleblowers in environmental science, prevention of suppression bias and the need for a code of protection. Proc. Conference of Office of Research Integrity, March 2002.
27. The International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ISEE) Research Suppression and Research. Avavilable from: http://www.iseepi.org/index1.htm Repression.
28. Richter ED, Chuwers P, Levy Y, et al. Health effects from exposure to organophosphate pesticides in worker and non-worker groups in Israel. Isr J Med Sci 1992; 28: 584-97.
29. Hayes HM, Tarone RE, Cantor KP. On the association between canine malignant lymphoma and opportunity for exposure to 2,4-di-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. Environ Res 1995; 70(2): 119-25.
30. Burchard JF, Nguyen DH, Richard L, Block E. Biological effects of electric and magnetic fields on productivity of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1996; 79: 1549-54.
31. Richter ED, Barach P. Occupation and environment in internal medicine: sentinel events and trigger questions. Mt Sinai J Med 1995; 62(5): 390-400.
32. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Brain cancer with induction periods <10 y in military workers exposed to radar. Arch Env Health 2002; 57(4): 270-72.
33. Hocking B, Gordon I, Hatfield GE. Childhood leukaemia and TV towers revisited. Aust N Z J Public Health 1999; 23(1): 104-5.
34. Begg CB. The search for cancer risk factors: when can we stop looking? Am J Public Health 2001; 91(3): 360-4.
35. Richter ED, Barach P, Ben-Michael E, Berman T. Death and injury from motor vehicle crashes: a public health failure, not an achievement. Injury Prevention 2001; 7(3): 176-8.
36. Schwartz S. The fallacy of the ecological fallacy: the potential misuse of a concept and the consequences. Am J Public Health 1994; 5: 819-24.
37. Terris M. The Society for Epidemiologic Research and the future of epidemiology. J Public Health Policy 1993; 14(2): 137-48.
38. Goldstein B. The precautionary principle also applies to public health actions. Am J Public Health 2001; 91(9): 1358-61.
39. Rose G. Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981; 282(6279): 1847-51.
40. Richter ED, Gasteyer S, El Haj S, Jaqhabir M, Safi J. Agricultural sustainability, pesticide exposures, and health risks: Israel, the Palestinian National Authority and Jordan. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997; 837: 269-91.
41. Soskolne CL. Ethical decision-making in epidemiology: the case study approach. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44 Suppl 1: 1255-305.