Are coronal holes the only source of fast solar wind at solar minimum?

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 108, Issue A10, 2003, Pages

  Hu, Y Q ^a,b,c   Habbal, S R ^a,b   Chen, Y ^b,c   Li, X ^a  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b HARVARD SMITHSONIAN CENTER FOR ASTROPHYSICS   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA   (China)

Author keywords

2 D MHD solar wind model; Alfv n wave driven solar wind; Coronal holes; Fast solar wind

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842582263     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2002JA009776     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Book, D. L., J. P. Boris, and K. Hain, Flux-corrected transport, 2. Generalizations of the method, J. Comput. Phys., IS, 248-283, 1975.
2. Boris, J. P., and D. L. Book, Flux-corrected transport, 1. SHASTA, A fluid transport algorithm that works, J. Comput. Phys., 11, 38-69, 1973.
3. Boris, J. P., and D. L. Book, Flux-corrected transport, 3. Minimum-error FCT algorithms, J. Comput. Phys., 20, 397-431, 1976.
4. Braginskii, S. I., Transport phenomena in a plasma, in Reviews of Plasma Physics, vol. 1, p. 205, Consult. Bur., New York, 1965.
5. Burlaga, L. F., et al., Sources of magnetic fields in recurrent interplanetary streams, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 4177-4185, 1978.
6. Chen, Y., and Y. Q. Hu, A two-dimensional Alfvén-wave-driven solar wind model, Solar Phys., 199, 371-384, 2001.
7. Chen, Y., and Y. Q. Hu, Effect of flow-tube geometry on solar wind properties, Astrophys. Space Sci., 282, 447-460, 2002.
8. Cuperman, S., L. Ofman, and M. Dryer, Thermally conductive, magneto-hydrodynamic flows in helmet-streamer coronal structures, Astrophys. J., 350, 846-855, 1990.
9. Geiss, T., et al., The southern high-speed streams: Results from the SWICS instrument on Ulysses, Science, 268, 1033-1036, 1995.
10. Gosling, J. T., et al., The band of solar wind variability at low heliographic latitudes near solar activity minimum: Plasma results from the Ulysses rapid latitude scan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3329-3332, 1995.
11. Habbal, S. R., and R. Woo, Connecting the sun and the solar wind: Comparison of the latitudinal profiles of coronal and Ulysses measurements of the fast wind, Astrophys. J., 549, L253-L256, 2001.
12. Habbal, S. R., et al., Origins of the slow and the ubiquitous fast solar wind, Astrophys. J., 489, L103-L106, 1997.
13. Hollweg, J. V., Transition region, corona, and solar wind in coronal holes, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 4111-4125, 1986.
14. Hollweg, J. V., and W. Johnson, Transition region, corona, and solar wind in coronal holes: Some two-fluid models, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 9547-9554, 1988.
15. Hu, Y. Q., A multistep implicit scheme for time-dependent, two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flows, J. Comput. Phys., 84, 441-460, 1989.
16. Hu, Y. Q., Catastrophe of coronal magnetic flux ropes in partially open magnetic fields, Solar Phys., 200, 115-126, 2001.
17. Hu, Y. Q., and Y. W. Jiang, Catastrophe of coronal magnetic flux ropes, caused by photospheric motions, Solar Phys., 203, 309-319, 2001.
18. Hu, Y. Q., and W. Liu, A 2.5-D ideal MHD model for coronal magnetic flux ropes, Astrophys. J., 540, 1119-1125, 2000.
19. Hu, Y. Q., R. Esser, and S. R. Habbal, A fast solar wind model with anisotropic proton temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 14,661-14,676, 1997.
20. Hu, Y. Q., S. R. Habbal, and X. Li, On the cascade processes of Alfvén waves in the fast solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 24,819-24,834, 1999.
21. Hu, Y. Q., Y. W. Jiang, and W. Liu, Coronal magnetic flux rope equilibria and magnetic helicity, Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys., 1, 77-84, 2001.
22. Hu, Y. Q., G. Q. Li, and X. Y. Xing, Equilibrium and catastrophe of coronal flux ropes, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A2), 1072, doi:10.1029/ 2002JA009419, 2003.
23. Isenberg, P. A., Investigations of a turbulence-driven solar wind model, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 6437-6442, 1990.
24. Krieger, A. S., A. F. Timothy, and E. C. Roelof, A coronal hole and its identification as the source of a high velocity solar wind stream, Solar Phys., 29, 505-525, 1973.
25. Lapidus, A., A detached shock calculation by second-order finite differences, J. Comput. Phys., 2, 154-177, 1967.
26. Li, J., et al., Physical structure of a coronal streamer in the closed-field region as observed from UVCS/SOHO and SXT/YOHKOH, Astrophys. J., 506, 431-438, 1998.
27. Li, X., S. R. Habbal, J. V. Hollweg, and R. Esser, Heating and cooling of protons by turbulence-driven ion cyclotron waves in the fast solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2521 -2535, 1999.
28. Low, B. C., Models of partially open magnetospheres with and without magnetodisks, Astrophys. J., 310, 953-965, 1986.
29. Marsch, E., and C.-Y. Tu, Solar wind and chromospheric network, Solar Phys., 176, 87-106, 1997.
30. Marsch, E., K.-H. Muhlhauser, H. Rosenbauer, R. Schwenn, and K. U. Denskat, Pronounced proton core anisotropy, ion differential speed, and simultaneous Alfvén wave activity in slow solar wind at 0.3 AU, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9199-9203, 1981.
31. McComas, D. J., et al., Ulysses' return to the slow solar wind, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1-4, 1998.
32. McComas, D. J., et al., Solar wind observations over Ulysses' first full polar orbit, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10,419-10,433, 2000.
33. Richtmyer, R. D., and K. W. Morton, Difference Methods for Initial Value Problems, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, N. J., 1967.
34. Roberts, D. A., M. L. Goldstein, L. W. Klein, and W. H. Matthaeus, Origin and evolution of fluctuations in the solar wind: Helios observations and Helios-Yoyager comparisons, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 12,023-12,035, 1987.
35. Smith, E. J., and A. Balogh, Ulysses observations of the radial magnetic field, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3317-3320, 1995.
36. Spitzer, L., Jr., Physics of Fully Ionized Gases, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, N. J., 1962.
37. Steinolfson, R. S., S. T. Suess, and S. T. Wu, The steady global corona, Astrophys. J., 255, 730-742, 1982.
38. Strachan, L., R. Suleiman, A. V. Panasyuk, D. A. Biesecker, and J. L. Kohl, Empirical densities, kinetic temperatures, and outflow velocities in the equatorial streamer belt at solar minimum, Astrophys. J., 571, 1008-1014, 2002.
39. Suess, S. T., and S. Nerney, Stagnation flow in streamer boundaries, Astrophys. J., 565, 1275-1288, 2002.
40. Suess, S. T., A.-H. Wang, and S. T. Wu, Volumetric heating in coronal steamers, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19,957-19,966, 1996.
41. Suess, S. T., A.-H. Wang, S. T. Wu, G. Poletto, and D. J. McComas, A two-fluid, MHD coronal model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 4697-4708, 1999.
42. Svalgaard, L., T. L. Duvall, and P. H. Scherrer, The strength of the Sun's polar fields, Solar Phys., 58, 225-240, 1978.
43. Tu, C.-Y, A solar wind model with the power spectrum of Alfvénic fluctuations, Solar. Phys., 109, 149-186, 1987.
44. Tu, C.-Y., and E. Marsch, Two-fluid model for heating of the solar corona and acceleration of the solar wind by high-frequency Alfvén waves, Solar Phys., 171, 363-391, 1997.
45. Ulrich, R. K., Analysis of magnetic flux tubes on the solar surface from observations at Mt. Wilson of X5250 and X5233, in Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun, edited by M. S. Giampapa and J. A. Bookbinder, p. 265, Astron. Soc. of the Pac., San Francisco, Calif., 1992.
46. Usmanov, A. V., M. L. Goldstein, B. P. Besser, and J. M. Fritzer, A global MHD solar wind model with WKB Alfvén waves: Comparison with Ulysses data, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 12,675-12,695, 2000.
47. Vasquez, A. M., A. A. van Ballegooijen, and J. C. Raymond, Model of solar wind flow near an equatorial coronal streamer, in Solar Wind Nine, edited by S. R. Habbal et al., AIP Conf. Proc., 471, 243-246, 1999.
48. Wang, Y. M., and N. R. Sheeley Jr., The solar origin of long-term variations of the interplanetary magnetic field strength, J. Geophys. Res., 93 11,227-11,236, 1988.
49. Wang, Y. M., and N. R. Sheeley Jr., Solar wind speed and coronal flux-tube expansion, Astrophys. J., 355, 726-732, 1990.
50. Wang, Y.-M., and N. R. Sheeley Jr., Solar implications of Ulysses interplanetary field measurements, Astrophys. J., 447, L143-L146, 1995.
51. Wang, Y-M., and N. R. Shceley Jr., Sunspot activity and the long-term variation of the Sun's open magnetic flux, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A10), 1302, doi:10.1029/2001JA000500, 2002.
52. Wang, Y.-M., et al., Origin of streamer material in the outer corona, Astrophys. J., 498, L165-L168, 1998.
53. Wang, Y.-M., J. Lean, and N. R. Sheeley Jr., The long-term variation of the Sun's open magnetic flux, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 505-508, 2000.
54. Washimi, H., Y. Yoshino, and T. Ogino, Two-dimensional structure of the solar wind near the Sun, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 487-490, 1987.
55. Winterhalter, E., E. J. Smith, M. E. Burton, and N. Murphy, The heliospheric plasma sheet, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 6667-6680, 1994.
56. Woo, R., and S. R. Habbal, Extension of coronal structure into interplanetary space, Geophy. Res. Lett., 24, 1159-1162, 1997.
57. Woo, R., and S. R. Habbal, Radial evolution of density structure in the solar corona, Geophy. Res. Lett., 12, 1793-1796, 1999a.
58. Woo, R., and S. R. Habbal, Imprint of the sun on the solar wind, Astrophys. J., 510, L69-L72, 1999b.
59. Woo, R., S. R. Habbal, R. A. Howard, and C. M. Korendyke, Extension of the polar coronal hole boundary into interplanetary space, Astrophys. J., 513, 961-968, 1999.
60. Zhao, X., and J. T. Hoeksema, Prediction of the interplanetary magnetic field strength, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 19-33, 1995.
61. Zirker, J. B., (Ed.), Coronal Holes and High Speed Wind Streams, Colo. Assoc. Univ. Press, Boulder, Colo., 1977.