Tectonic evolution of the Gediz Graben: Field evidence for an episodic, two-stage extension in western Turkey

Geological Magazine

Volumn 141, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 63-79

  Bozkurt, Erdin ^a   Sözbilir, Hasan ^b  

^a MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^b DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Continental extension; Detachment faults; Exhumation; Gediz Graben; Menderes Massif; Normal faulting; Western Turkey

Indexed keywords

SEDIMENTS;

CONTINENTAL EXTENSION; DETACHMENT FAULT; EXHUMATION; GEDIZ GRABEN; MENDERES MASSIF; NORMAL FAULTING; WESTERN TURKEY;

FAULT SLIPS;

EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; FAULTING; GRABEN; HORST; PLIOCENE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION;

EURASIA; MENDERES MASSIF; TURKEY;

EID: 1842682443     PISSN: 00167568     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0016756803008379     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. ALTUNEL, E., STEWART, I. S., PICCARDI L. & BARKA, A. A. 2003. Earthquake faulting at ancient Cnidus, SW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 12, 137-52.
2. ARMIJO, R., MEYER, B., HUBERT, A. & BARKA, A. A. 1999. Westward propagation of the North Anatolian fault into the northern Aegean: timing and kinematics. Geology 27, 267-70.
3. ANGELIER, J. 1984. Tectonic analysis of fault slip data sets. Journal of Geophysical Research 80, 5835-48.
4. ANGELIER, J. 1991. Inversion of field data in fault tectonics to obtain regional stress. III: A new rapid direct inversion method by analytical means. Geophysical Journal International 103, 363-76.
5. ARPAT, E. & BINGÖL, E. 1969. The rift system of western Turkey: thoughts on its developments. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA) Bulletin 73, 1-9.
6. AVIGAD, D., GARFUNKEL, Z., JOLIVET, L. & AZAŇÒN, J. M. 1997. Back arc extension and denudation of Mediterranean eclogites. Tectonics 16, 924-41.
7. BARKA, A. A. & KADINSKY-CADE, K. 1988. Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity. Tectonics 7, 663-84.
8. BOZKURT, E. 2000. Timing of Extension on the Büyük Menderes Graben, western Turkey and its tectonic implications. In: Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J. A. & Piper, J. D. A. (eds), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173, 385-403.
9. BOZKURT, E. 2001a. Neotectonics of Turkey - a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta 14, 3-30.
10. BOZKURT, E. 2001b, Late Alpine evolution of the central Menderes Massif, western Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 728-44.
11. BOZKURT, E. 2002. Discussion on the extensional folding in the Alaşehir (Gediz) Graben, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 159, 105-09.
12. BOZKURT, E. 2003. Origin of NE-trending basins in western Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 16, 61-81.
13. BOZKURT, E. & OBERHÄNSLI, R. 2001a. Menderes Massif (Western Turkey): structural, metamorphic and magmatic evolution - a synthesis. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 679-708.
14. BOZKURT, E. & OBERHÄNSLI, R. (eds) 2001b. Menderes Massif (western Turkey): Structural, Metamorphic and Magmatic Evolution. International Journal of Earth Sciences Special Issue 89, 679-882.
15. BOZKURT, E. & PARK, R. G. 1994. Southern Menderes Massif: an incipient metamorphic core complex in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Geological Society, London 151, 213-16.
16. BOZKURT, E. & PARK, R. G. 1997a. Evolution of a mid-Tertiary extensional shear zone in the southern Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Societe Geologique de France Bulletin 168, 3-14.
17. BOZKURT, E. & PARK, R. G. 1997b. Microstructures of deformed grains in the augen gneisses of Southern Menderes Massif and their tectonic significance. Geologische Rundschau 86, 103-19.
18. BOZKURT, E. & SATIR, M. 2000. New Rb-Sr geochronology from the southern Menderes Massif (southwestern Turkey) and its tectonic significance. Geological Journal 35, 285-96.
19. BUCK, W. R. 1988. Flexural rotation of normal faults. Tectonics 7, 959-73.
20. BUCK, W. R. 1991. Modes of continental lithospheric extension. Journal of Geophysical Research 96, 20161-178.
21. CAREY, E. 1979. Recherche des directions principales de contraintes associées au jeu d'une population de failles. Revue des Geologie Dynamique Géographique et Physique 21, 57-66.
22. CAREY, E. & BRUNIER, B. 1974. Analyse théorique et numérique d'une modéle mécanique élémentaire appliqué a l'etude d'une population des failles. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, Serie D 279, 891-94.
23. CHIAN, M., SARAÇ, G. & GÖKÇE, O. 2003. Insights into biaxial extensional tectonics: an example from the Sandikli Graben, west Anatolia Turkey. Geological Journal 38, 47-66.
24. COHEN, H. A., DART, C. J., AKYÜZ, H. S. & BARKA, A. A. 1995. Syn-rift sedimentation and structural development of Gediz and Büyük Menderes graben, western Turkey. Journal of Geological Society. London 152, 629-38.
25. DART, C. J., COHEN, H. A., AKYÜZ, S. H. & BARKA, A. A. 1995. Basinward migration of rift-border faults: implications for facies distributions and preservation potential. Geology 23, 69-72.
26. DEWEY, J. F. 1988. Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics 7, 1123-39.
27. DEWEY, J. F. & ŞENGÖR, A. M. C. 1979. Aegean and surrounding regions: complex multiple and continuum tectonics in a convergent zone. Geological Society of America Bulletin 90, 84-92.
28. EDIGER, V., BATI, Z. & YAZMAN, M. 1996. Palynology of possible hydrocarbon source rocks of the Alaşehir-Turgutlu area in the Gediz graben (western Anatolia). Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 8, 94-112.
29. EMRE, T. 1996. Geology and tectonics of Gediz graben. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 5, 171-85 [in Turkish with English abstract].
30. EMRE, T. & SÖZBILIR, H. 1995. Field evidence for metamorphic core complex, detachment faulting and accommodation faults in the Gediz and Büyük Menderes grabens, western Anatolia. In: PIŞKlN, Ö., ERGÜN, M., SAVAŞÇIN, M. Y. & TARCAN, G. (eds), International Earth Sciences Colloquium on Aegean Regions (IESCA) Proceedings 1, 73-93.
31. ENGLAND, P. 2003. The alignment of Earthquake T-axes with the principal axes of geodetic strain in the Aegean region. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 12, 47-54.
32. EYIDOǦAN, H. & JACKSON, J. A. 1985. A seismological study of normal faulting in the Demirci, Alaşchir and Gediz earthquake of 1969-1970 in western Turkey: implications for the nature and geometry of deformation in the continental crust. Geophysical Journal of Royal Astronomical Society 81, 569-607.
33. GAUTIER, P., BRUN, J.-P., MORICEAU, R., SOKOUTIS, D., MARTINOD, J. & JOLIVET, L. 1999. Timing, kinematics and cause of Aegean extension: a scenario based on a comparison with simple analogue experiments. Tectonophysics 315, 31-72.
34. GENÇ, S. C., ALTUNKAYNAK, Ş., KARACIK, Z. YAZMAN, M. & YILMAZ, Y. 2001. The Çubukdaģ graben, south of Izmir: its tectonic significance in the Neogene geological evolution of the western Anatolia. Geodinamica Acta 14, 45-56.
35. GESSNER, K., PIAZOLO, S., GÜNGÖR, T., RING, U., KRÖNER, A. & PASSCHIER, C. W. 2001a. Tectonic significance of deformation patterns in granitoid rocks of the Menderes nappes, Anatolide belt, southwest Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 766-80.
36. GESSNER, K., RING, U., CHRISTOPHER, J., HETZEL, R., PASSCHIER, C. W. & GÜNGÖR, T. 2001b. An active bivergent rolling-hinge detachment system: central Menderes metamorphic core complex in western Turkey. Geology 29, 611-14.
37. GÖKTEN, E., HAVZAǦLU, Ş. & ŞAN, Ö. 2001. Tertiary evolution of the central Menderes Massif based on structural investigations of metamorphics and sedimentary cover rocks between Salihli and Kiraz (western Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 745-56.
38. GÖRÜR, N., ŞENGÖR, A. M. C., SAKINÇ, M., TÜYSÜZ, O., AKKÖK, R., YIǦTBAŞ, E., OKTAY, F. Y., BARKA, A. A., SARICA, N., ECEVITOĢLU, B., DEMIRBAǦ, E., ERSOY, Ş., ALGAN, O., GÜNEYSU, C. & AKYOL, A. 1995. Rift formation in the Gökova region, southwest Anatolia: implications for the opening of the Aegean Sea. Geological Magazine 132, 637-50.
39. GÜRER, A., PINÇE, A., GÜRER, Ö. F. & ILKISIK, O. M. 2002. Resistivity distribution in the Gediz Graben and its implications for crustal structure. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 11, 15-26.
40. GÜRER, Ö. F. & YILMAZ, Y. 2002. Geology of the Ören and surrounding regions, SW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 11, 2-18.
41. GÜRER, F. Ö., BOZCU, M., YILMAZ, K. & YILMAZ, Y. 2001. Neogene basin development around Söke-Kuşadasi (western Anatolia) and its bearing on tectonic development of the Aegean region. Geodinamica Acta 14, 57-70.
42. HETZEL, R., PASSCHIER, C. W., RING, U. & DORA, O. Ö. 1995a. Bivergent extension in orogenic belts: The Menderes Massif (southwestern Turkey). Geology 23, 455-58.
43. HETZEL, R. & REISCHMANN, T. 1996. Intrusion age of Pan-African augen gneisses in the southern Menderes Massif and the age of cooling after Alpine ductile extensional deformation. Geological Magazine 133, 565-72.
44. HETZEL, R., RING, U., AKAL, C. & TROESCH, M. 1995b. Miocene NNE-directed extensional unroofing in the Menderes Massif, southwestern Turkey. Journal of Geological Society, London 152, 639-54.
45. HETZEL, R., ROMER, R. L., CANDAN, O. & PASSCHIER, C. W. 1998. Geology of the Bozdaǧ area, central Menderes Massif, SW Turkey: Pan-African basement and Alpine deformation. Geologische Rundschau 87, 394-406.
46. IŞIK, V. & TEKELI, O. 2001. Late orogenic crustal extension in the northern Menderes Massif (western Turkey): evidence for metamorphic core complex formation. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 757-65.
47. JACKSON, J. & MCKENZIE, D. 1988. The relationship between plate motions and seismic moment tensors and rates of active deformation in the Mediterranean and Middle East. Geophysical Journal 93, 45-73.
48. JOLIVET, L., FACCENNA, C., GOFFÉ, B., MATTEL, M., ROSSETTI, F., BRUNET, C., STORTI, F., FUNICIELLO, R., CADET, J.-P. D'AGOSTINO, N. & PARKA, T. 1998. Midcrustal shear zones in postorogenic extension: example from the northern Tyrrhenian Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 12123-60.
49. KAHLE, H. G., COCARD, M., PETER, Y., GEIGER, A., REILINGER, R., BARKA, A. & VEIS, G. 2000. GPS-derived strain rate field within the boundary zones of the Eurasian, African, and Arabian Plates. Journal of Geophysical Research 105, 23353-70.
50. KISSEL, C. & LAJ, C. 1988. Tertiary geodynamical evolution of the Aegean arc: a paleomagnetic reconstruction. Tectonophysics 146, 183-201.
51. KOÇYIĢIT, A. & ÖZACAR, A. 2003. Extensional neotectonic regime through the NE edge of the Outer Isparta Angle, SW Turkey: new evidence field and seismic data. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 12, 67-90.
52. KOÇYIĢIT, A., YUSUFOĢLU, H. & BOZKURT, E. 1999a. Evidence from the Gediz Graben for episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 605-16.
53. KOÇYIĢIT, A., YUSUFOĢLU, H. & BOZKURT, E. 1999b. Reply to 'Discussion on evidence from the Gediz Graben for episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey'. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 1240-42.
54. KOYI, H. A. & SKELTON, A. 2001. Centrifuge modelling of the evolution of low-angle detachment faults from high-angle normal faults. Journal of Structural Geology 23, 1179-85.
55. LE PICHON, X. & ANGELIER, J. 1979. The Aegean arc and trench system: a key to the neotectonic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean area. Tectonophysics 60, 1-42.
56. LE PICHON, X. & ANGELIER, J. 1981. The Aegean Sea. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society, London Seri A 300, 357-72.
57. LE PICHON, X., CHAMOT-ROOKE, C., LALLEMANT, S., NOOMEN, R. & VEIS, G. 1995. Geodetic determination of the kinematics of Central Greece with respect to Europe: implications for Eastern Mediterranean tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 12675-90.
58. LENK, O., TÜRKEZER, A., ERGINTAV, S., KURT, A. I. & BELGEN, A. 2003. Monitoring the kinematics of Anatolia using permenant GPS network stations. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 12, 55-66.
59. LIPS, A. L. W., CASSARD, D., SÖZBILIR, H. & YILMAZ, H. 2001. Multistage exhumation of the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia (Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 781-92.
60. LISLE, R. J. 1987. Principle stress orienations from faults: an adiotional constraints. Annales Tectonica 1, 155-58.
61. MCCLUSKY, S., BALASSANIAN, S., BARKA, A. A., DEMIR, C., ERGINTAV, S., GEORGIEV, I., GÜRKAN, O., HAMBURGER, M., HURST, K., KAHLE, H. G., KASTENS, K., KEKELIDZE, G., KING, R., KOTZEV, V., LENK, O., MAHMOUD, S., MISHIN, A., NADARIYA, M., OUZOUNIS, A., PARADISSIS, D., PETER, Y., PRILEPIN, M., REILINGER, R. E., SANLI, I., SEEGER, H., TEALEB, A., TOKSÖZ, M. N. & VEIS, G. 2000. Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus. Journal of Geophysical Research 105, 5695-720.
62. MCKENZIE, D. P. 1978a. Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 40, 25-32.
63. MCKENZIE, D. P. 1978b. Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan belt: the Aegean Sea and surrounding regions. Geophysical Journal of Royal Astronomical Society 55, 217-54.
64. MEANS, W. D. 1987. A newly recognized type of slickenside striation. Journal of Structural Geology 9, 585-90.
65. MEULENKAMP, J. E., VAN DER ZWAAN, G. J. & VAN WAMEL, W. A. 1994. On Late Miocene to recent vertical motions in the Cretan segment of the Hellenic arc. Tectonophysics 234, 53-72.
66. MEULENKAMP, J. E., WORTEL, W. J. R., VAN WAMEL, W. A., SPAKMAN, W. & HOOGERDUYN STRATING, E. 1988. On the Hellenic subduction zone and geodynamic evolution of Crete in the late Middle Miocene. Tectonophysics 146, 203-15.
67. OKAY, A. I. & SATIR, M. 2000. Coeval plutonism and metamorphism in a latest Oligocene metamorphic core complex in northwest Turkey. Geological Magazine 137, 495-516.
68. ÖZER, S. & SÖZBILIR, H. 2003. Presence and tectonic significance of Cretaceous rudist species in the so-called Permo-Carboniferous Göktepe Formation, central Menderes Massif, western Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 92, 397-404.
69. PATON, S. 1992. Active normal faulting, drainage patterns and sedimentation in southwestern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society. London 149, 1031-44.
70. PEACOCK, D. C. P., KNIPE, R. J. & SANDERSON, D. J. 2000. Glossary of normal faults. Journal of Structural Geology 22, 291-305.
71. POLLARD, D. D., SALTZER, S. D. & RUBIN, A. M. 1993. Stress inversion methods: are they based on faulty assumptions? Journal of Structural Geology 15, 145-54.
72. PURVIS, M. & ROBERTSON, A. H. F. 1997. Multistage rifting in rapidly extending continental crust (west Turkey). Terra Abstracts 9, 398.
73. REILINGER, R. E., MCCLUSKY, S. C., ORAL, M. B., KING, W. & TOKSÖZ, M. N. 1997. Global Positioning System measurements of present-day crustal movements in the Arabian-Africa-Eurasia plate collision zone. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 9983-99.
74. SARICA, N. 2000. The Plio-Pleistocene age of Büyük Menderes and Gediz grabens and their tectonic significance on N-S extensional tectonics in west Anatolia: Mammalian evidence from the continental deposits. Geological Journal 35, 1-24.
75. ŞENGÖR, A. M. C. 1979. The North Anatolian Transform Fault: its age, offset and tectonic significance. Journal of the Geological Society, London 136, 269-82.
76. ŞENGÖR, A. M. C. 1982. Ege'nin neotektonik evrimini yönetcn etkenler. In: Erol, O. & Oygür, V. (eds), Batt Anadolu'nun Genç Tektoniǧi ve Volkanizmasi Paneli. Congress of the Geological Society of Turkey-1982, 59-72.
77. ŞENGÖR, A. M. C. 1987. Cross-faults and differential stretching of hanging walls in regions of low-angle normal faulting: examples from western Turkey. In: Coward, M. P., DEWEY, J. F. & Hancock, P. L. (eds), Continental Extensional Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 28, 575-89.
78. ŞENGÖR, A. M. C., GÖRÖR, N. & ŞAROǦLU, F. 1985. Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study In: Biddle, K. & Christie-Blick, N. (eds), Strike-Slip Deformation, Basin Formation and Sedimentation. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publications 37, 227-64.
79. SEYITOǦLU, G., ÇEMEN, I. & TEKELI, O. 2000. Extensional folding in the Alaşehir (Gediz graben, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society. London 157, 1097-1100.
80. SEYITOǦLU, G. & SCOTT, B. 1992. The age of the Büyük Menderes Graben (west Turkey) and its tectonic implications. Geological Magazine 129, 239-42.
81. SEYITOǦLU, G. & SCOTT, B. 1996. The age of the Alaşehir graben (west Turkey) ad its tectonic implications. Geological Journal 31, 1-11.
82. SEYITOǦLU, G., SCOTT, B. C. & RUNDLE C. C. 1992. Timing of Cenozoic extensional tectonics in west Turkey. Journal of Geological Society, London 149, 533-38.
83. SEYITOǦLU, G., TEKELI, O., ÇEMEN, I., ŞEN, S. & IŞIK, V. 2002. The role of the flexural rotation/rolling hinge model in the tectonic evolution of the Alaşchir graben, western Turkey. Geological Magazine 139, 15-26.
84. SÖZBILIR, H. 2001. Geometry of macroscopic structures with their relations to the extensional tectonics: field evidence from the Gediz detachment, western Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 10, 51-67.
85. SÖZBILIR, H. 2002. Geometry and origin of folding in the Neogene sediments of the Gediz graben, western Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 15, 277-88.
86. SÖZBILIR, H. & EMRE, T. 1996. Supradetachment basin and rift basin developed during the neotectonic evolution of the Menderes Massif. Abstracts, 49th Geological Congress of Turkey, pp. 30-1.
87. STRAUB, C. S., KAHLE, H.-G. & SCHINDLER, C. 1997. GPS and geological estimates of the tectonic activity in the Marmara Sea region, NW Anatolia. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 27587-601.
88. THOMSON, S. N., STÖCKHERT, B. & BRIX, M. R. 1998. Thermochronology of the high-pressure metamorphic rocks of Crete, Greece: implications for the speed of tectonic processes. Geology 26, 259-62.
89. TWISS, R. J. & UNRUH, J. R. 1998. Analysis of fault slip inversion: do they constrain stress or strain rate? Journal of Geophysical Research 103(B6), 12205-22.
90. VERGE, N. J. 1995. Oligo-Miocene extensional exhumation of the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia. Terra Abstracts 7, 117.
91. WESTAWAY, R. 1994a. Present-day kinematics of the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 12071-90.
92. WESTAWAY, R. 1994b. Evidence for dynamic coupling of surface processes with isostatic compensation in the lower crust during active extension of western Turkey. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 20203-23.
93. WESTAWAY, R. 2003. Kinematics of the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean Updated. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 12, 5-46.
94. YILMAZ, Y., GENÇ, S. C., GÜRER, O. F., BOZCU, M., YILMAZ, K., KARACIK, Z., ALTUNKAYNAK, Ş. & ELMAS, A. 2000. When did the western Anatolian grabens begin to develop? In: BOZKURT, E., Winchester, J. A., & Piper, J. D.A. (eds), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 173, 353-84.
95. YILMAZ, Y. & KARACIK, Z. 2001. Geology of the northern side of the Gulf of Edremit and its tectonic significance for the development of the Aegean grabens. Geodinamica Acta 14, 31-40.
96. YUSUFOǦLU, H. 1996. Northern margin of the Gediz graben: age and evolution, west Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 5, 11-23.