Nanoscale imaging and sensing by near-field optics

Chemical Analysis

Volumn 137, Issue , 1996, Pages 407-475

  Tan, Weihong ^a   Kopelman, Raoul ^b  

^a University of Florida ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842615907     PISSN: 00692883     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Abbé. E. (1873). Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. 9, 413.
2. Lewis, A., Isaacson, M., Muray, A., and Harootunian, A. (1984). Development of a 500 A spatial resolution light microscope Ultramicroscopy 13, 227.
3. Pohl, D. W., Denk, W., and Lanz, M. (1984) Optical stethoscopy: Image recording with resolution 1/20. Appl. Phys. Lett. 44, 651.
4. Lieberman, K., Harush, S., Lewis, A., and Kopelman, R. (1990). A light source smaller than the optical wavelength. Science 247, 59.
5. Betzig, E., Trautman, J. K., Harris, T. D., Weiner, J. S., and Kostelak, R. L. (1991). Breaking the diffraction barrier: Optical microscopy on a nanometric scale. Science 251, 1468; Betzig, E., and Trautman, J. K. (1992). Near-field optics: Microscopy, spectroscopy, and surface modification beyond the diffraction limit. Science 251, 189.
6. Betzig, E., Trautman, J. K., Harris, T. D., Weiner, J. S., and Kostelak, R. L. (1991). Breaking the diffraction barrier: Optical microscopy on a nanometric scale. Science 251, 1468; Betzig, E., and Trautman, J. K. (1992). Near-field optics: Microscopy, spectroscopy, and surface modification beyond the diffraction limit. Science 251, 189.
7. Tan, W., Shi, Z.-Y., Smith, S., Birnbaum, D., and Kopelman, R. (1992) Submicrometer intracellular chemical optical fiber sensors. Science 258, 778-781.
8. Pohl, D. W. (1990). In Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy (C. J. R. Sheppard and T. Mulvey, Eds.), p. 243. Academic Press, London.
9. Kopelman, R., and Tan, W. (1993). In Spectroscopic and Microscopic Imaging of the Chemical State (M. D. Morris, Ed.), p. 227. Dekker, New York.
10. Ambrose, W. P., Goodwin, P. M., Martin, J. C., and Keller, R. W. (1994). Alterations of single molecule fluorescence lifetimes in near field optical microscopy. Science 265, 364-367.
11. Xie, X. S, and Dunn, R. C. (1994) Science 265, 361-364.
12. Kopelman, R., Lewis, A., and Lieberman, K. (1989). Exciton microscopy and scanning optical nanoscopy. In X-Ray Microimaging for the Life Sciences (D. Attwood and B. Barton, Eds.), p. 166. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, CA.
13. Herman, B., and Jacobson K. (1989). Optical Micoscopy for Biology. Wiley-Liss, New York.
14. Synge, E. H. (1928). Philos. Mag. [6] 6, 356.
15. O'Keefe, J. A. (1956). Resolving power of visible light. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 46, 359.
16. Ash, E. A. (1972). Super-resolution aperture scanning microscope. Nature (London) 237, 510.
17. Morris, M. D. (1993). Spectroscopic and Microscopic Imaging of the Chemical State. Dekker, New York.
18. Binnig, G., Rohrer, H., Gerber, C. and Weibel, E. (1982). Surface studies by scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 57.
19. Schineir, J., Sonnenfeld, R., Hansma, P. K., and Tersoff, J. (1986). Phys. Rev. C: Condens. Matter B 34, 4979.
20. Tan, W., Shi, Z.-Y., and Kopelman, R. (1992). The development of submicron optical fiber chemical sensor. Anal. Chem. 64(21), 2985.
21. Garcia-Parajo, M., Cambril, E., and Chen, Y. (1994). Simultaneous scanning tunneling microscope and collection mode scanning near-field optical microscope using gold coated optical fiber probes Appl. Phys. Lett. 65(12), 1498-1500.
22. Moers, M. H. P., Tack, R. G., van Hulst, N. F., and Bolger, B. (1993). A combined near-field optical and force microscope. Scanning Microsc. 7(3), 789-792.
23. Shalom, S., Lieberman, K., Lewis, A., and Cohen, S. R. (1992). A micropipette force probe suitable for near field scanning optical microscopy. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63(9), 4061-4065.
24. Sakmann, B., and Neher, E. (eds.) (1983). Single-Channel Recording. Plenum, New York.
25. Thomas, R. C. (1978). Ion-Sensitive Intracellular Microelectrodes. Academic Press, New York.
26. Tan. W. (1993). Ph. D. Thesis. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
27. Brown. K. T., and Flaming, D. G. (1986). Advanced Micropipette Techniques for Cell Physiology. Wiley, New York.
28. Vogelmann, T., Martin, G., Chen, G., and Buttry, D. (1992). Adv. Bot. Res. 18, 255.
29. Tan, W., and Kopelman, R. (1993). In Dynamics in Small Confining Systems(J. M. Drake et al., Eds.), pp. 287, 290. Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA.
30. Lewis, A., and Lieberman, K. (1991). Nature (London) 354, 214.
31. Tan, W., Shi, Z., Smith, S., and Kopelman, R. (1994). Photonanofabrication and optical nanoprobes. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol., Sect. A) 252-253, 535-549.
32. Kopelman, R., Lewis, A., Lieberman, K., and Tan, W. (1991). Evanescent luminescence and nanometer-size light source. J. Lumin. 48/49, 87.
33. Lewis, A., and Lieberman, K., (1991) The optical near field and analytical chemistry. Anal. Chem 63, 625A.
34. Kopelman, R., Smith, S., Tan, W., Zenobi, R., Liberman, K., and Lewis, A. (1992). Spectral analysis of surfaces at subwavelength resolution. Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1637, 33.
35. Born, M., and Wolf, E. (1959). Principles of Optics Pergamon, London.
36. Agranovich, V. M., and Galanin. M. D. (1982). Electronic Excitation Energy Transfer on Condensed Matter. North-Holland Publ., Amsterdam.
37. Aavikso, J., Freiberg, A., Lipmaa, J., and Reinot, T. (1987). Times resolved studies of exciton polaritons. J. Lumin. 37, 313.
38. Monson, E., Merritt, G., Smith, S., Langmore, J. P., and Kopelman, R. (1995). Implementation of an NSOM system for fluorescence microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 57, 257-262.
39. Smith, S., Monson, E., Merritt, G., Tan, W., Birnbaum, D., Shi, S. Y., Thorsurud, B. A., Harris, C., Grahn. H. T. et al. (1993). Tip/sample interactions. Contrast and near-field microscopy of biological and solid slate samples. Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1858, 81-92.
40. Betzig, E., Chichester, R. J.; Lanni, F., and Taylor, D. L. (1993). Near-field fluorescence imaging of cytoskeletal actin. Bioimaging 1(3), 129-135.
41. Betzig, E., and Chichester, R. J. (1993). Single molecules observed by near-field scanning optical microscopy. Science 262, 1422-1425.
42. Kopelman, R., and Tan, W. (1993). Near-field optics: Imaging single molecules. Science 262, 1382-1384.
43. Trautman, J. K., Macklin, J. J., Brus, L. E., and Betzig, E. (1994). Near-field spectroscopy of single molecules at room temperature. Nature (London) 369, 40-42.
44. Ambrose, W. P., Goodwin, P. M., Martin, J. C. and Keller R. A. (1994). Single molecule detection and photochemistry on a surface using near field optical excitation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 72(1), 160-163.
45. Moerner, W. E., Plakhotnik, T., Irngartinger, T., Wild, U. P., Pohl, D. W., and Hecht, B. (1994). Near-field optical spectroscopy of individual molecules in solids Phys. Rev. Lett. 73(20), 2764-2767.
46. Reddick, R. C., Warmack, R. J., Chilcott, D. W., Sharp, S. L., and Ferrell, T. L. (1990). Photon scanning tunneling microscopy. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 61, 3669.
47. Trautman, J. K., Betzig, E., Weiner, J. S., DiGiovani, D. J., Harris, T. D., Hellman, F., and Gyorgy, E. M. (1992). Image contrast in near-field optics. J. Appl. Phys. 71, 465.
48. Heinzelmann, H., and Pohl, D. W. (1994). Scanning near field optical microscopy. Appl. Phys. A59(2), 89-101.
49. Specht, M., Pedarnig, J. D., Heckel, W. M., and Hansch, T. W. (1992). Scanning plasmon near-field microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68(4), 476-479.
50. Ritchie, R. H. (1957). Phys. Rev. 106, 874.
51. Trautman, J. K., Betzig, E., Weiner, J. S., DiGiovani, D. J., Harris, T. D., Hellman, F., and Görgy, E. M. (1992). Image contrast in near-field optics. J. Appl. Phys. 71, 465.
52. Quate, C. F. (1986). Vacuum tunneling: A new technique for microscopy. Phys. Today, August, p. 26.
53. Moers, M. H. P., Tack, R.G., Van Hulst, N. F., and Bolger B. (1994). Photon Scanning tunneling microscope in combination with a force microscope. J. Appl. Phys. 75(3), 1254-1257.
54. Betzig, E., Finn, P. L., and Weiner, J. S. (1992). Combined shear force and near field scanning optical microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 60(20), 2484-2486.
55. Toledo-Crow, R., Chen, Y., and Vaez-Iravani, M. (1992). An atomic force regulated near-field scanning optical microscope. Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1639, 44.
56. van Hulst, N. F., Moers, M. H. P., Noordman, O. F. J., Faulkner, T., Segerink, F. B., van dert Werf, K. O., de Grooth, B. G., and Bolger, B. (1992). Operation of a scanning near-field optical microscope in reflection in combination with a scanning force microscope. Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1639, 36.
57. Kook, S. K., and Kopelman, R. (1992). Microfluorescence and microstructure of tetracene aggregates in poly(methyl methacrylate). J. Phys. Chem. 96(26), 10672-10676.
58. Hess, H. F., Betzig, E., Harris, T. D., Pfeiffer, L. N., and West, K. W. (1994). Near-field spectroscopy of the quantum constituents of a luminescent system. Science 264, 1740-1745.
59. Grober, R. D., Harris, T. D., Trautman, J. K., Betzig, E., Wegscheider, W., Pfeiffer, L., and West, K. (1994). Optical spectroscopy of a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wire structure using near-field scanning optical microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 64(11), 1421-1423.
60. Birnbaum, D., Kook, S. K., and Kopelman, R. (1993). Near-field scanning optical spectroscopy: Spatially resolved spectra of microscrystals and nanoaggregates in doped polymers. J. Phys. Chem. 97(13), 3091-3094.
61. Tanaka, J. (1963). Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 36, 1237.
62. Hille, B. (1984). Ionic Channels in Excitable Membranes. Sinaur Assoc. Sunderland, MA. (1994).
63. Moerner, W. E. (1994). Science 265, 46-53; Moerner, W. E., and Kador, L. (1989). Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2535; Kador, L., Horne, D. E., and Moerner, W. E. (1990) J. Phys. Chem. 94, 1237; Basche, Th., and Moerner, W. E. (1993). Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 32, 457.
64. Moerner, W. E. (1994). Science 265, 46-53; Moerner, W. E., and Kador, L. (1989). Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2535; Kador, L., Horne, D. E., and Moerner, W. E. (1990) J. Phys. Chem. 94, 1237; Basche, Th., and Moerner, W. E. (1993). Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 32, 457.
65. Moerner, W. E. (1994). Science 265, 46-53; Moerner, W. E., and Kador, L. (1989). Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2535; Kador, L., Horne, D. E., and Moerner, W. E. (1990) J. Phys. Chem. 94, 1237; Basche, Th., and Moerner, W. E. (1993). Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 32, 457.
66. Moerner, W. E. (1994). Science 265, 46-53; Moerner, W. E., and Kador, L. (1989). Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2535; Kador, L., Horne, D. E., and Moerner, W. E. (1990) J. Phys. Chem. 94, 1237; Basche, Th., and Moerner, W. E. (1993). Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 32, 457.
67. Orrit, M., and Bernard, J. (1990). Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2716; Orrit, M., Bernard, J., and Personov, R. I. (1993). J. Phys. Chem. 97, 10256-10268.
68. Orrit, M., and Bernard, J. (1990). Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 2716; Orrit, M., Bernard, J., and Personov, R. I. (1993). J. Phys. Chem. 97, 10256-10268.
69. Smith, R. D., Cheng, X., Bruce, J. E., Hofstadler, S. A., and Anderson, G. A (1994). Nature (London) 369, 137-139; Barnes, M. D., Ng, K. C., Whitten, W. B., and Ramsey, J. M (1993). Anal. Chem. 65, 2360-2365.
70. Smith, R. D., Cheng, X., Bruce, J. E., Hofstadler, S. A., and Anderson, G. A (1994). Nature (London) 369, 137-139; Barnes, M. D., Ng, K. C., Whitten, W. B., and Ramsey, J. M (1993). Anal. Chem. 65, 2360-2365.
71. Shera, E. B., Seitzinger, N. K., Davis, L. M., Keller, R. A., and Soper, S. A. (1990). Chem. Phys. Lett. 1744, 553.
72. Whitten, W. B., Ramsey, J. M., Arnold, S., and Bronk, B. V. (1991). Anal. Chem. 63, 1027.
73. Berndt. R., Gaish, R., Gimzewski, J. K., Reihl, B. Schlittier, R. R., Schneider, W. D., and Tschudy, M. (1993). Science 262, 1425-1427; Ishikawa, M., Hirano, K., Hayakawa, T., Hosoi, S., and Brenner, S. (1994), Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 1571-1576.
74. Berndt. R., Gaish, R., Gimzewski, J. K., Reihl, B. Schlittier, R. R., Schneider, W. D., and Tschudy, M. (1993). Science 262, 1425-1427; Ishikawa, M., Hirano, K., Hayakawa, T., Hosoi, S., and Brenner, S. (1994), Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 1571-1576.
75. Kopelman, R., Tan, W., Lewis, A., and Lieberman, K. (1991). Scanning exciton microscopy and single molecule resolution and detection. Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1435, 96-101.
76. Lee, Y.-H., Maus, R. G., Smith B. W., and Winefordner, J. D. (1994) Laser-Induced fluorescence detection of a single molecule in a capillary. Anal. Chem. 66(23), 4142-4149.
77. Nie, S., Chiu, D. T., and Zare, R. N. (1994) Probing individual molecules with confocal fluorescence microscopy. Science 266, 1018-1021.
78. Fan, R.-R., and Bard, A. J. (1995). Electrochemical detection of single molecules Science 267, 871-874.
79. Seitz, W. R. (1988). Chemical sensors based on immobilized indicators and fiber optics. CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 19, 135.
80. Tan, W., Shi, Z., Thorsrud, B. A., Harris, C. and Kopelman, R. (1994). Near-field fiber optic chemical sensors and biological applications. Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Engl. 2068, 59-68.
81. Kopelman, R., Tan, W., and Shi, Z. (1994). Micro optical fiber light source and sensor and its method of fabrication. PCT Int. Appl. WO 9406040 Al 940317. 1-30.
82. Bright, G. R., Whitker, J. F., Haugland, R. P., and Taylor, D. L. (1989). Heterogeneity of the changes in cytoplasmic pH upon serum stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 141, 410-419.
83. Wolfbeis, O. S., Weis, L., Leiner, M. J. P., and Ziegler, W. E. (1988). Fiber optic fluorosensor for oxygen and carbon dioxide. Anal. Chew. 60, 2028-2030.
84. Tan, W., Shi, Z., and Kopelman. R. (1995). Miniaturized fiber optic chemical sensors with fluorescent dye doped polymers. Sensors Actuators B 28, 157-163.
85. Harris, C., Juchau, M. R., and Mirkes, P. E (1991). Teratology 43, 229-239.
86. Freeman, S. J., Coakley, M., and Brown, N. A. (1987). In Biochemical Toxicology: A Practical Approach (K. Snell., and B. Mullock, Eds.) 83-107. IRL Press, Washington DC.
87. Scott, W. J., Jr., Duggan, C. A., Schreiner, C. M., Collins, M. D., and Nau, H. (1987). In Approaches to Elucidate Mechanisms in Teratogenesis (F. Weisch, Ed.), pp. 99-107. Hemisphere, New York.
88. Collins, M. D., Duggan, C. A., Schreiner, C. M., and Scott, W. J. Jr. (1989). Am. J. Physiol. 257, R542-R549.
89. Dean, G. E., Fishkes, H., Nelson, P. J., and Rudnick, G. (1984). The hydrogen ion-pumping adenosine triphosphatase of platelet dense granule membrane. Differences from F1F0- and phosphoenzyme-type ATPases. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 9569-9574.
90. Hiranruengchok, R., and Harris, C. (1993) Glutathione oxidation and embryotoxicity elicited by diamide in the developing rat conceptus in vitro. Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol. 120, 62-71.
91. Waddell, W., and Butler T. (1959). J. Clin. Invest. 38, 720-729.
92. Kopelman R., and Lewis, A. (1989). A nanometer dimension optical device with microimaging and nanoillumination capabilities. U.S. Pat. 07/380,099.
93. McDonald, A. (1972). Electric and magnetic coupling through small apertures in shield walls of any thickness. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-20, 698.
94. Lewis, A., Betzig, E., Harootunian, A., Isaacson, M., and Kratschmer, E., (1988). Near-field imaging of fluorescence: In Spectroscopic Membrane Probes (L. M. Loew, Ed.), Vol. 2, p. 81. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
95. Francis, A. H., and Kopelman, R. (1986). Excitation dynamics in molecular solids. In Topics in Applied Physics, Laser Spectroscopy of Solids (W. M. Yen and P. M. Selzer, Eds.), 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
96. Pope, M., and Swenberg, E. (1982). Electronic Processes in Organic Crystals. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
97. Xu, Z., and Moore, J. S. (1993). Angrew. Chem. 32, 1354.
98. Xu, Z., Shi, Z.-Y., Tan, W., Kopelman, R., and Moore, J. S. (1993). Polym. Prep., Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem. 33(1), 130-131.
99. Kopelman, R., Lewis, A., and Lieberman, K. (1989). Molecular exciton microscopy. Biophys. J. 55, 450a.
100. Roberts, G. (Ed.) (1990). Langumuir-Blodgett Films. Plenum, New York.
101. Kasha, M. (1952). J. Chem. Phys. 20, 71.
102. Kopelman, R., Langmore, J., Orr, B., Shi, Z.-Y., Smith, S., Tan, W. and Makarov, V. (1991). Scanning molecular exciton microscopy: A new approach to gene sequencing. Human Genome Program Reports (1991-1992), p. 130. U. S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.
103. Fauman, E. B., and Kopelman. R. (1989). Excitons in molecular aggregates and a hypothesis on the sodium channel gating Mol. Cell. Biophys. 6, 47.
104. Tan, W., Shi Z., and Kopelman, R. (1995). Molecular supertips for near-field optics. Ultramicroscopy (in press).
105. Yeung, E. S. (1994). Chemical analysis of single cells. Acc. Chem. Res. 27, 409-414.
106. Shortreed, M., Shi, Z.-Y., Tan, W., Xu, Z., Moore, J., and Kopelman, R. (1996). Science (in press).
107. Kopelman, R, Tan, W., and Birnbaum, D. (1994). Subwavelength spectroscopy, exciton supertips and mesoscopic light-matter interactions. J. Lumin. 58(1-6), 380-387.
108. Smith, S., Orr, B., Kopelman, R., and Noires, T. (1995). 100 Fs/100 nm near-field probes. Ultramicroscopy, 57, 173-175.
109. Betzig, E., Grubb, S. G., Chichester, R. J., DiGiovanni, D. J., and Weiner, J. S. (1993). Fiber laser probe for near-field scanning optical microsocpy Appl. Phys. Lett. 63(26), 3550-3552.
110. Yeung, E. S. (1995) Adv. Chromatogr. 35, 1-51.
111. Tan, W., and Yeung, E. S. (1995). Simultaneous determination of enzyme activity and enzyme quantity in single human erythrocytes. Anal. Biochem. 226(1), 74-79.
112. Kopelman, R. (1991). Exciton microscopy and reaction kinetics in restricted spaces. In Physical and Chemical Mechanisms in Molecular Radiation Biology (W. A. Glass and M. Varma, Eds.), Plenum Press, New York.
113. Avouris, P. (1995) Manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular levels. Acc. Chem. Res. 28, 95-102.