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Volumn 57, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 277-293

Moral Motivation and the Development of Francis Hutcheson's Philosophy

(1)  Bishop, John D a  

a NONE

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EID: 1842588405     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3654099     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (28)

References (28)
  • 1
    • 1842548666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Thanks to Stephen Darwall for his comments and to the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council for supporting my attendance at the Hutcheson Tri-centenary conference held at Glasgow University (8-11 April 1994), where an earlier version of this paper was read.
  • 2
    • 0009003286 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • See Stephen Darwall, The British Moralists and the Internal "Ought": 1640-1740 (Cambridge, 1995), 217. This major work came to hand too late for thorough discussion in this paper, but I shall flag in footnotes a couple of places where my interpretation of Hutcheson differs from Darwall's.
    • (1995) The British Moralists and the Internal "Ought": 1640-1740 , pp. 217
    • Darwall, S.1
  • 3
    • 1842496457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • References to Hutcheson's are as follows: Francis Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725) in The Collected Works of Francis Hutcheson, I (repr. Hildesheim, 1969) (cited as Inquiry, I); An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections. With Illustrations on the Moral Sense (1728) (repr. Menston, 1972) (cited as Essay, I); Illustrations on the Moral Sense (1728), ed. Bernard Peach (Cambridge, Mass., 1971) (cited as Illustrations); An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1738) (Farnborough, 1969) (cited as Inquiry, IV); An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections. With Illustrations on the Moral Sense (1742) (London, 1742) (cited as Essay, III); A Short Introduction to Moral Philosophy (1747), tr. unknown (Glasgow, 1764) (cited as Introduction); A System of Moral Philosophy (1755) (repr. New York, 1968) (cited as System); Thomas Mautner, Francis Hutcheson: Two Texts On Human Nature (Cambridge, 1993) (cited as Reflections, and Inaugural Lecture).
  • 4
    • 1842496456 scopus 로고
    • Intersubjectivity and Social Relations in the Philosophy of Francis Hutcheson
    • eds. John Dwyer and Richard Sher Edinburgh
    • See Susan M. Perviance, "Intersubjectivity and Social Relations in the Philosophy of Francis Hutcheson," in Sociability and Society in Eighteenth Century Scotland, eds. John Dwyer and Richard Sher (Edinburgh, 1993).
    • (1993) Sociability and Society in Eighteenth Century Scotland
    • Perviance, S.M.1
  • 7
    • 55449088135 scopus 로고
    • Hume, Human Nature, and the Foundations of Morality
    • Also Raphael, 3; ed. David Fate Norton (Cambridge)
    • Also Raphael, 3; and David Fate Norton, "Hume, Human Nature, and the Foundations of Morality," in The Cambridge Companion to David Hume, ed. David Fate Norton (Cambridge, 1993), 155.
    • (1993) The Cambridge Companion to David Hume , pp. 155
    • Norton, D.F.1
  • 8
    • 1842548668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For example, compare I, 136 ("Beneficence then must raise our love, as it is an amiable moral quality"), and IV, 156 ("Beneficence then must increase our good-will, as it raises complacence, which is still attended with stronger degrees of benevolence"). Complacence (or approval) is distinguished from good-will and benevolence in the second version.
  • 9
    • 1842548667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Norton, 155
    • Norton, 155.
  • 10
    • 1842548660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See R. F. Stalley, "Admiring the lovely action," and G. P. Brooks, "Making us better as well as wiser," in Francis Hutcheson: A Supplement to Fortnight.
    • Admiring the Lovely Action
    • Stalley, R.F.1
  • 12
    • 1842496451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brooks, 9
    • Brooks, 9.
  • 13
    • 1842548658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hutcheson added a footnote to the third edition of the Essay attributing this view explicitly to Locke
    • Hutcheson added a footnote to the third edition of the Essay attributing this view explicitly to Locke.
  • 14
    • 1842444232 scopus 로고
    • J. B. Schneewind's short introduction to Hutcheson
    • Cambridge
    • See, e. g., J. B. Schneewind's short introduction to Hutcheson in Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant, ed. Schneewind (Cambridge, 1990), 504.
    • (1990) Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant , pp. 504
    • Schneewind1
  • 15
    • 1842444234 scopus 로고
    • Hutcheson's Moral Sense Theory
    • Key writings on this point are: William Frankena, "Hutcheson's Moral Sense Theory," JHI, 16 (1955), 356-75; David Fate Norton, "Hutcheson's Moral Sense Theory Reconsidered," Dialogue, 23 (1974), 3-23; Kenneth P. Winkler, "Hutcheson's Alleged Realism," Journal of the History of Philosophy, 23 (1985), 179-94; David Fate Norton, "Hutcheson's Moral Realism," Journal of the History of Philosophy, 23 (1985), 397-418.
    • (1955) JHI , vol.16 , pp. 356-375
    • Frankena, W.1
  • 16
    • 84972347664 scopus 로고
    • Hutcheson's Moral Sense Theory Reconsidered
    • Key writings on this point are: William Frankena, "Hutcheson's Moral Sense Theory," JHI, 16 (1955), 356-75; David Fate Norton, "Hutcheson's Moral Sense Theory Reconsidered," Dialogue, 23 (1974), 3-23; Kenneth P. Winkler, "Hutcheson's Alleged Realism," Journal of the History of Philosophy, 23 (1985), 179-94; David Fate Norton, "Hutcheson's Moral Realism," Journal of the History of Philosophy, 23 (1985), 397-418.
    • (1974) Dialogue , vol.23 , pp. 3-23
    • Norton, D.F.1
  • 17
    • 1842496448 scopus 로고
    • Hutcheson's Alleged Realism
    • Key writings on this point are: William Frankena, "Hutcheson's Moral Sense Theory," JHI, 16 (1955), 356-75; David Fate Norton, "Hutcheson's Moral Sense Theory Reconsidered," Dialogue, 23 (1974), 3-23; Kenneth P. Winkler, "Hutcheson's Alleged Realism," Journal of the History of Philosophy, 23 (1985), 179-94; David Fate Norton, "Hutcheson's Moral Realism," Journal of the History of Philosophy, 23 (1985), 397-418.
    • (1985) Journal of the History of Philosophy , vol.23 , pp. 179-194
    • Winkler, K.P.1
  • 18
    • 1842444233 scopus 로고
    • Hutcheson's Moral Realism
    • Key writings on this point are: William Frankena, "Hutcheson's Moral Sense Theory," JHI, 16 (1955), 356-75; David Fate Norton, "Hutcheson's Moral Sense Theory Reconsidered," Dialogue, 23 (1974), 3-23; Kenneth P. Winkler, "Hutcheson's Alleged Realism," Journal of the History of Philosophy, 23 (1985), 179-94; David Fate Norton, "Hutcheson's Moral Realism," Journal of the History of Philosophy, 23 (1985), 397-418.
    • (1985) Journal of the History of Philosophy , vol.23 , pp. 397-418
    • Norton, D.F.1
  • 20
    • 1842600946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • For a discussion of second order desires in the context of Butler, see Austin Duncan-Jones, 155-57. However, at the start of this passage, "second order desire" seems to mean what I call "responsive benevolence," and in the last sentence (157) to mean what I call "meta-desires."
  • 21
    • 0345634493 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge, repr. New York
    • I shall refer to the Introduction and the System together as Hutcheson's later philosophy. Scott believes Hutcheson wrote the System before the Introduction, but this has been questioned by Moore. See William Robert Scott, Francis Hutcheson: His Life, Teaching, and Position in the History of Philosophy (Cambridge, 1900; repr. New York, 1966); James Moore, "The Two Systems of Francis Hutcheson: On the Origins of the Scottish Enlightenment," in Studies in the Philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment, ed. M. A. Stewart (Oxford, 1990). When discussing Scott's comments on the development of Hutcheson's ideas of virtue, I shall use the order proposed by Scott for the sake of convenience. In fact Hutcheson's various views on moral motivation do not offer enough evidence to help date the order of composition of his later works. Moore thinks Hutcheson's Latin works (including the Introduction, which was published first in Latin in 1742) do not represent a development of Hutcheson's thought but a difference of emphasis appropriate for different intended audiences (the Latin works were published lecture notes intended for student use). On the issue of moral motivation I see a clear progression between Hutcheson's earlier and his later works, but differences between the Introduction and the System may well be a matter of emphasis.
    • (1900) Francis Hutcheson: His Life, Teaching, and Position in the History of Philosophy
    • Scott, W.R.1
  • 22
    • 0345955175 scopus 로고
    • The Two Systems of Francis Hutcheson: On the Origins of the Scottish Enlightenment
    • ed. M. A. Stewart Oxford
    • I shall refer to the Introduction and the System together as Hutcheson's later philosophy. Scott believes Hutcheson wrote the System before the Introduction, but this has been questioned by Moore. See William Robert Scott, Francis Hutcheson: His Life, Teaching, and Position in the History of Philosophy (Cambridge, 1900; repr. New York, 1966); James Moore, "The Two Systems of Francis Hutcheson: On the Origins of the Scottish Enlightenment," in Studies in the Philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment, ed. M. A. Stewart (Oxford, 1990). When discussing Scott's comments on the development of Hutcheson's ideas of virtue, I shall use the order proposed by Scott for the sake of convenience. In fact Hutcheson's various views on moral motivation do not offer enough evidence to help date the order of composition of his later works. Moore thinks Hutcheson's Latin works (including the Introduction, which was published first in Latin in 1742) do not represent a development of Hutcheson's thought but a difference of emphasis appropriate for different intended audiences (the Latin works were published lecture notes intended for student use). On the issue of moral motivation I see a clear progression between Hutcheson's earlier and his later works, but differences between the Introduction and the System may well be a matter of emphasis.
    • (1990) Studies in the Philosophy of the Scottish Enlightenment
    • Moore, J.1
  • 23
    • 1842548657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brooks, 9
    • Brooks, 9.
  • 24
    • 1842600943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a different discussion of Hutcheson's late philosophy on this point, see Darwall, esp. 239
    • For a different discussion of Hutcheson's late philosophy on this point, see Darwall, esp. 239.
  • 25
    • 1842548655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Darwall, 237-47
    • See Darwall, 237-47.
  • 28
    • 1842548652 scopus 로고
    • Stewart Justman's book on Stoicism in Adam Smith
    • Norman, Ok
    • See for example, Stewart Justman's book on Stoicism in Adam Smith; The Autonomous Male of Adam Smith (Norman, Ok., 1993).
    • (1993) The Autonomous Male of Adam Smith


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