Attachment working models as unconscious structures: An experimental test

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 180-189

  Maier, Markus A ^a   Bernier, Annie ^b   Pekrun, Reinhard ^a   Zimmermann, Peter ^c   Grossmann, Klaus E ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF REGENSBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CONSCIOUSNESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; FEMALE; GROUP PSYCHOLOGY; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MODEL; SCORING SYSTEM; SELF REPORT;

EID: 1842591786     PISSN: 01650254     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01650250344000398     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Armsden, G.C., & Greenberg, M.T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationships to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427-454.
2. Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., & Van Ijzendoorn, M.H. (1993). A psychometric study of the Adult Attachment Interview: Reliability and discriminant validity. Developmental Psychology, 29, 870-880.
3. Baldwin, M.W. (1992). Relational schemas and the processing of social information. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 461-484.
4. Banse, R. (2003). Beyond verbal self-report: Priming methods in relationship research. In J. Musch & K.C. Klauer (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp. 245-274). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
5. Bargh, J.A. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In R.S. Wyer & T. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition, Vol. 1: Basic processes (2nd ed., pp. 1-41). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Associates Inc.
6. Bartholomew, K., & Shaver, P.R. (1998). Methods of assessing adult attachment: Do they converge? In J.A. Simpson & W.S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 25-45). New York: Guilford Press.
7. Bornstein, R.F. (1990). Critical importance of stimulus unawareness for the production of subliminal psychodynamic activation effects: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 201-210.
8. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Vol. 2. Separation. New York: Basic Books.
9. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss. Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
10. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
11. Brennan, K.A., Clark, C.L. & Shaver, P.R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J.A. Simpson & W.S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford Press.
12. Bretherton, I., & Munholland, K.A. (1999). Internal working models in attachment relationships: A construct revisited. In J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp.89-114). New York: Guilford Press.
13. Collins, A.M., & Loftus, E.F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428.
14. Collins, A.M., & Quillian, M.R. (1969). Retrieval time from semantic memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8, 240-248.
15. Collins, N.L., & Read, S.J. (1994). Cognitive representations of attachment: The content and function of working models. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships, Vol. 5 (pp. 53-90). London: Kingsley.
16. Crowell, J.A., Fraley, R.C., & Shaver, P.R. (1999). Measurement of individual differences in adolescent and adult attachment. In J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp.89-114). New York: Guilford Press.
17. Crowell, J.A., & Treboux, D. (1996). A review of adult attachment measures: Implications for theory and research. Social Development 4, 294-327.
18. Crowell, J.A., Waters, E., Treboux, D., O'Connor, E., Colon-Downs, C., Feider, O., Golby, B., & Posada, G. (1996). Discriminant validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Child Development, 67, 2584-2599.
19. Dennis, I., & Evans, J. (1996). The speed-error trade-off problem in psychometric testing. British Journal of Psychology, 87, 105-129.
20. Devine, P.G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
21. Dijksterhuis, A., Spears, R., & Lépinasse, V. (2001). Reflecting and deflecting stereotypes: Assimilation and contrast in impression formation and automatic behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 286-299.
22. Dozier, M., & Kobak, R.R. (1992). Psychophysiology in attachment interviews: Converging evidence for deactivating strategies. Child Development, 63, 1473-1480.
23. Drain, S.C. (1997). Analytic limitations of unconscious language processing. Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington.
24. Fazio, R.H., Sanbonmatsu, D.M., Powell, M.C., & Kardes, F.R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229-238.
25. Fraley, R.C., & Waller, N.G. (1998). Adult attachment patterns: A test of the typological model. In J.A. Simpson & W.S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 77-114). New York: Guilford Press.
26. Fudin, R. (1999). Subliminal psychodynamic activation: Methodological problems and questions in Silverman's experiments. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 89, 235-244.
27. Fudin, R. (2000). Comment on Birgegard and Sohlberg's (1999) suggestion for research in subliminal psychodynamic activation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90, 740-746.
28. Furman, W., & Wehner, E.A. (1994). Romantic views: Toward a theory of adolescent romantic relationships. In R. Montemayor, G.R. Adams, & T.P. Gullotta (Eds.), Personal relationships during adolescence. Advances in adolescent development: An annual book series, Vol. 6 (pp. 168-195). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
29. Geisler, C. (1986). The use of subliminal psychodynamic activation in the study of repression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 844-851.
30. George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). Adult attachment interview protocol (2nd ed.). Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Berkeley.
31. Greenberg, A.C. (1992). Subliminal psychodynamic activation method and annihilation anxiety: Preliminary findings. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 219-225.
32. Greenwald, A.G. (1992). New look 3: Unconscious cognition reclaimed. American Psychologist, 47, 766-779.
33. Greenwald, A.G., & Liu, T.J. (1985, November). Limited unconscious processing of meaning. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Boston.
34. Grossmann, K., & Grossmann, K.E. (1983). Verhaltensontogenie bei menschlichen Neugeborenen - Die Bielefelder Längsschnittuntersuchung [Behavioural ontogeny of human newborns - The Bielefeld Longitudinal Study]. Unpublished manuscript, Universität Regensburg, Germany.
35. Hardaway, R.A. (1990). Subliminally activated symbiotic fantasies: Facts and artifacts. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 177-195.
36. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
37. Irtel, H. (1995). The PXL-Collection of psychological experiments. Unpublished manuscript, University of Mannheim, Germany.
38. Kobak, R.R. (1993). The attachment Q-sort. Unpublished manuscript, University of Delaware.
39. Main, M., & Goldwyn, R. (1998). Adult attachment classification system, draft 6.2. Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Berkeley.
40. Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points in attachment theory and research (pp. 66-106). Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50.
41. Marvin, R.S., & Britner, P.A. (1999). Normative development. The ontogeny of attachment. In J. Cassidy & P.R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment theory and research (pp. 89-114). New York: Guilford Press.
42. Mikulincer, M., Birnbaum, G., Woddis, D., & Nachmias, O. (2000). Stress and accessibility of proximity-related thoughts: Exploring the normative and intraindividual components of attachment theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 509-523.
43. Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., & Shaver, P.R. (2002). Activation of the attachment system in adulthodd: Threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representations of attachment figures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 881-895.
44. Mikulincer, M., Hirschberger, G., Nachmias, O., & Gillath, O. (2001). The affective component of the secure base schema: Affective priming with representations of attachment security. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 305-321.
45. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P.R. (2001). Attachment theory and intergroup bias: Evidence that priming the secure base schema attenuates negative reactions to out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 97-115.
46. Neely, J.H. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading. Visual word recognition (pp.264-337). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
47. Patton, C.J. (1992). Fear abandonment and binge eating: A subliminal psychodynamic activation investigation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 484-490.
48. Posner, M.I., & Snyder, C. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R.L. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium (pp. 55-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
49. Sagi, A., Van IJzendoorn, M.H., Scharf, M., Koren-Karie, N., Joels, T., & Mayseless, O. (1994). Stability and discriminant validity of the Adult Attachment Interview: A psychometric study in young Israeli adults. Developmental Psychology, 30, 771-777.
50. Shah, J.Y., & Kruglanski, A.W. (2002). Priming against your will: How accessible alternatives affect goal pursuit. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 368-383.
51. Shaver, P.R., Collins, N., & Clark, C.L. (1996). Attachment styles and internal working models of self and relationship partners. In G.J.O. Fletcher & J. Fitness (eds.), Knowledge structures in close relationships: A social psychological approach (pp. 25-61). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
52. Shaver, P.R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002). Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment and Human Development, 4, 133-161.
53. Silverman, L.H., Bornstein, A., & Mendelsohn, E. (1976). The further use of the subliminal psychodynamic activation method for the experimental study of the clinical theory of psychoanalysis: On the specifity of the relationship between symptoms and unconscious conflicts. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 13, 2-16.
54. Silverman, L.H., Ross, D.L., Adler, J.M., & Lustig, D.A. (1978). Simple research paradigm for demonstrating subliminal psychodynamic activation: Effects of oedipal stimuli on dart-throwing accuracy in college males. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 341-357.
55. Silverman, L.H., & Silverman, D.K. (1964). A clinical-experimental approach to the study of subliminal stimulation: The effects of a drive-related stimulus upon Rorschach responses. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, 158-172.
56. Slipp, S. (2000). Subliminal stimulation research and its implications for psychoanalytic theory and treatment. Journal of American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 28, 305-320.
57. Spangler, G., & Zimmermann, P. (1999). Attachment representation and emotion regulation in adolescents: A psychobiological perspective on internal working models. Attachment and Human-Development, 1, 270-290.
58. Strasser, K. (2003). Adult attachment representation: A longitudinal study. Unpublished manuscript, University of Regensburg, Germany.
59. Weinberger, J. (1992). Validating and demystifying subliminal psychodynamic activation. In R.F. Bornstein & T.S. Pittman (Eds.), Perception without awareness. Cognitive, clinical, and social perspectives (pp. 170-188). New York: Guilford Press.
60. Wickelgren, W.A. (1977). Speed-accuracy tradeoff and information processing dynamics. Acta Psychologica, 41, 67-85.
61. Zimmermann, P. (1992). Eine deutsche Fassung des Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment [German version of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment]. Unpublished manuscript, Universität Regensburg, Germany.
62. Zimmermann, P. (1994). Eine deutsche Fassung des Adult Attachment Q-Sorts [German version of the Adult Attachment Q-Sort]. Unpublished manuscript, Universität Regensburg, Germany.
63. Zimmermann, P., & Becker-Stoll, F. (2002). Stability of attachment representations during adolescence: The influence of ego-identity status. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 107-124.