Indianness Reconfigured, 1944-1960: The Natal Indian Congress in South Africa

Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 100-107

  Bhana, Surendra ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 1842680761     PISSN: 1089201X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/1089201X-17-2-100     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. See Maureen Swan, Gandhi: The South African Experience (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1984).
2. Transnational migrants in recent decades have developed and maintained multiple relationships in both their original home and the host society. What is true of the Caribbean immigrants to the United States is also true for the migrants who went to South Africa from the Indian subcontinent See Linda Asch, Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc, Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States (Langhorne, Pennsylvania: Gordon and Breach, 1994).
3. See Surendra Bhana and B. Pachai, eds., A Documentary History of South African Indians (Cape Town: David Philip, 1984), pp. 150-83; Uma Dhupelia, "From Sastri to Desmukh: A Study of the Role of the Government of India's Representative in South Africa, 1927 to 1946," (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Natal, 1987). See also Hugh Tinker, Separate and Unequal: India and the Indians in the British Commonwealth, 1920-1950 (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1976).
4. See Surendra Bhana and B. Pachai, eds., A Documentary History of South African Indians (Cape Town: David Philip, 1984), pp. 150-83; Uma Dhupelia, "From Sastri to Desmukh: A Study of the Role of the Government of India's Representative in South Africa, 1927 to 1946," (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Natal, 1987). See also Hugh Tinker, Separate and Unequal: India and the Indians in the British Commonwealth, 1920-1950 (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1976).
5. See Surendra Bhana and B. Pachai, eds., A Documentary History of South African Indians (Cape Town: David Philip, 1984), pp. 150-83; Uma Dhupelia, "From Sastri to Desmukh: A Study of the Role of the Government of India's Representative in South Africa, 1927 to 1946," (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Natal, 1987). See also Hugh Tinker, Separate and Unequal: India and the Indians in the British Commonwealth, 1920-1950 (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1976).
6. There are references to these developments in the NIC agenda books from 1938 onwards. However, a recent publication has dealt with this in detail. See D. R. Bugwandeen, A People on Trial for Breaking Racism: The Struggle for Land and Housing of the Indian People in Natal, 1940-1946 (Durban: Madiba Publishers, 1991).
7. Bugwandeen, pp. 85-104.
8. Ibid., pp. 108-114.
9. See Dr. Goonam, Coolie Doctor: An Autobiography (Durban: Madiba Publishers, 1991), pp. 99, 101.
10. Monty Speaks: Speeches of Dr. G. M. (Monty) Naicker, 1945-1963 (Durban: Madiba Publishers, 1991), pp. 10-21; Monty Naicker, "What I owe to Mahatma Gandhi," September 1948, Carter-Karis Collection on microfilm; Gail Gerhart and Thomas Karis, eds., From Protest to Challenge, Vol. 4, Political Profiles (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1977), pp. 107-108.
11. Monty Speaks: Speeches of Dr. G. M. (Monty) Naicker, 1945-1963 (Durban: Madiba Publishers, 1991), pp. 10-21; Monty Naicker, "What I owe to Mahatma Gandhi," September 1948, Carter-Karis Collection on microfilm; Gail Gerhart and Thomas Karis, eds., From Protest to Challenge, Vol. 4, Political Profiles (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1977), pp. 107-108.
12. Monty Speaks: Speeches of Dr. G. M. (Monty) Naicker, 1945-1963 (Durban: Madiba Publishers, 1991), pp. 10-21; Monty Naicker, "What I owe to Mahatma Gandhi," September 1948, Carter-Karis Collection on microfilm; Gail Gerhart and Thomas Karis, eds., From Protest to Challenge, Vol. 4, Political Profiles (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1977), pp. 107-108.
13. Ibid.
14. Dr. Yusuf Dadoo: His Speeches, Articles and Correspondence with Mahatma Gandhi, 1939-1983 (Durban: Madiba Publishers, 1991), pp. 16-29.
15. Gerhart and Karis, vol 4, pp. 48-49.
16. Ibid., pp. 145-46.
17. The ten points were: adult franchise, unconditional repeal of the Pegging Act, abrogation of the Housing and Expropriation Act (under this law the state had enormous powers to expropriate land and demolish property on it in the name of slum clearance), removal of provincial barriers that prohibited Indians resident in one province from legally moving into another province, free and compulsory education up to standard eight, trading rights without discrimination, removal of the industrial color bar, state subsidies for Indian market gardeners and farmers, provision of adequate civic amenities, and cooperation with other Black national organizations.
18. NIC Agenda Book: First Biennial Conference, May 31-June 1, 1947, Durban.
19. Ibid. Selected issues of the Passive Resister, 1946 to 1948; Weekly News Bulletin, Overseas News Bulletin, Flash. See also the recent published, Enuga Reddy and Fatima Meer, eds., Passive Resistance, 1946: A Selection of Documents (Durban: IBR/Madiba Publishers, 1996).
20. Ibid. Selected issues of the Passive Resister, 1946 to 1948; Weekly News Bulletin, Overseas News Bulletin, Flash. See also the recent published, Enuga Reddy and Fatima Meer, eds., Passive Resistance, 1946: A Selection of Documents (Durban: IBR/Madiba Publishers, 1996).
21. Ibid. Selected issues of the Passive Resister, 1946 to 1948; Weekly News Bulletin, Overseas News Bulletin, Flash. See also the recent published, Enuga Reddy and Fatima Meer, eds., Passive Resistance, 1946: A Selection of Documents (Durban: IBR/Madiba Publishers, 1996).
22. See a report to UNO by the Council for Asiatic Rights, September 1947, Carter-Karis Collection on microfilm.
23. NIC Agenda Book: Third Annual Conference, June 24-26, 1949, Durban.
24. Passive Resister, November 29, 1946.
25. NIC Agenda Book: Third Annual Conference, June 24-26, 1949, Durban.
26. NIC Agenda Book: Fourth Annual Provincial Conference, Sept. 30-Oct. 2, 1950, Durban.
27. Ibid.; SAIC Agenda Book: Nineteenth Session, Sept. 15-17, 1950, Johannesburg; SAIC Agenda Book: Twentieth Session, January 25-27, 1952, Johannesburg.
28. Ibid.; SAIC Agenda Book: Nineteenth Session, Sept. 15-17, 1950, Johannesburg; SAIC Agenda Book: Twentieth Session, January 25-27, 1952, Johannesburg.
29. Ibid.; SAIC Agenda Book: Nineteenth Session, Sept. 15-17, 1950, Johannesburg; SAIC Agenda Book: Twentieth Session, January 25-27, 1952, Johannesburg.
30. Ibid. ; see also NIC Agenda Book: Fifth Annual Conference, Sept. 29-Oct. 1, 1951, Durban.
31. Ibid. ; see also NIC Agenda Book: Fifth Annual Conference, Sept. 29-Oct. 1, 1951, Durban.
32. SAIC Agenda Book: Twentieth Session, January 25-27, 1952, Johannesburg;
33. NIC Agenda Book: Sixth Annual Provincial Conference, February 21-22, 1953, Durban.
34. See Leo Kuper, Passive Resistance in South Africa (London: Jonathan Cape, 1956).
35. SAIC Agenda Book: Twenty-second Conference, Oct. 19-21, 1956, Durban.
36. NIC Agenda Book: Twelfth Annual Provincial Conference, Oct. 9-11, 1959, Durban.
37. Bill Freund, Insiders and Outsiders: The Indian Working Class of Durban, 1910-1990 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann &: Durban: Natal University Press, 1995).
38. See NIC agenda books for 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1955, and 1956.
39. NIC Agenda Book: Second Provincial Conference, May 29-31, 1948, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Thirteenth Annual Conference, March 3-5, 1961, Durban.
40. NIC Agenda Book: Second Provincial Conference, May 29-31, 1948, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Thirteenth Annual Conference, March 3-5, 1961, Durban.
41. NIC Agenda Book: Sixth Annual Conference, Feb. 21-23, 1953, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Ninth Annual Conference, June 22-24, 1956, Durban; Conference convened by NIC on Group Areas Act, May 5, 6, 1956, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Twelfth Annual Provincial Conference, Nov. 21-23, 1958, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Twelfth Annual Conference, Oct. 9-11, 1959, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Thirteenth Annual Provincial Conference, March 3-5, 1961, Durban.
42. NIC Agenda Book: Sixth Annual Conference, Feb. 21-23, 1953, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Ninth Annual Conference, June 22-24, 1956, Durban; Conference convened by NIC on Group Areas Act, May 5, 6, 1956, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Twelfth Annual Provincial Conference, Nov. 21-23, 1958, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Twelfth Annual Conference, Oct. 9-11, 1959, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Thirteenth Annual Provincial Conference, March 3-5, 1961, Durban.
43. NIC Agenda Book: Sixth Annual Conference, Feb. 21-23, 1953, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Ninth Annual Conference, June 22-24, 1956, Durban; Conference convened by NIC on Group Areas Act, May 5, 6, 1956, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Twelfth Annual Provincial Conference, Nov. 21-23, 1958, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Twelfth Annual Conference, Oct. 9-11, 1959, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Thirteenth Annual Provincial Conference, March 3-5, 1961, Durban.
44. NIC Agenda Book: Sixth Annual Conference, Feb. 21-23, 1953, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Ninth Annual Conference, June 22-24, 1956, Durban; Conference convened by NIC on Group Areas Act, May 5, 6, 1956, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Twelfth Annual Provincial Conference, Nov. 21-23, 1958, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Twelfth Annual Conference, Oct. 9-11, 1959, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Thirteenth Annual Provincial Conference, March 3-5, 1961, Durban.
45. NIC Agenda Book: Sixth Annual Conference, Feb. 21-23, 1953, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Ninth Annual Conference, June 22-24, 1956, Durban; Conference convened by NIC on Group Areas Act, May 5, 6, 1956, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Twelfth Annual Provincial Conference, Nov. 21-23, 1958, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Twelfth Annual Conference, Oct. 9-11, 1959, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Thirteenth Annual Provincial Conference, March 3-5, 1961, Durban.
46. NIC Agenda Book: Sixth Annual Conference, Feb. 21-23, 1953, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Ninth Annual Conference, June 22-24, 1956, Durban; Conference convened by NIC on Group Areas Act, May 5, 6, 1956, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Twelfth Annual Provincial Conference, Nov. 21-23, 1958, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Twelfth Annual Conference, Oct. 9-11, 1959, Durban; NIC Agenda Book: Thirteenth Annual Provincial Conference, March 3-5, 1961, Durban.