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Goodale MA, Milner AD: Sight Unseen: An Exploration of Conscious and Unconscious Vision. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004. This is an update of the earlier book 'The Visual Brain in Action' by the same authors [2]. The new book, which is written to be accessible for students and popular science readers, reviews many of the neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological studies over the past decade that have addressed the dissociation between vision-for-perception and vision-for-action.
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The authors studied the visual abilities of a 30-year old man with visual agnosia arising from extensive bilateral damage to ventral occipito-temporal cortex, and unilateral damage to right parietal cortex due to childhood meningoencephalitis (age 3). Residual perceptual abilities are consistent with a visual system primarily driven by magnocellular inputs to the dorsal stream (e.g. largely preserved motion and space perception, intact visuomotor abilities; severe deficits in form, colour and texture perception). This pattern of behavioural and neurological findings mirrors fairly accurately that seen in DF, the woman with visual form agnosia, whose case was seminal in the original formulation of the perception-action hypothesis.
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Le S., Cardebat D., Boulanouar K., Henaff M.A., Michel F., Milner D., Dijkerman C., Puel M., Demonet J.F. Seeing, since childhood, without ventral stream: a behavioural study. Brain. 125:2002;58-74 The authors studied the visual abilities of a 30-year old man with visual agnosia arising from extensive bilateral damage to ventral occipito-temporal cortex, and unilateral damage to right parietal cortex due to childhood meningoencephalitis (age 3). Residual perceptual abilities are consistent with a visual system primarily driven by magnocellular inputs to the dorsal stream (e.g. largely preserved motion and space perception, intact visuomotor abilities; severe deficits in form, colour and texture perception). This pattern of behavioural and neurological findings mirrors fairly accurately that seen in DF, the woman with visual form agnosia, whose case was seminal in the original formulation of the perception-action hypothesis.
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This represents the first functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigation of the neural substrates underlying the behavioural deficits observed in DF, the visual-form agnosia patient whose case was seminal in the original development of the action-perception hypothesis. Structural MRI revealed loss of neural tissue at the occipito-temporal junction (area LO). FMRI indicated greatly reduced functional activity in ventral stream regions normally activated during viewing of line drawings, consistent with DF's inability to recognize these drawings. Similar to healthy controls, normal activity was observed in the AIP region during visually guided grasping, consistent with DF's ability to direct accurate grasps at visual objects.
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James T.W., Culham J., Humphrey G.K., Milner A.D., Goodale M.A. Ventral occipital lesions impair object recognition but not object-directed grasping: an fMRI study. Brain. 126:2003;2463-2475 This represents the first functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigation of the neural substrates underlying the behavioural deficits observed in DF, the visual-form agnosia patient whose case was seminal in the original development of the action-perception hypothesis. Structural MRI revealed loss of neural tissue at the occipito-temporal junction (area LO). FMRI indicated greatly reduced functional activity in ventral stream regions normally activated during viewing of line drawings, consistent with DF's inability to recognize these drawings. Similar to healthy controls, normal activity was observed in the AIP region during visually guided grasping, consistent with DF's ability to direct accurate grasps at visual objects.
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Hasson U., Harel M., Levy I., Malach R. Large-scale mirror-symmetry organization of human occipito-temporal object areas. Neuron. 37:2003;1027-1041 Using fMRI, the authors explored the functional topography of ventral stream areas. Two face-related regions, three object-related regions, and two building-related regions were identified. Moreover, the different categorical object-sensitive areas appeared to show large-scale dorso-ventral mirror symmetry within a unified eccentricity map. The authors propose that higher-order object areas could have evolved through specialisation of a single 'proto-representation'.
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The authors provide an exceptionally clear exposition of how the posterior parietal cortex might transform sensory information into the appropriate coordinates for different kinds of motor acts. They argue convincingly for a common eye-centred reference frame that is modulated by eye-, head-, body- or limb-position signals. Such a reference frame would facilitate communication between different areas that are involved in coordinating the movements of different effectors and might also permit sensory targets in different modalities to share the same spatial coordinates.
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Cohen Y.E., Andersen R.A. A common reference frame for movement plans in the posterior parietal cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci. 3:2002;553-562 The authors provide an exceptionally clear exposition of how the posterior parietal cortex might transform sensory information into the appropriate coordinates for different kinds of motor acts. They argue convincingly for a common eye-centred reference frame that is modulated by eye-, head-, body- or limb-position signals. Such a reference frame would facilitate communication between different areas that are involved in coordinating the movements of different effectors and might also permit sensory targets in different modalities to share the same spatial coordinates.
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These investigators studied the effect of visual object orientation on functional activation in object-sensitive areas in the human ventral and dorsal streams using fMRI. They found evidence that a small area in LOC (ventral stream) showed similar activation for the same object presented in different orientations, whereas activity in dorsal regions (caudal intraparietal sulcus [cIPS]) was affected by the orientation of the object. These findings fit with the view that similar visual information is processed in different ways in the dorsal and ventral streams, consistent with a visuomotor role for the dorsal stream (i.e. actions must be sensitive to object orientation) and an identification role for the ventral stream (i.e. object identification must be able to proceed independently of object orientation).
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This study showed that when individuals made a perceptual judgement about the width of a small rectangular block, they could not avoid processing the length of the block as well. Nevertheless, when they picked up the block across its width, their grasping movements were unaffected by the length of the block. This striking dissociation makes it clear that the holistic processing that is characteristic of visual perception does not intrude into the control of visually guided actions, which treats the dimensions of an object in a completely analytical manner.
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Ganel T., Goodale M.A. Visual control of action but not perception requires analytical processing of object shape. Nature. 426:2003;664-667 This study showed that when individuals made a perceptual judgement about the width of a small rectangular block, they could not avoid processing the length of the block as well. Nevertheless, when they picked up the block across its width, their grasping movements were unaffected by the length of the block. This striking dissociation makes it clear that the holistic processing that is characteristic of visual perception does not intrude into the control of visually guided actions, which treats the dimensions of an object in a completely analytical manner.
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The authors provide a useful review of the problems the brain faces in planning a target-directed movement. How are internal representations of target position updated across eye movements, for example? A 'conversion-on-demand' model is proposed in which it is suggested that only those representations selected for action are put through the complex visuomotor transformations required for target-directed actions - and these conversions occur only at the moment action is required.
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