Are idiopathic and chagasic achalasia two different diseases?

Digestive Diseases and Sciences

Volumn 49, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 353-360

  Herbella, Fernando A M ^a,b   Oliveira, Daniel R C F ^a   Del Grande, Jose C ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b NONE   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Achalasia; Chagas' disease; Esophagus; Megaesophagus

Indexed keywords

BOTULINUM TOXIN; ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE; NIFEDIPINE;

CANCER RISK; CHAGAS DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DYSPHAGIA; ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY; ESOPHAGUS ACHALASIA; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; ESOPHAGUS DILATATION; ESOPHAGUS DISEASE; ESOPHAGUS DIVERTICULOSIS; ESOPHAGUS MOTILITY; ESOPHAGUS MYOTOMY; ESOPHAGUS RESECTION; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; IDIOPATHIC DISEASE; LOWER ESOPHAGUS SPHINCTER; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; UPPER ESOPHAGUS SPHINCTER;

CHAGAS DISEASE; ESOPHAGEAL ACHALASIA; ESOPHAGEAL DISEASES; HUMANS;

EID: 1842608677     PISSN: 01632116     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:DDAS.0000020486.71719.62     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Oliveira RB, Troncon LEA, Dantas RO, Meneghelli UG: Gastrointestinal manifestations of Chagas' disease. Am J Gastroenterol 93(6):884-889, 1998
2. Pinotti HW, Felix VN, Zilberstein B, Cecconello I: Surgical complications of Chagas' disease: megaesophagus, achalasia of the pylorus, and cholelithiasis. World J Surg 15:198-204, 1991
3. Dantas RO: Idiophatic achalasia and chagasic megaesophagus. J Clin Gastroenterol 10(1):13-15, 1988
4. Dantas RO, Godoy RA, Oliveira RB, Meneghelli UG, Troncon LEA: Lower esophageal sphincter pressure in Chagas' disease. Dig Dis Sci 35(4):508-512, 1990
5. Dantas RO, Deghaide NHS, Donadi EA: Esophageal motility of patients with Chagas' disease and idiophatic achalasia. Dig Dis Sci 46(6):1200-1206, 2001
6. Zucololo S, Rezende JM: Mucosal alterations in human chronic chagasic esophagopaty. Digestion 47:138-142, 1990
7. Raizman RE, Rezende JM, Neva FA: A clinical trial with pre- and post-treatment manometry comparing pneumatic dilation with bouginage for treatment of Chagas' megaesophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 74:405-409, 1980
8. Dantas RO: Hipocontratilidade do esôfago em pacientes com doença de chagas e pacientes com acalasia idiopática, Arq Gastroenterol 37(1):35-41, 2000
9. Dantas RO: Upper esophageal sphincter pressure in patients with Chagas' disease and primary achalasia. Brazil J Med Biol Res 33:545-551, 2000
10. Holloway RH, Dodds WJ, Helm JF, Hogan WJ, Dent J, Amdorfer RC: Integrity of cholinergic innervation to the lower esophageal sphincter in achalasia. Gastroenterology 90:924-929, 1986
11. Cohen S, Fisher R, Tuch A: The site of denervation in achalasia. Gut 13:556-558, 1972
12. Dantas RO, Godoy RA, Oliveira RB, Meneghelli UG, Troncon LEA: Cholinergic innervation of the lower esophageal sphincter in Chagas' disease. Brazil J Med Biol Res 20:527-532, 1987
13. Padovan W, Godoy RA, Dantas RO, Meneghelli UG, Oliveira RB, Troncon LEA: Lower oesohageal sphincter response to pentagastrin in chagasic patients with megaoesophagus and megacolon. Gut 21:85-89, 1980
14. Cohen S, Lipshutz W, Hughes W: Role of gastrin supersensitivity in the pathogenesis of lower esophageal sphincter hypertension in achalasia. J Clin Invest 50:1241-1247, 1971
15. Gonzalez M, Mearin F, Vasconez C, Armengol JR, Malagelada JR: Oesophageal tone in patients with achalasia. Gut 41:291-296, 1997
16. Dantas RO: Dysphagia in patients with Chagas' disease. Dysphagia 13:53-57, 1998
17. Aquino JLB, Oliveira LA, Ishida P, Neto JAR, Netto PAA: A dilatação pneumática no megaesôfago incipiente. GED 11(2):50-54, 1992
18. Abid S, Champion G, Richter JE, McElvein R, Slaughter RL, Koehler RE: Treatment of achalasia: the best of both words. Am J Gastroenterol 89(7):979-985, 1994
19. Bonavina L, Nosadini A, Bardini R, Baessato M, Peracchia A: Primary treatment of esophageal achalasia. Long-term results of myotomy and Dor fundoplicatio. Arch Surg 127:222-227, 1992
20. Boulez J, Meeus P, Espalieu P: Oesocardiomyotomie de Heller sans anti-reflux par voie laparoscopique. Ann Chir 51(3):232-236, 1997
21. Camacho-Lobato L, Katz PO, Eveland J, Vela M, Castell DO: Vigorous achalasia. Original description requires minor change. J Clin Gastroenterol 33(5):375-377, 2001
22. Cuillière C, Ducrotté P, Zerbib F, Metman EH, de Looze D, Guillemont F, Hudziak H, Lamouliatte H, Grimaud JC, Ropert A, Dapoigny M, Bost R, Lemann M, Bigard MA, Denis P, Auget JL, Galmiche JP, Bruley des Varannes S: Achalasia: outcome of patients treated with intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin. Gut 41:87-92, 1997
23. Delgado F, Bolufer JM, Martinez-Abad M, Martin J, Blanes F, Castro C, Moreno-Osset E, Mora F, Benages A: Laparoscopic treatment of esophageal achalasia. Surg Laparosc Endosc 6(2):83-90, 1996
24. Eckardt VF, Köhne U, Junginger T, Westermeier T: Risk factors for diagnostic delay in achalasia. Dig Dis Sci 42(3):580-585, 1997
25. Herbella FAM, Del Grande JC, Lourenço LG, Mansur NS, Haddad CM: Resultados tardios da operação de Heller associada à fundoplicatura no tratamento do megaesôfago: análise de 83 casos. Rev Ass Med Brasil 45(4):317-322, 1999
26. Holzman MD, Sharp KW, Ladipo JK, Eller RF, Holcomb GW, Richards WO: Laparoscopic surgical treatment of achalasia. Am J Surg 173:308-311, 1997
27. Kim CH, Cameron AJ, Hsu JJ, Talley NJ, Trastek VF, Pairolero PC, O'Connor MK, Colwell LJ, Zinsmeister AR: Achalasia: Prospective evaluation of relationship between lower esophageal sphincter pressure, esophageal transit, and esophageal diameter and symptoms in response to pneumatic dilation. Mayo Clin Proc 68:1067-1073, 1993
28. Luketich JD, Fernando HC, Christie NA, Buenaventura PO, Keenan RJ, Ikramuddin S, Schauer PR: Outcomes after minimally invasive esophagomyotomy. Ann Thorac Surg 72:1909-1913, 2001
29. Meshkinpour H, Kaye I, Elias A, Glick ME: Manometric and radiologic correlations in achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 87(11):1567-1570, 1992
30. Moura EGH, Filho FM, Sakai P, Ishioka S: Dilatação pneumáticada cardia em portadores de megaesôfago chagásico. GED 10(3):83-86, 1991
31. Parrilla Paricio P, Martinez de Haro L, Ortiz A, Aguayo JL: Achalasia of the cardia: long-term results of oesophagomyotomy and posterior partial fundoplication. Br J Surg 77:1371-1374, 1990.
32. Pellegrini CA, Leichter R, Patti M, Somberg K, Ostroff JW, Way L: Thoracoscopic esophageal myotomy in the treatment of achalasia. Ann Thorac Surg 56:680-682, 1993
33. Pilon B, teixeira FV, Terrazas JPI, Moreira EP, Pillon EY: Aspectos ténicos da esofagocardiomiotomia com divulsão para o tratamento cirúrgico do megaesôfago chagásico não avançado. Rev Ass Med Brasil 44(3):179-784, 1998
34. Ribet M, Bonnet P, Pruvot FR, Mensier E: L'opération de Heller pour méga-oesophage. Techniques et résultats. A propos de 110 cas. Lyon Chir 86(1):9-11, 1990
35. Torbey CF, Achkar E, Rice TW, Baker M, Richler JE: Long-term outcome of achalasia treatment: the need for closer follow-up. J Clin Gastroenterol 28(2):125-130, 1999
36. Pinotti HW, Domene CE, Lancarotte KS, Oluwafemi TAL: Estudo sócio-econômico em pacientes portadores de megaesôfago: inquérito entre 104 pacientes. Rev Paul Med 101(6):240-244, 1983
37. Oliveira RB, Filho JR, Dantas RO, Iazigi N: The spectrum of esophageal motor disorders in Chagas' disease. Am J Gastroenterol 90(7):1119-1124, 1995
38. Ancona E, Anselmino M, Zaninotto G, Costantini M, Rossi M, Bonavina L, Boccu C, Buin F, Peracchia A: Esophageal achalasia: laparoscopic versus conventional open Heller-Dor operation. Am J Surg 17:265-270, 1995
39. Brücher BLDM, Stein HJ, Bartels H, Feussner H, Siewert JR: Achalasia and esophageal cancer: incidence, prevalence, and prognosis. World J Surg 25:745-749, 2001
40. Chuong JJH, DuBovik S, McCallum RW: Achalasia as a risk factor for esophageal carcinoma. A reappraisal. Dig Dis Sci 29(12):1105-1108, 1984
41. Dudnick RS, Castell JA, Castell DO: Abnormal upper esophageal sphincter function in achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol 87(12):1712-1715, 1992
42. Ellis FH Jr: Oesophagectomy for achalasia: a 22-year experience. Br J Surg 80:882-885, 1993
43. Pasricha PJ, Rai R, Ravich WJ, Hendrix TR, Kalloo AN: Botulinum toxin for achalasia: long-term outcome and predictors of response. Gastroenterology 110:1410-1415, 1996
44. Patti MG, Pellegrini CA, Arcerito M, Tong J, Mulvihill SJ, Way LW: Comparison of medical and minimally invasive surgical therapy for primary esophageal motility disorders. Arch Surg 130:609-616, 1995
45. Shiino Y, Houghton SG, Filipi CJ, Awad ZT, Tomonaga T, Marsh RE: Manometric and radiographic verification of esophageal body decompensation for patients with achalasia. J Am Coll Surg 189:158-163, 1999
46. Slim K, Pezet D, Chipponi J, Boulant J, Mathieu S: Laparoscopic myotomy for primary esophageal achalasia: prospective evaluation. Hepato- Gastroenterology 44:11-15, 1997
47. Todorczuk JR, Aliperti G, Staiano A, Clouse RE: Reevaluation of manometric criteria for vigorous achalasia. Is this a distinct clinical disorder? Dig Dis Sci 36(3):274-278, 1991
48. Wong RKH, Maydonovitch CL: Achalasia. In The Esophagus. Castell DO, Richter JE (eds). Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999, pp 185-213
49. Ellenbogen G, Ishioka S, Pinotti HW, Raia A: Resultado do tratamento cirúrgico do megaesôfago chagásico não avançado. Aspectos morfológicos do esôfago operado. Rev Paul Med 99:12-16, 1982
50. França TA, Filho NG, Neto RB, Silva AL: Esofagocaidiomioplastia transversal extramucosa mais esofagogastrofundoplicatura parcial no tratamento do megaesôfago. Rev Col Bras Cir 26(4):219-226, 1999
51. Henry MACA, Saad LHC, Marcato PS: The importance of esophageal manometry in diagnosis and management of megaesophagus. ABCD Arq Bras Cir Dig 6(1):8-14, 1991
52. Lemme EMO, Vargas SSM, Andrade SRV, Correa VLF: Acalasia da cárdia. Estudo retrospectivo de 107 pacientes. Ars Cvrandi 6:24-38, 1985
53. Moraes-Filho JPP, Kohatsu OS, Bettarello A: Pressão basal do esfíncter inferior do esôfago na doença de Chagas: megaesôfago e forma indeterminada. Rev Ass Med Brasil 32(3/4):51-53, 1986
54. Rezende JM, Rosa H, Vaz MGM, Andrade-Sa N, Porto JD, Neto JN, Ximenes JAA: Endoscopia no megaesôfago. Estudo prospective de 600 casos. Arq Gastroenterol 22(2):53-62, 1985
55. Annese V, Andriulli A, Bassoti G, Coccia G, Dinelli M, D'Onofrio V, Gatto G, Lenadro G, Repici A, Testoni PA, Andriulli A: A multicentre randomised study of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in patients with oesophageal achalasia. Gut 46:597-600, 2000
56. Arber N, Grossman A, Lurie B, Hoffman M, Rubinstein A, Lilos P, Rozen P, Gilat T: Epidemiology of achalasia in Central Israel. Rarity of esophageal cancer. Dig Dis Sci 38(10):1920-1925, 1993
57. Benini L, Sembenini C, Castellani G, Bardelli E, Brentegani MT, Giorgetti P, Vantini I: Pathological esophageal acidification and pneumatic dilatation in achalasic patients. Too much or not enough? Dig Dis Sci 41(2):365-371, 1996
58. Jordan PH Jr: Longterm results of esophageal myotomy for achalasia. J Am Coll Surg 193:137-145, 2001
59. Meijssen MAC, Tilanus HW, van Blankenstein M, Hop WCJ, Ong GL: Achalasia complicated by oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective study in 195 patients. Gut 33:155-158, 1992
60. Ott DJ, Hodge RG, Chen MYM, Wu WC, Gelfand DW: Achalasia associated with esophageal diverticula. Prevalence and potencial implications. J Clin Gastroenterol 18(4):343-346, 1994
61. Picciocchi A, Cardillo G, D'Ugo D, Castrucci G, Mascellari L, Granone P: Surgical treatment of achalasia: a retrospective comparative study. Surg Today 23:855-859, 1993
62. Aggestrup S, Holm JC, Sorensen HR: Does achalasia predispose to cancer of the esophagus? Chest 102(4):1013-1016, 1992
63. Desa LA, Spencer J, McPherson S: Surgery for achalasia cardiae: the Dor operation. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 72(2):128-131, 1990
64. Yoneyama F, Miyachi M, Nimura Y: Manometric findings of the upper esophageal sphincter in esophageal achalasia. World J Surg 22:1043-1047, 1998
65. Dantas RO: Relação entre motilidade e sintomas esofágicos com a pressão do esfincter inferior do esofago na doença de Chagas. GED 12(1):23-26, 1993
66. Dantas RO, Deghaide NHS, Donadi EA: Esophageal manometric and radiologic findings in asymptomatic subjects with Chagas' disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 28(3):245-248, 1999
67. Csendes A, Strauszer T, Uribe P: Alterations in normal esophageal motility in patients with Chagas' disease. Am J Dig Dis 20(5):437-442, 1975
68. Ali GN, Hunt DR, Jorgensen JO, de Carle DJ, Cook IJ: Esophageal achalasia and coexistent upper esophageal sphincter relaxation disorder presenting with airway obstruction. Gastroenterology 109:1328-1332, 1995
69. Becker DJ, Castell DO: Acute airway obstruction in achalasia: possible role of defective belch reflex. Gastroenterology 97:1323-1326, 1989
70. Carlsson-Nordlander B: Acute upper airway obstruction in a patient wtih achalasia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 113:885-887, 1987
71. Chijimaisu Y, Hasumi K, Inatomi K, Tamura M, Homma H: Airway obstruction in achalasia. Chest 78:348-350, 1980
72. Collins MP, Rabie S: Sudden airway obstruction in achalasia. J Laryngol Otol 98:207-211, 1984
73. Dominguez F, Hernandez-Ranz F, Saul B: Acute upper-airway obstruction in achalasia of the esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 82:362-364, 1987
74. Ten Brock E, McNally D: Upper airway obstruction in achalasia. Conn Med 50:5-6, 1986
75. Travis KW, Saini VK, O'Sullivan PT: Upper airway obstruction and achalasia of the esophagus. Anesthesiology 54:87-88, 1981
76. Westbrook JL: Oesophageal achalasia causing respiratory obstruction. Anaesthesia 47:38-40, 1992
77. Zikk D, Rapoport Y, Halperin D, Papo J, Himelfarb MZ: Acute airway obstruction and achalasia of the esophagus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 98:641-643, 1989
78. Massey BT, Hogan WJ, Dodds WJ, Dantas RO: Alteration of the upper esophageal sphincter belch reflex in patients with achalasia. Gastroenterology 103:1574-1579, 1992
79. Dantas RO, Godoy RA, Meneghelli UG, Oliveira RB: A contratilidade esofágica em pacientes chagasicos com peristaltismo e com aperistalse. Rev Ass Med Brasil 28(9/10):202-203, 1982
80. Ferguson MK: Achalasia: current evaluation and therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 52:336-342, 1991
81. Andreollo NA, Brandalise NA, Leonardi LS: Megaesôfago incipiente: dilatação ou cirurgia? Rev Ass Med Brasil 30(1/2):4-6, 1984
82. Dantas RO, Godoy RA, Oliveira RB, Villanova MG, Meneghelli UG, Troncon LEA: Effect of nifedipine on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure in chagasic patients. Brazil J Med Biol Res 19:205-209, 1986
83. Domene CE, Santo MA, Onari P, Volpe P, Pinotti HW: Laparoscopic treatment of megaesophagus. Results of cardiomyectomy with fundoplication. ABCD Arq Bras Cir Dig 12(3/4):34-38, 1997
84. Stupnik S, Chiocca JC, Salis GB: Are chagasic and idiophatic achalasia different? [letter]. Dig Dis Sci 38(7):1358, 1993
85. Richter JE, Wu WL, Jonhs DN, Blackwell JN, Nelson JL 3rd, Castell JA, Castell DO: Esophageal manometry in 95 healthy adult volunteers. Dig Dis Sci 32:583-592, 1987
86. De la Fuente Perucho A, Ruiz de Leon A, Garcia-Calvo M, Perez Ruiz P, Zuloaga J, Fernandez Lobato R, Balibrea JL: Cirugia de acalasia: debe añadirse un mecanismo antirreflujo a la miotomia de Heller? Rev Esp Enf Ap Digest 72(4-1):334-338, 1987
87. Dantas RO, Modena JLP, Bellucci AD: Relação entre o tempo de disfagia e achados endoscópicos, manométricos e radiológicos do esôfago em portadores de doença de Chagas. GED 8 (1):13-16, 1989
88. Goldenberg SP, Burrel M, Fette GG, Vos C, Traube M: Classic and vigorous achalasia:a comparison of manometric, radiographic, and clinical findings. Gastroenterology 101(3):743-748, 1991
89. Barrichello AW, Vianna AL, Souza JAG, Ginani FF, Barbosa H: Chagas' megaesophagus: manometric studies before and after Thal's fundic patch operation. GEN 30(1-2):25-29, 1975
90. Parrilla Paricio P, Martinez de Haro L, Ortiz Escandell A, Morales Cuenca, Molina Martinez J: Short myotomy for vigorous achalasia. Br J Surg 80(12):1540-1542, 1993
91. Esper FE, Mineiro V, Santos EP, Moraes DM, Andrade NB: Dilatação da cárdia no tratamento da disfagia de pacientes com megaesôfago chagásico. Arq Gastroenterol 25(2):69-74, 1988
92. Dantas RO, Modena JLP, Bellucci AD: Correlação entre resultados de endoscopia, manometria e radiologia do esôfago em pacientes com doença de Chagas. GED 5(3):71-76, 1986
93. Koeberle F: Patogenia do megaesôfago brasileiro e europeu. Rev Goiana Med 9:79-116, 1963
94. Goldblum JR, Whyte RI, Orringer MB, Appelman HD: Achalasia. A morphologic study of 42 resected specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 18(4):327-337, 1994
95. Lehman MB, Clark SB, Ormsby AH, Rice TW, Richter JE, Goldblum JR: Squamous mucosal alterations in esophagectomy specimens from patients with end-stage achalasia. Am J Surg Pathol 25(11):1413-1418, 2001
96. Csendes A, Smok G, Braghetto I, Ramirez C, Velasco N, Henriquez A: Gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and histological changes in distal esophagus in patients with achalasia of the esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 30(10):941-945, 1985
97. Goldblum JR, Rice TW, Richter JE: Histopathologic features in esophagomyotomy specimens from patients with achalasia. Gastroenterology 111:648-654, 1996
98. Cabral HRA, Glocker TM, Novak ITC, Krainbuhl VA: Estudio de esofago en pacientes chagasicos de Cordoba, Argentina. Histologico-inmunohistoquimico, y de tiempo de evacuacion. Rev Fac Med Cordoba 56(2):27-33, 1999
99. Adad SJ, Andrade DCS, Lopes ER, Chapadeiro E: Contribuição ao estudo da anatomia patológica do megaesôfago chagásico. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 33(6):443-450, 1991
100. Thomas ML, Anthony AA, Fosh BG, Finch JG, Maddern GJ: Oesophageal diverticula. Br J Surg 88:629-642, 2001
101. Brandalise NA, Andreollo NA, Leonardi LS, Neto FC: Carcinoma associado a megaesôfago chagásico. Rev Col Bras Cir 12(6):196-199, 1985
102. Camara-Lopes LH: Carcinoma of the esophagus as a complication of megaesophagus. Am J Dig Dis 6(8):742-756, 1961
103. Pinotti HW, Pollara WM, Gemperli R, Raia AA: O problema do câncer no megaesôfago. Rev Ass Med Brasil 26(11):379-381, 1980
104. Rocha A, Almeida HO, Esper FE, Moraes DM, Santos EP, Teixeira VPA: Associação entre megaesôfago e carcinoma de esôfago. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 16:94-97, 1983
105. Perrachia A, Segalin A, Bardini R, Ruol A, Bonavina L, Baessato M: Esophageal carcinoma and achalasia: prevalence, incidence and results of treatment. Hepato-Gastroenterology 38:514-516, 1991
106. Streitz JM, Ellis FH Jr, Gibb SP, Heatley GM: Achalasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: analysis of 241 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 59:1604-1609, 1995
107. Seelig MH, De Vault KR, Seelig SK, Klingler PJ, Branton AS, Floch NR, Bammer T, Hinder RA: Treatment of achalasia. Recent advances in surgery. J Clin Gastroenterol 28(3):202-207, 1999
108. Dantas RO, Filho JR, Oliveira RB, Godoy RA: Efeito do dinitrato de isosorbitol na pressão do esfíncter inferior do esôfago de pacientes com doença de Chagas. Arq Gastroenterol 24(2):84-87, 1987
109. Filho JR, Oliveira RB, Dantas RO, Iazigi N: Efeito do dinitrato de isosorbitol sobreo esvaziamento esofágico no megaesôfago chagásico. Arq Gastroenterol 27(3):115-159, 1990
110. Ferreira-Filho LP, Patto RJ, Troncon LEA, Oliveira RB: Use of isosorbide dinitrate for the symptomatic treatment of patients with Chagas' disease achalasia. A double-blind, crossover trial. Brazil J Med Biol Res 24:1093-1098, 1991
111. Parkman HP, Reynolds JC, Ouyang A, Rosato EF, Eisenberg JM, Cohen S: Pneumatic dilatation or esophagomyotomy treatment for idiopathic achalasia: clinical outcomes and cost analysis. Dig Dis Sci 38(1):75-85, 1993
112. Cecconello I: Tratamento do megaesôfago chagásico. Rev Ass Med Brasil 30(1/2):1, 1984
113. Michelsohn NH: O lugar da dilatação pneumática no tratamento da acalásia, Arq Gastroenterol 25(2):67-68, 1988
114. Brant CQ, Nakao F, Ardengh JC, Nasi A, Ferrari AP Jr: Echoendoscopic evaluation of botulinum toxin intrasphincteric injections in Chagas' disease achalasia. Dis Esophagus 12(1):37-40, 1999
115. Devaney EJ, Iannettoni MD, Orringer MB, Marshall B: Esophagectomy for achalasia: patient selection and clinical experience. Ann Thorac Surg 72:854-858, 2001
116. Prata A: Clinical and epidemiological aspects of Chagas disease. Lancet Infect Dis 1(2):92-100, 2001
117. Csendes A, Braghetto I, Henriquez A, Cortes C: Late results of a prospective randomised study comparing forceful dilatation and oesophagomyotomy in patients with achalasia. Gut 30:299-304, 1989