Economic concepts for designing policies to conserve crop genetic resources on farms

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution

Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 121-135

  Smale, Melinda ^a   Bellon, Mauricio R ^c   Jarvis, Devra ^b   Sthapit, Bhuwon ^b  

^a INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Maccarese   (Italy)

^c INTERNATIONAL MAIZE AND WHEAT IMPROVEMENT CENTER CIMMYT   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Crop genetic diversity; Economic development; On farm conservation; Policy

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS; AGRICULTURAL POLICY; CONSERVATION; GENETIC RESOURCE;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 1842636222     PISSN: 09259864     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:GRES.0000020678.82581.76     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Aguirre Gomez J.A., Bellon M.R. and Smale M. 2000. A Regional Analysis of Maize Biological Diversity in Southeastern Guanajuato, Mexico. Economic Botany 54: 60-72.
2. Antle J.M. 1999. The new economics of agriculture Presidential Address prepared for the Annual Meetings of the American Agricultural Economics Association August, 1999, Nashville.
3. Baidu-Forson J., Ntare B.R. and Waliyar F. 1997. Utilizing conjoint analysis to design modern crop varieties: empirical example for groundnut in Niger. Agricultural Economics 16: 219-226.
4. Bellon M.R. 2001. Demand and Supply of Crop Infraspecific Diversity on Farms: Towards a Policy Framework for On-Farm Conservation CIMMYT Economics Working Paper 01-01. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico, D.F.
5. Bellon M.R. 1996. The dynamics of crop infraspecific diversity: A conceptual framework at the farmer level. Economic Botany 50: 26-39.
6. Bellon M.R., Pham J.-L., Sebastian L.S., Francisco S.R., Loresto G.C., Erasga D. et al. 1998. Farmers' perceptions of varietal diversity. Implications for on-farm conservation of rice. In: Smale M. (ed.), Farmers, Gene Banks, and Crop Breeding. Economic Analyses of Diversity in Wheat, Maize, and Rice. Kluwer Academic Publishers and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Dordrecht, Mexico D.F., pp. 95-108.
7. Bellon M.R., Pham J.-L. and Jackson M.T. 1997. Genetic conservation: a role for rice farmers. In: Maxted N., Ford-Lloyd B.V. and Hawkes J.G. (eds), Plant Genetic Conservation: The In-Situ Approach. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 263-289.
8. Bellon M.R. and Brush S.B. 1994. Keepers of maize in Chiapas, Mexico. Economic Botany 48: 196-209.
9. Bellon M.R. and Taylor J.E. 1993. Folk soil taxonomy and the partial adoption of new seed varieties. Economic Development and Cultural Change 41: 763-786.
10. Boserup E. 1965. Conditions of Agricultural Growth. Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago.
11. Brown A.H.D. 2000. The genetic structure of crop landraces and the challenge to conserve them in situ on farms. In: Maxted N., Ford-Lloyd B.V. and Hawkes J.G. (eds), Plant Genetic Conservation: The In Situ Approach. Chapman and Hall, London.
12. Brush S.B. 2000. The issues of in situ conservation of crop genetic resources. In: Brush S.B. (ed.), Genes in the Fields: On-Farm Conservation of Crop Diversity. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, and Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.
13. Brush S.B. 1995. In situ conservation of landraces in centers of crop diversity. Crop Science 35: 354-346.
14. Brush S.B. and Meng E. 1998. Farmers' valuation and conservation of crop genetic resources. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 5: 2445-2451.
15. Brush S.B., Taylor J.E. and Bellon M.R. 1992. Biological diversity and technology adoption in Andean potato agriculture. Journal of Development Economics 38: 365-387.
16. Byerlee D. 1996. Modern varieties, productivity, and sustainability: recent experience and emerging challenges. World Development 24: 697-718.
17. Chambers R. 1988. An Interim Note on Ranking Methods. Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton.
18. Cornes R. and Sandler T. 1986. The Theory of Externalities, Public Goods, and Club Goods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
19. Cromwell E. 1996. Governments, Farmers, and Seeds in a Changing Africa. CABI, Wallingford, UK.
20. Falcinelli M. 1997. Il miglioramento genetico delle colture tipiche locali. L'Informatore Agrario 47 Edizioni l'Informatore Agrario, s.r.l, Verona.: 75-75.
21. Friis-Hansen E. 1996. The role of local plant genetic resources management in participatory breeding. In: Eyzaguirre P. and Iwanaga M. (eds), Participatory Plant Breeding. Proceedings of a Workshop on Participatory Plant Breeding, 26-29 July 1995, Wageningen, Netherlands. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome, pp. 66-76.
22. Friis-Hansen E. and Sthapit B. (eds) 2000. Participatory Approaches to the Conservation and use of Plant Genetic Resources. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome, Italy.
23. Gauchan D. 2000. Economic Valuation of Rice Landrace Diversity. A Case Study of Bara Ecosite, Nepal-Terai. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome.
24. Gauchan D., Chaudhary P., Sthapit B., Upadhaya M.P., Smale M. and Jarvis D. 2001. An Analysis of Market Incentives for On Farm Conservation of Rice Landraces in Central Terai, Nepal Paper presented at the National In Situ Conservation of Agrobiodiversity On-farm Workshop held on April 24-26, 2001, Lumle (Kaski), Nepal.
25. Hayami Y. and Ruttan V.W. 1985. Agricultural Development. An International Perspective. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Revised and Extended Edition.
26. Heisey P., Smale M., Byerlee D. and Souza E. 1997. Wheat Rusts and the Costs of Genetic Diversity in the Punjab or Pakistan. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 79: 726-737.
27. Jarvis D.I., Myer L., Klemick H., Guarino L., Smale M., Brown A.H.D. et al. 2000. A Training Guide for In Situ Conservation On-farm. Version 1. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome.
28. Joshi K.D. and Sthapit B.R. 1990. Informal research and development (IRD). A new approach to research and extension Lumle Agricultural Research Centre Discussion Paper No. 90/4. Lumle Agricultural Research Centre, Pokhara, Nepal.
29. Joshi K.D., Subedi M., Kadayat K.B., Rana R.B. and Sthapit B.R. 1997. Enhancing on-farm varietal diversity through participatory variety selection. A case study of Chaite rice in Nepal. Experimental Agriculture 33: 1-10.
30. Loevinsohn M. and Sperling L. (eds) 1995. Joining dynamic conservation to decentralized genetic enhancement. Prospects and issues Using Diversity. Enhancing and Maintaining Genetic Resources On-Farm, Proceedings of a workshop held on 19-21 June 1995. International Development Research Centre, New Delhi, India., pp. 1-7.
31. Mackenzie J. 1993. A Comparison of Contingent Preference Models. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75: 593-603.
32. Maurya D.M., Bottrall A. and Farrington J. 1988. Improved livelihoods, genetic diversity and farmers' participation, a strategy for rice-breeding in rainfed areas of India. Experimental Agriculture 5: 2445-2451.
33. Marshall D.R. and Brown A.H.D. 1975. Optimum sampling strategies in genetic conservation. In: Frankel O.H. and Hawkes J.G. (eds), Crop Genetic Resources for Today and Tomorrow. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 53-80.
34. Maxted N., Ford-Lloyd B.V. and Hawkes J.G. (eds) 1997. Plant Genetic Conservation. The In-Situ Approach. Chapman and Hall, London.
35. Meng E.C.H. 1997. Land allocation decisions and in situ conservation of crop genetic resources. The case of wheat landraces in Turkey, PhD, University of California, Davis.
36. Meng E.C.H., Taylor J.E. and Brush S.B. 1998. Implications for the conservation of wheat landraces in Turkey from a household model of varietal choice. In: Smale M. (ed.), Farmers, Gene Banks and Crop Breeding. Economic Analyses of Diversity in Wheat, Maize, and Rice. Kluwer Academic Press and CIMMYT, Dordrecht, Mexico D.F., pp. 127-143.
37. Morris M.L. 1998. Maize Seed Industries in Developing Countries. Lynne Rienner and CIMMYT, Boulder.
38. Morris M.L., Rusike J. and Smale M. 1998. Maize seed industries, a conceptual framework. In: Morris M. (ed.), Maize Seed Industries in Developing Countries. Lynne Rienner and CIMMYT, Boulder, Mexico D.F., pp. 35-56.
39. Nassif F. 2000. Social, cultural, and economic data collection and analysis including gender. Methods for increasing access, participation and decision-making. In: Jarvis D., Sthapit B. and Sears L. (eds), Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity In Situ. A Scientific Basis for Sustainable Agriculture. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, pp. 51-53.
40. Newbury H.J. and Ford-Lloyd B.V. 1997. Estimation of genetic diversity. In: Maxted N., Ford-Lloyd B.V. and Hawkes J.G. (eds), Plant Genetic Conservation. The In-Situ Approach. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 263-289.
41. Perales R.H., Brush S.B. and Qualset C.O. 1998. Agronomic and economic competitiveness of maize landraces and in situ conservation in Mexico. In: Smale M. (ed.), Farmers, Gene Banks and Crop Breeding. Economic Analyses of Diversity in Wheat, Maize, and Rice Dordrecht and Mexico, D.F. Kluwer Academic Press and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, pp. 109-126.
42. Pingali P. 1997. From subsistence to commercial production systems. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 79: 628-634.
43. Pingali P., Hossain M. and Gerpacio R.V. 1997. Asian Rice Market: Demand and Supply Prospects. Chapter 6 in Asian Rice Bowls: the Returning Crisis? CAB International and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Wallingford, Los Baños. 126-144.
44. Pray C.E. 1998. Impact of biotechnology on the demand for rice biodiversity. In: Evenson R.E., Gollin D. and Santaniello V. (eds), Agricultural Values of Plant Genetic Resources. CAB International and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Wallingford, Rome, pp. 249-259.
45. Rana R.B., Gauchan D., Rijal D.K., Khatiwada S.P., Paudel C.L., Chaudhary P. et al. 2000. Socioeconomic data collection and analysis. Nepal. In: Jarvis D., Sthapit B. and Sears L. (eds), Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity In Situ. A Scientific Basis for Sustainable Agriculture. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome, pp. 54-55.
46. Renkow M. and Traxler G. 1994. Incomplete Adoption of Modern Cereal Varieties. The Role of Grain-Fodder Tradeoffs Selected paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Agricultural Economics Association, San Diego, August 7-10, 1994.
47. Rijal D.K., Rana R., Subedi A. and Sthapit B.R. 2000. Adding value to landraces. Community-based approaches for in situ conservation of plant genetic resources in Nepal. In: Friis-Hansen E. and Sthapit B. (eds), Participatory Approaches to the Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome, pp. 166-172.
48. Rice E., Smale M. and Blanco J.-L. 1998. Farmers' use of improved seed selection practices in Mexican maize. Evidence and issues from the Sierra de Santa Marta. World Development 26: 1625-1640.
49. Rijal D.K., Subedi A., Upadhaya M.P., Rana R.B., Chaudhary P., Tiwari P.R. et al. 2001. Community biodiversity registers. developing community-based databases for genetic resources and local knowledge in Nepal Paper prepared for the First National Workshop of the Project, Strengthening Scientific Basis of In situ Conservation of Agrobiodiversity On-farm. Nepal, 24-26 April, 2001, Lumle, Nepal.
50. Romer P.M. 1992. Two Strategies for economic development. using ideas and producing ideas Proceedings of the 1992 World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics. The World Bank, Washington D.C.
51. Sandler T. 1999. Intergenerational Public Goods. Strategies, Efficiency and Institutions. In: Kaul I., Grunberg I. and Stein M.A. (eds), Global Public Goods. United Nations Development Programme and Oxford University Press, Oxford.
52. Smale M., Bellon M., Aguirre A., Manuel I., Mendoza J., Solano A.M. et al. 2002. The Economic Costs and Benefits of a Participatory Project to Conserve Maize Landraces on Farms. A Case Study in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico Paper presented at the International Conference on Impacts of Agricultural Research and Development, Organized by the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the Technical Advisory Committee of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, San José, Costa Rica, February 4-7, 2002.
53. Smale M., Bellon M. and Aguirre Gomez J.A. 2001. Maize diversity, variety attributes, and farmers' choices in Southeastern Guanajuato, Mexico. Economic Development and Cultural Change 50: 201-225.
54. Smale M. and Bellon M. 1999. A Conceptual Framework for Valuing On-Farm Genetic Resources. In: Wood D. and Lenné J. (eds), Agrobiodiversity. Characterization, Utilization, and Management. CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 387-408.
55. Sperling L., Loevinsohn M. and Ntambovura B. 1993. Rethinking the farmer's role in plant breeding. Local bean experts and on-extension selection in Rwanda. Experimental Agriculture 29: 509-519.
56. Steward J.H. (ed.) 1955. Theory of Cultural Change. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
57. Sthapit B.R., Joshi K.D. and Witcombe J.R. 1996. Farmer participatory cultivar improvement. III. Participatory plant breeding, A case of high altitude rice from Nepal. Experimental Agriculture 32: 479-496.
58. Stiglitz J. 1987. Some theoretical aspects of agricultural policies. The World Bank Research Observer 43-60.
59. Tapia M.E. and Rosa A. 1993. Seed fairs in the Andes. A strategy for local conservation of plant genetic resources. In: de Boef W., Amanor K., Wellard K. and Bebbington A. (eds), Cultivating Knowledge. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, pp. 111-118.
60. Thiele G., Gardiner G., Torrez R. and Gabriel J. 1997. Farmer involvement in selecting new varieties. Potatoes in Bolivia. Experimental Agriculture 33: 275-90.
61. Tiesl M.F., Roe B. and Levy A.S. 1999. Ecocertification. Why it may not be a "Field of Dreams.". American Journal of Agricultural Economics 81: 1066-1071.
62. Tripp R. 2000. Seed Provision and Agricultural Development. The Institutions of Rural Change. Overseas Development Institute, London, James Currey, Oxford, and Heinemann, Portsmouth (N.H.).
63. Unnevehr L., Duff B. and Juliano B.O. 1992. Consumer Demand for Rice Grain Quality. Terminal Report of IDRC Projects. National Grain Quality (Asia) and International Grain Quality Economics (Asia). International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
64. Van Dusen E. 2000. In Situ Conservation of Crop Genetic Resources in Mexican Milpa Systems, PhD, University of California, Davis, USA.
65. Weltzien E., Smith M.E., Meitzner L.S. and Sperling S. 2000. Technical and Institutional Issues in Participatory Plant Breeding - from the Perspective of Formal Plant Breeding. A Global Analysis of Issues, Results, and Current Experience CGIAR Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analysis for Technology Development and Institutional Innovation.
66. Westgren R.E. 1999. Delivering food safety, food quality, and sustainable production practices. The Label Rouge poultry system in France. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 81: 1107-1111.
67. Witcombe J.R. and Joshi A. 1995. The impact of farmer participatory research on the biodiversity of crops. In: Sperling L. and Loevinsohn M. (eds), Using Diversity. Enhancing and Maintaining Genetic Resources On-Farm, Workshop Proceedings. International Development Research Center, New Delhi, India June 19-21., pp. 87-101.
68. Witcombe J.R., Joshi K.D. and Sthapit B.R. 1996. Farmer participatory cultivar improvement. I. Varietal selection and breeding methods and their impact on biodiversity. Experimental Agriculture 5: 2445-2451.
69. Zimmerer K.S. 1996. Changing Fortunes. Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian Andes. University of California Press, Berkeley.
70. Zimmerer K.S. and Douches D. 1991. Geographical approaches to crop conservation. The partitioning of genetic diversity in Andean potatoes. Economic Botany 5: 2445-2451.