Second-Order Nonlinearity in Poled-Polymer Systems

Chemical Reviews

Volumn 94, Issue 1, 1994, Pages 31-75

  Burland, Donald M ^a   Miller, Robert D ^a   Walsh, Cecilia A ^a  

^a IBM ALMADEN RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842625503     PISSN: 00092665     EISSN: 15206890     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/cr00025a002     Document Type: Article

References (292)

1. Meredith, G.; VanDusen, J.; Williams, D. Macromolecules 1982, 15, 1385
2. Garito, A.; Singer, K. Laser Focus 1982, 80, 59
3. Williams, D. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1984, 23, 690
4. Garito, A.; Teng, C.; Wong, K.; Zammani'Khamiri, O. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1984, 106, 219
5. Willand, C.; Williams, D. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 1304
6. Pantelis, P.; Hill, J.; Oliver, S.; Davies, G. Br. Telecom. Technol. J. 1988, 6, 1
7. Meijer, E.; Nijhuis, S.; Havinga, E. Philips J. Res. 1988, 43, 506
8. Broussoux, D.; Chastaing, E.; Esselin, S.; Barny, P. L.; Robin, P.; Bourbin, Y.; Pocholle, J.; Raffy, J. Rev. Tech. Thomson-CSF 1989, 20-21, 151
9. Eich, M.; Bjorklund, G.; Yoon, D. Poly. Adv. Tech. 1990, 1, 189
10. Williams, D. In Materials for Nonlinear Optics—Chemical Perspectives; Marder, S. R., Sohn, J. E., Stucky, G. D., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, 1991; Chapter 2, p 31
11. Staring, E. Reel. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1991, 110, 492
12. Zyss, J. J. Mol. Electron. 1985, 1, 25
13. Ulrich, D. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1988, 160, 1
14. Boyd, G. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1989, 6, 685
15. Groh, W.; Lupo, D.; Sixl, H. Adv. Mater. 1989, 11, 366
16. Ulrich, D. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1990, 189, 3
17. Möhlmann, G. Synth. Met. 1990, 37, 207
18. Chemla, D.; Zyss, J. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Materials and Crystals; Academic Press: Orlando, FL, 1987; Vols. 1 and 2
19. Prasad, P.; Williams, D. Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1991
20. Oudar, J.; Chemla, D.; Batifol, E. J. Chem. Phys. 1977, 67, 1626
21. Singer, K.; Sohn, J.; Lalama, S. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1986, 49, 248
22. Zyss, J.; Chemla, D. In Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Materials and Crystals; Chemla, D., Zyss, J., Eds.; Academic Press: Orlando, FL, 1987; Vol. 1, pp 23—191
23. Craig, D. Adv. Chem. Phys. 1964, 8, 27
24. Kaminow, I. An Introduction to Electrooptic Devices; Academic Press: New York, 1974;p 56
25. Orr, B.; Ward, J. Mol. Phys. 1971, 20, 513
26. Willetts, A.; Rice, J.; Burland, D.; Shelton, D. J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 7590
27. Singer, K.; Kuzyk, M.; Sohn, J. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1987, 4, 968
28. Maki, J.; Malcuit, M.; Sipe, J.; Boyd, R. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991, 67, 972
29. Chen, Z.; Sheng, P. Phys. Rev. B 1991, 43, 5735
30. Zyss, J.; Chemla, D. In Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Materials and Crystals; Chemla, D., Zyss, J., Eds.; Academic Press: Orlando, FL, 1987; Vol. 1, p 97
31. Brown, W., Jr. In Encyclopedia of Physics; Flügge, S., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1956; Vol. XVII, pp 47-62
32. Böttcher, C. Theory of Electric Polarization; Elsevier. Amsterdam, 1973; Vol. I, pp 208 ff
33. Chikazumi, S. Physics of Magnetism; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1964; p 19
34. Hurst, M.; Munn, R. J. Mol. Electron. 1986, 2, 139
35. Munn, R. Int. J. Quant. Chem. 1992, 43, 159
36. Osborn, J. Phys. Rev. 1945, 67, 351
37. Stoner, E. Philos. Mag. 1945, 36, 803
38. Kielich, S. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 1969, QE-5, 562
39. Dick, B. Chem. Phys. 1985, 96, 199
40. Grange, J. L.; Kuzyk, M.; Singer, K. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1987, 150b, 567
41. Onsager, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1936, 58, 1456
42. Levine, B.; Bethea, C. Appl.- Phys. Lett. 1974, 24, 445
43. Singer, K.; Garito, A. J. Chem. Phys. 1981, 75, 3572
44. Eich, M.; Looser, H.; Yoon, D.; Twieg, R.; Bjorklund, G.; Baumert, J. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1989, 6, 1590
45. Paley, M.; Harris, J.; Looser, H.; Baumert, J.; Bjorklund, G.; Jundt, D.; Twieg, R. J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 3774
46. Bosshard, C.; Knöpfle, G.; Prêtre, P.; Günter, P. J. Appl. Phys. 1992, 71, 1594
47. Stähelin, M.; Burland, D.; Rice, J. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1992, 191, 245
48. Prasad, P.; Williams, D. Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1991; pp 93-94
49. Kleinman, D. Phys. Rev. 1962, 126, 1977
50. Yariv, A. Introduction to Optical Electronics; Holt, Rinehardt, Winston: New York, 1976; Chapter 9
51. Kaminow, I. An Introduction to Electrooptic Devices; Academic Press: New York, 1974; p 67
52. Skinner, I.; Garth, S. Am. J. Phys. 1990, 58, 177
53. Sigelle, M.; Hierle, R. J. Appl. Phys. 1981, 52, 4199
54. Oudar, J.; Chemla, D.; Batifol, E. J. Chem. Phys. 1977, 66, 2664
55. Teng, C.; Garito, A. Phys. Rev. 1983, 28, 6766
56. Clays, K.; Schildkraut, J. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1992, 8, 2274
57. Wu, J.; Valley, J.; Ermer, S.; Binkley, E.; Kenney, J.; Lipscomb, G.; Lytel, R. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1991, 58, 225
58. Yitzchaik, S.; Berkovic, G.; Krongauz, V. J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 70, 3949
59. Stähelin, M.; Walsh, C.; Burland, D.; Miller, R.; Twieg, R.; Volksen, W. J. Appl. Phys. 1993, 73, 8471
60. Suzuki, A.; Matsuoka, Y.; Ikushima, A. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 30, L1493
61. Ling, H.; Holland, W.; Gordon, H. J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 70, 6669
62. Mortazavi, M.; Knoesen, A.; Kowel, S.; Higgins, B.; Dienes, A. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1989, 6, 733
63. Hampsch, H.; Torkelson, J.; Bethke, S.; Grubb, S. J. Appl. Phys. 1990, 67, 1037
64. Knoesen, A.; Molau, N.; Yankelevich, D.; Mortazavi, M.; Dienes, A. Int. J. Nonlinear Opt. Phys. 1992, 1, 73
65. Shaffert, R. Electrophotography; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1975
66. Sessler, G. In Electrets; Sessler, G. M., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1987; p 13
67. Hill, J.; Pantelis, P.; Dunn, P.; Davies, G. SPIE 1989, 1147, 165
68. Eich, M.; Bjorklund, G. C.; Yoon, D. Y. Polym. Adv. Technol. 1990, I, 189
69. Shahin, M. Photogr. Sci. Eng. 1971, 15, 322
70. Gallo, C. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 1975, 1A-11, 739
71. Barry, S.; Soane, D. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1991, 58, 1134
72. Page, R.; Jurich, M.; Reck, B.; Sen, A.; Twieg, R.; Swalen, J.; Bjorklund, G.; Willson, C. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1990, 7, 1239
73. Havinga, E.; van Pelt, P. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 1979, 83, 816
74. Jen, S.; Clark, N.; Pershan, P.; Priestley, E. J. Chem. Phys. 1977, 66, 4635
75. Wu, J. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1991, 8, 142
76. Chandrasekhar, S. Liquid Crystals; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1977; pp 44 ff
77. Böttcher, C. Theory of Electric Polarization; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1973; Vol. I, pp 161-165
78. Yamaoka, K.; Charney, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 8983
79. Ermer, S.; Valley, J.; Lytel, R.; Lipscomb, G.; Van Eck, T.; Girton, D. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1992, 61, 2272
80. Mohajerani, E.; Gilbert, A.; Mitchell, G. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 1992 25, 1304
81. Hu, S.; Carlisle, G.; Martinez, D. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 1992, 11, 794
82. Wijekoon, W.; Zhang, Y.; Kama, S.; Prasad, P.; Griffin, A.; Bhatti, A. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1992, 9, 1832
83. Levine, B.; Bethea, C. J. Chem. Phys. 1975, 63, 2666
84. Jungbauer, D.; Reck, B.; Twieg, R.; Yoon, D.; Willson, C.; Swalen, J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1990, 56, 2610
85. Amano, M.; Kaino, T.; Yamamoto, F.; Takeuchi, Y. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1990, 182A, 81
86. Meyrueix, R.; Lecomte, J.; Tapolsky, G. Nonlinear Opt. 1991, 1, 201
87. Eldering, C.; Knoesen, A.; Kowel, S. J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 69, 3676
88. Boyd, G.; Francis, C.; Trend, J.; Ender, D. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1991
89. Jeng, R. J.; Chen, Y. M.; Jain, A. K.; Tripathy, S. K.; Kumar, J. Opt. Commun. 1992, 89, 212
90. Yitzchaik, S.; Berkovic, G.; Krongauz, V. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 3541
91. Hayden, L.; Sauter, G.; Ore, F.; Pasillas, P.; Hoover, J.; Lindsay, G.; Henry, R. J. Appl. Phys. 1990, 68, 456
92. Teraoka, I.; Jungbauer, D.; Reck, B.; Yoon, D.; Twieg, R.; Willson, C. J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 69, 2568
93. Dumont, M.; Levy, Y.; Morichere, D. In Organic Molecules for Nonlinear Optics and Photonics; Messier, J., Ed.; Kluwer Pub.: 1991; p 194
94. Dumont, M.; Levy, Y.; Morichere, D. In Organic Molecules for Nonlinear Optics and Photonics; Messier, J., Ed.; Kluwer Pub.: 1991; p 461
95. Kuzyk, M.; Singer, K.; Zahn, H.; King, L. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1989, 6, 742
96. Herminghaus, S.; Smith, B.; Swalen, J. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1991, 11, 2311
97. Cheng, L.; Tam, W.; Stevenson, S.; Meredith, G.; Rikken, G.; Marder, S. J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 10631
98. Köhler, W.; Robello, D.; Dao, P.; Willand, C.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 93, 9157
99. Ye, C.; Minami, N.; Marks, T.; Yang, J.; Wong, G. Macromolecules 1988, 21, 2899
100. Rikken, G.; Seppen, C.; Nijhuis, S.; Meijer, E. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1991, 58, 435
101. Teng, C.; Man, H. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1990, 56, 1734
102. Levine, B.; Bethea, C. J. Chem. Phys. 1976, 65, 1989
103. Kurtz, S. In Quantum Electronics: A Treatise; Rabin, H., Tang, C. L., Eds.; Academic Press:New York, 1975; Vol. I, pp 209-281
104. Jerphagnon, J.; Kurtz, S. J. Appl. Phys. 1970, 41, 1667
105. Jerphagnon, J.; Kurtz, S. Phys. Rev. B 1970, 1, 1739
106. Choy, M.; Byer, R. Phys. Rev. B 1976, 14, 1693
107. Eckardt, R.; Masuda, H.; Fan, Y.; Byer, R. IEEE J. Quant. Elect. 1990, 26, 922
108. Roberts, D. IEEE J. Quant. Elect. 1992, 28, 2057
109. Oudar, J. J. Chem. Phys. 1977, 67, 446
110. Yariv, A. Introduction to Optical Electronics; Holt, Rinehardt, Winston: New York, 1976; p 361
111. Kuzyk, M.; Sohn, J.; Dirk, C. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1990, 7, 842
112. Uchiki, H.; Kobayashi, T. J. Appl. Phys. 1988, 64, 2625
113. Morichere, D.; Dentan, V.; Kajzar, F.; Robin, P.; Levy, Y.; Dumont, M. Optics Commun. 1989, 74, 69
114. Hyde, P.; Evert, T.; Ediger, M. J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 93, 2274
115. Hyde, P.; Ediger, M. J. Chem. Phys. 1990, 92, 1036
116. Hyde, P.; Evert, T.; Cicerone, M.; Ediger, M. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1991 131 42
117. Nozaki, R.; Mashimo, S. J. Chem. Phys. 1987, 87, 2271
118. Jones, P.; Jones, W.; Williams, G. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1990, 86, 1013
119. Cicerone, M.; Ediger, M. J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 2156
120. Doi, M.; Edwards, S. The Theory of Polymer Dynamics; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1986; pp 46 ff
121. Meyrueix, R.; Mignani, G. SPIE Proc. 1989, 1127, 160
122. Doi, M.; Edwards, S. The Theory of Polymer Dynamics; Oxford University Press:Oxford, 1986; p 291
123. Wang, C.; Pecora, R. J. Chem. Phys. 1980, 72, 5333
124. Jungbauer, D.; Teraoka, I.; Yoon, D.; Reck, B.; Swalen, J.; Twieg, R.; Willson, C. J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 69, 8011
125. Böttcher, C.; Bordewijk, P. Theory of Electric Polarization; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1978; Vol. II, pp 45 ff
126. Blumen, A.; Klafter, J.; Zumofen, G. In Optical Spectroscopy of Glasses; Zschokke, I., Ed.; D. Reidel: New York, 1986; Chapter 2, p 199
127. Lindsey, C.; Patterson, G. J. Chem. Phys. 1980, 73, 3348
128. Chung, S.; Stevens, J. Am. J. Phys. 1991, 59, 1024
129. Singer, K.; King, L. J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 70, 3251
130. Dhinojwala, A.; Wong, G.; Torkelson, J. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 7395
131. Abramowitz, M.; Stegun, I. Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables; Dover: New York, 1965
132. Chow, T. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1992, 103, 152
133. Williams, G.; Cook, M.; Hains, P. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2 1972, 2, 1045
134. Jonscher, A. Phys. Status Solidi 1977, 6, 585
135. Hampsch, H.; Yang, J.; Wong, G.; Torkelson, J. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 3640
136. Lindsay, G.; Henry, R.; Hoover, J.; Knoesen, A.; Mortazavi, M. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 4888
137. Hedvig, P. Dielectric Spectroscopy of Polymers; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1977
138. Lei, D.; Runt, J.; Safari, A.; Newnham, R. Macromolecules 1987, 20, 1797
139. Köhler, W.; Robello, D.; Willand, C.; Williams, D. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4589
140. Ferry, J. Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers; New York, 1961; p 201
141. Grest, G.; Cohen, M. Adv. Chem. Phys. 1981, 48, 455
142. Stähelin, M.; Burland, D.; Ebert, M.; Miller, R.; Smith, B.; Twieg, R.; Volksen, W.; Walsh, C. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1992, 61, 1626
143. Rusch, K. C. J. Macromol. Sci.-Phys. B 1968, 2, 179
144. Walsh, C.; Burland, D.; Lee, V.; Miller, R.; Smith, B.; Twieg, R.; Volksen, W. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 3720
145. Cohen, M.; Turnbull, D. J. Chem. Phys. 1959, 31, 1164
146. Turnbull, D.; Cohen, M. J. Chem. Phys. 1961, 34, 120
147. Cohen, M.; Grest, G. Phys. Rev. B 1979, 20, 1077
148. Victor, J.; Torkelson, J. Macromolecules 1987, 20, 2241
149. Royal, J.; Victor, J.; Torkelson, J. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 729
150. Royal, J.; Torkelson, J. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 4792
151. Deng, Q.; Jean, Y. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 30
152. Rusch, K. C.; Beck, R. H. J. Macromol. Sci. B 1969, 3, 365
153. Man, H.; Yoon, H. Adv. Mater. 1992, 4, 159
154. Hampsch, H.; Yang, J.; Wong, G.; Torkelson, J. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 3648
155. Lee, S.; Kidoguchi, A.; Watanabe, T.; Yamamoto, H.; Hosomi, T.; Miyata, S. Polym. J. 1991, 23, 1209
156. Haase, M.; Qui, J.; DePuydt, J.; Cheng, H. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1991, 59, 1272
157. Lenth, W.; Macfaxlane, R. Opt. Photonics News 1992, 3, 8
158. Burland, D.; Miller, R.; Reiser, O.; Twieg, R.; Walsh, C. J. Appl. Phys. 1992, 71, 410
159. Suhara, T.; Nishihara, H. IEEE J. Quant. Elect. 1990, 26, 1265
160. Khanarian, G.; Norwood, R.; Haas, D.; Feuer, B.; Karim, D. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1990, 57, 977
161. Norwood, R.; Khanarian, G. Electron. Lett. 1990, 26, 2105
162. Cahill, P.; Singer, K.; King, L. Opt. Lett. 1989, 14, 1137
163. Cahill, P.; Tallant, D.; Kowalczyk, T.; Singer, K. Proc. SPIE 1991, 1560, 130
164. Sugihara, O.; Kai, S.; Uwatoko, K.; Kinoshita, T.; Sasaki, K. J. Appl. Phys. 1990, 68, 4990
165. Risk, W. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1991, 58, 19
166. Sugihara, O.; Kunioka, S.; Nonaka, Y.; Aizawa, R.; Koike, Y.; Kinoshita, T.; Sasaki, K. J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 70, 7249
167. Mortazavi, M.; Yankelevich, D.; Dienes, A.; Knoesen, A.; Kowel, S.; Dijaili, S. Appl. Opt. 1989, 28, 3278
168. Yankelevich, D.; Knoesen, A.; Schoenlein, R.; Shank, C. IEEE J. Quant. Elect. 1992, 28, 2398
169. Möhlmann, G.; Horsthuis, W.; McDonach, A.; Copeland, M.; Duchet, C. ; Fabre, P.; Diemeer, M.; Trommel, E.; Suyten, F.; van Tomme, E. ; Baquero, P.; van Daele, P. Proc. SPIE 1990, 1339, 215
170. Kaminow, I.; Turner, E. Proc. IEEE 1966, 54, 1374
171. Alferness, R. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 1982, MTT- 30, 1121
172. Walker, R. J. Lightwave Technol. 1987, LT-5, 1444
173. Walker, R. IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 1991, 27, 654
174. Girton, D.; Kwiatkowski, S.; Lipscomb, G.; Lytel, R. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1991, 58, 1730
175. Teng, C. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1992, 60, 1538
176. Ferm, P.; Knapp, C.; Wu, C.; Yardley, J.; Hu, B.; Zhang, X.; Auston, D. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1991, 59, 2651
177. Oprysko, M. Proc. SPIE 1990, 1213, 76
178. Lytel, R.; Lipscomb, G. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1992, 247, 17
179. Skumanich, A.; Jurich, M.; Swalen, J. Appl. Phys. L. 1993, 62, 446
180. Prasad, P.; Williams, D. Nonlinear Optical Effects in Molecules and Polymers; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1991; pp 152-160
181. Singer, K.; Kuzyk, M.; Holland, W.; Sohn, J.; Lalama, S.; Comizzoli, R. ; Katz, H.; Schilling, M. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1988, 53, 1800
182. Singer, K. D.; Kuzyk, M. G.; Holland, W. R.; Sohn, J. E.; Lalama, S. J.; Comizzoli, R. B.; Katz, H. E.; Schilling, M. L. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1988, 53, 1800
183. Katz, H.; Singer, K.; Sohn, J.; Dirk, C.; King, L.; Gordon, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 6561
184. Gadret, G.; Kajzar, F.; Raimond, P. Proc. SPIE 1991, 1560, 226
185. Levenson, R.; Liang, J.; Toussaere, E.; Carenco, A.; Zyss, J. Proc. SPIE 1991, 1560, 251
186. Hampsch, H. L.; Yang, J.; Wong, G. K.; Torkelson, J. M. Polym. Commun. 1989, 30(2), 40
187. Hampsch, H.; Yang, J.; Wong, G.; Torkelson, J. Macromolecules 1988, 21, 526
188. Valley, J.; Wu, J.; Ermer, S.; Stiller, M.; Binkley, E.; Kenney, J.; Lipscomb, G.; Lytel, R. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1992, 60, 160
189. Moylan, C.; Miller, R.; Twieg, R.; Betterton, K.; Lee, V.; Matray, T. ; Nguyen, C. Chem. Mater. 1993, 5, 1499
190. Wu, J.; Binkley, E.; Kenney, J.; Lytel, R.; Garito, A. J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 69, 7366
191. Wu, J.; Valley, J.; Ermer, S.;Binkley, E.; Kenney, J.; Lytel, R. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1991, 59, 2213
192. Russell, T.; Gugger, H.; Swalen, J. J. Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 1983, 21, 1745
193. Sekkat, Z.; Dumont, M. Appl. Phys. B 1992, 54, 486
194. Watanabe, T.; Kagami, M.; Miyamoto, H.; Kidoguchi, A.; Miyata, S. Nonlinear Optics. Fundamentals, Materials and Devices. Proceedings of the Fifth Toyota Conference on Nonlinear Optical Materials; North Holland; Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1992, 201
195. Watanabe, T.; Yoshinaga, K.; Fichou, D.; Miyata, S. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1988, 250
196. Miyazaki, T.; Watanabe, T.; Miyata, S. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1988, 27, L1724
197. Ozaki, M.; Daido, K.; Yoshino, K. Tech. Rep. Osaka U. 1990, 40, 273
198. Ye, C.; Marks, T.; Yang, J.; Wong, G. Macromolecules 1987, 20
199. Schilling, M.; Katz, H.; Cox, D. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53
200. Singer, K.; Holland, W.; Kuzyk, M.; Wolk, G.; Katz, H.; Schilling, M.; Cahill, P. Proc. SPIE 1989, 1143, 233
201. Matsumoto, S.; Kubodera, K.; Kurihara, T.; Kaino, T. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1987, 51, 1
202. Shuto, Y.; Amano, M.; Kaino, T. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 30, 320
203. Shuto, Y.; Amano, M.; Kaino, T. Proc. SPIE 1991, 1560, 184
204. Singer, K.; Sohn, J.; King, L.; Gordon, H.; Katz, H.; Dirk, C. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1987, 6, 1329
205. Hayashi, A.; Goto, Y.; Nakayama, M.; Kaluzynski, K.; Sato, H.; Watanabe, T.; Miyata, S. Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 6
206. Möhlmann, G.; Horsthuis, W.; Mertens, J.; Diemeer, M.; Suyten, F. ; Hendriksen, B.; Duchet, C.; Fabre, P.; Brot, C.; Copeland, J.; Mellor, J.; Van Tomme, E.; Van Daele, P.; Baets, R. Proc. SPIE 1991, 1560, 426
207. Diemeer, M.; Hendriksen, B.; Suyten, F. Appl. Phys. A 1992, 54, 466
208. Vorst, C. V.; van Rheede, M. SPIE Proc. 1993, 1775, 186
209. Shi, Y.; Steier, W.; Yu, L.; Chen, M.; Dalton, L. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1991, 58, 1131
210. Ye, C.; Minami, N.; Marks, T.; Yang, J.; Wong, G. Macromolecules 1988, 21, 2899
211. Lindsay, G.; Henry, R.; Hoover, J.; Knoesen, A.; Mortazavi, M. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 4888
212. Mortazavi, M.; Knoesen, A.; Kowel, S.; Henry, R.; Hoover, J.; Lindsay, G. Appl. Phys. B 1991, 53, 287
213. Herman, W.; Rosen, W.; Sperling, L.; Murphy, C.; Jain, H. Proc. SPIE 1991, 1560, 206
214. Dai, D.; Marks, T. J.; Yang, J.; Lundquist, P. M.; Wong, G. K. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 1891
215. Dai, D.; Hubbard, M. A.; Park, J.; Marks, T. J.; Wang, J.; Wong, G. K. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1990, 189, 93
216. Allcock, H.; Dembek, A.; Kim, C.; Devine, R.; Shi, Y.; Steier, W.; Spangler, C. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1000
217. Mitchell, M.; Mulvaney, J.; Hall, H., Jr.; Willand, C.; Hampsch, H.; Williams, D. Polym. Bull. 1992, 28, 381
218. Green, G.; Hall, H., Jr.; Mulvaney, J.; Noonan, J.; Williams, D. Macromolecules 1987, 20, 716
219. Green, G.; Weinschenk, J., III; Mulvaney, J.; Hall, H., Jr. Macromolecules 1987, 20, 722
220. Katz, H.; Schilling, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 7554
221. Hall, H., Jr.; Kuo, T.; Leslie, T. Macromolecules 1989, 22, 3525
222. Fuso, F.; Padias, A.; Hall, H., Jr. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1710
223. Katz, H. E.; Schilling, M. L.; Fang, T.; Holland, W. R.; King, L.; Gordon, H. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 1201
224. Stenger-Smith, J.; Fischer, J.; Henry, R.; Hoover, J.; Nadler, M.; Nissan, R.; Lindsay, G. J. Polymer Science A 1991, 29, 1623
225. Kajikawa, K.; Nagamori, H.; Takezoe, H.; Fukuda, A.; Ukishima, S.; Takahashi, Y.; Iijima, M.; Fukada, E. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2, Lett. 1991, 30, 1737
226. Nalwa, H.; Watanabe, T.; Kakuta, A.; Mukoh, A.; Miyata, S. Electron. Lett. 1992, 28, 1409
227. Teraoka, I.; Jungbauer, D.; Reck, B.; Yoon, D.; Twieg, R.; Willson, C. J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 69, 2568
228. Doi, M.; Edwards, S. The Theory of Polymer Dynamics; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1986; p 299
229. Vorst, C. V.; Picken, S. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1990, 7, 320
230. Twieg, R.; Ebert, M.; Jungbauer, D.; Lux, M.; Reck, B.; Swalen, J.; Teraoka, I.; Willson, C.; Yoon, D.; Zentel, R. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1992, 217, 19
231. Meyrueix, R.; Lecomte, J.; Tapolsky, G. Proc. SPIE 1991, 1560, 454
232. Lindsay, G.; Nee, S.; Hoover, J.; Stenger-Smith, J.; Henry, R.; Kubin, R.; Seltzer, M. SPIE Proc. Nonlinear Opt. Prop. Org. Mat. IV 1991, 1560, 443
233. Lindsay, G.; Stenger-Smith, J.; Henry, R.; Hoover, J.; Nissan, R.; Wynne, K. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 6075
234. Lindsay, G.; Henry, R.; Stenger-Smith, J. SPIE Proc. 1993, 1775, 425
235. Wang, C.; Guan, H. SPIE Proc. 1993, 1775, 318
236. Cross, G.; Karakus, Y.; Gray, D.; Bloor, D. SPIE Proc. 1993, 1775, 144
237. Morgan, R. J. Advances in Polymer Science; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1985; p 72
238. Oleinik, G. F. Advances in Polymer Science; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1986;p 80
239. Hood, K. Comprehensive Polymer Science: The Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Polymers; Pergamon: Oxford, 1989; Chapter 37, p 5
240. Hubbard, M. A.; Minami, N.; Ye, C.; Marks, T. J.; Yang, J.; Wong, G. K. SPIE Proc. Nonlinear Opt. Prop. Org. Mat. 1988, 971, 136
241. Hubbard, M. A.; Marks, T. J.; Yang, J.; Wong, G. K. Chem. Mater. 1989, 1, 167
242. Park, J.; Marks, T. J.; Yang, J.; Wong, G. K. Chem. Mater. 1990, 2, 229.
243. Jin, Y.; Carr, S. H.; Marks, T. J.; Lin, W.; Wong, G. K. Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 963
244. Hubbard, M. A.; Marks, T. J.; Lin, W.; Wong, G. K. Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 965
245. Xu, C.; Wu, B.; Dalton, L. R.; Ramon, P. M.; Shi, Y.; Steier, W. H. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 6716
246. Chen, M.; Dalton, L. R.; Xu, L. P.; Shi, X. Q.; Steier, W. H. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 4032
247. Shi, Y.; Steier, W. H.; Chen, M.; Yu, L.; Dalton, L. R. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1992, 60, 2577
248. Yu, L.; Chan, W.; Bao, Z. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 5609
249. Yu, L.; Chan, W.; Dikshit, S.; Bao, Z. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1992, 60, 1655
250. Lon, J. T.; Hubbard, M. A.; Marks, T. J.; Lin, W.; Wong, G. K. Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 1148
251. Stenger-Smith, J. D.; Fischer, J. W.; Henry, R. A.; Hoover, J. M.; Lindsay, G. A.; Hayden, L. M. Makromol. Chem. Rapid Commun. 1990, 11, 141
252. Stevens, M. Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction; Addison-Wesley: Reading, 1975; pp 297 ff
253. Chenzeng, X.; Wu, B.; Dalton, L. R.; Shi, Y.; Ranon, P. M.; Steier, W. H. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 6714
254. Betterton, K.; Ebert, M.; Haeussling, L.; Lux, M.; Twieg, R.; Willson, C.; Yoon, D. Proc. PSME 1992, 66, 312
255. Francis, C. V.; White, K. M.; Boyd, G. T.; Moshrefzadeh, R. S.; Mohapatra, S. K.; Radcliffe, M. D.; Trend, J. E.; Williams, R. C. Chem. Mater. 1993, 5, 506
256. Sullion, B. In Comprehensive Polymer Science; Allen, G., Bevington, J. C., Eds.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1989; Chapter 30
257. Soane, D. S.; Martynenko, Z. Polymers in Microelectronics: Fundamentals and Applications; Elsevier: New York, 1989
258. Adrova, N. A.; Bessonov, M. I. Polyimides: A New Class of Thermally Stable Polymers, Progress in Material Science Series; Technomic Publishing Co.: Stamford, CT, 1970
259. Robello, D. R.; Willand, C. S.; Scozzafava, M.; Ullman, A.; Williams, D. J. In Materials for Nonlinear Optics. Chemical Perspectives, ACS Symposium Series 455; Marder, S. R., Sohn, J. E., Stucky, G. D., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1991; p 279
260. Hayashi, A.; Goto, Y.; Nakayama, M.; Sato, H.; Watanabe, T.; Miyata, S. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 5094
261. Reiser, A. Photoreactive Polymers: The Science and Technology of Resists; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1989; Chapter 2
262. Matsuda, H.; Okada, S.; Minami, N.; Nakanishi, H.; Kamaimoto, Y.; Hashidate, S.; Nagasaki, Y.; Kato, M. In Nonlinear Optics: Fundamentals, Materials and Devices; Miyata, S., Ed.; Elsevier Science Publishers: Holland, 1992; p 195
263. Mandal, B. K.; Lee, J. Y.; Zhu, X. F.; Chen, Y. M.; Prakienavincha, E. ; Kumar, J.; Tripathy, S. K. Syn. Met. 1991, 41-43, 3143
264. Mandal, B. K.; Kumar, J.; Huang, J.; Tripathy, S. Makromol. Chem. Rapid Commun. 1991, 12, 63
265. Mandal, B. K.; Chen, Y. M.; Lee, V. Y.; Kumar, J.; Tripathy, S. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1991, 58, 2459
266. Chen, Y. M.; Mandal, B. K.;Lee, J. Y.; Miller, P.; Kumar, J.; Tripathy, S. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1991, 214, 35
267. Mandal, B. K.; Tripathy, S. K.; Huang, J.; Kumar, J. U.S. Patent 1992, 5,112,881
268. Müller, H.; Muller, I.; Nuyken, O.; Strohriegl, P. Makromol. Chem. Rapid. Commun. 1992, 13, 289
269. Mandal, B. K.; Jeng, J.; Kumar, J.; Tripathy, S. K. Makromol. Chem. Rapid. Commun. 1991, 12, 607
270. Zhu, X.; Chen, Y. M.; Li, L.; Jeng, R. J.; Mandel, B. K.; Kumar, J.; Tripathy, S. K. Opt. Commun. 1992, 88, 77
271. Chen, M.; Luping, Y.; Dalton, L. R.; Shi, Y.; Steier, W. H. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 5421
272. Nasu, H.; Osaka, Y. New Glass 1988, 2, 15
273. Vogel, E. M. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1989, 72, 719
274. Klein, L. Sol-gel Technology for Thin Films, Fibers, Preforms, Electronics and Speciality Shapes; Noyes Publications: Park Ridge, NJ, 1988
275. Mackenzie, J. D.; Ulrich, D. R. SPIE Proc. 1990, 2, 1328
276. Brinker, C. J.; Sherrer, G. W. Sol-Gel Science; Academic Press: Orlando, 1970
277. Hench, L. L. In Science of Ceramic and Chemical Processing; Hench, L. L., Ulrich, D. R., Eds.; John Wiley and Sons: New York, 1986
278. Corriu, R. J.; LeClercq, D.; Vioux, A.; Pauthe, M.; Phalippou, J. Ultrastructure Processing of Advanced Ceramics; Wiley: New York, 1988
279. Haruvy, Y.; Webber, S. Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 501
280. Pircetti, G.; Toussaere, E.; Ledoux, I.; Zyss, J. Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32, 61
281. Nakamura, M.; Nasu, H.; Kamiya, K. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1991, 135, 1-7
282. Zhang, Y.; Prasad, P. N.; Burzynski, R. Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 851
283. Toussaere, E.; Zyss, J.; Griesmar, P.; Sanchez, C. Nonlinear Opt. 1991, 1, 349
284. Boulton, J.; Thompson, J.; Fox, H.; Gorodisher, I.; Teowee, G.; Calvert, P.; Uhlmann, D. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1990, 180, 987
285. Jessie, M.; Carney, R.; Khanarian, G.; Keosian, R. J. Noncryst. Solids 1988, 102, 280
286. Zhang, Y.; Cui, Y. P.; Wung, C. J.; Prasad, P. N.; Burzynski, R. Proc. SPIE 1991, 1560, 264
287. Kobayashi, Y.; Muto, S.; Matsuzaki, A.; Kurokawa, Y. Thin Solid Films 1992, 213, 126
288. Jeng, R. J.; Chem. Y. M.; Jain, A. K.; Kumar, J.; Tripathy, S. K. Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 972
289. Kim, J.; Plawsky, J. L.; LaPeruta, R.; Korenowski, G. M. Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 249
290. Claude, C.; Garetz, B.; Okamota, Y.; Tripathy, S. Mater. Lett. 1992, 14, 336
291. Nandi, M.; Conklin, J. A.; Salvati, L.; Sen, A. Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 201
292. Jeng, R. J.; Chen, Y. M.; Jain, A. K.; Kumar, J.; Tripathy, S. K. Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 1141