Observational evidence of new current sheets trailing coronal mass ejections

Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics

Volumn 108, Issue A12, 2003, Pages

  Webb, D F ^a,b   Burkepile, J ^c   Forbes, T G ^d   Riley, P ^e  

^a BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

^b AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE   (United States)

^e SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Coronal mass ejections; Magnetic reconnection; Solar flare theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842582228     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2003JA009923     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Amari, T., J. F. Luciani, Z. Mikic, and J. Linker, A twisted flux rope model for coronal mass ejections and two-ribbon flares, Astrophys. J., 529, L49, 2000.
2. Antiochos, S. K., C. R. DeVore, and J. A. Klimchuk, A model for solar coronal mass ejections, Astrophys. J., 510, 485, 1999.
3. Anzer, U., and A. I. Poland, Mass flow in loop type coronal transients, Sol. Phys., 61, 95, 1979.
4. Bastian, T. S., M. Pick, A. Kerdraon, D. Maia, and A. Vourlidas, The coronal mass ejection of 1998 April 20: Direct imaging at radio wave-lengths, Astrophys. J., 558, L65, 2001.
5. Borrini, G., J. T. Gosling, S. J. Bame, W. C. Feldman, and J. M. Wilcox, Solar wind helium and hydrogen structure near the heliospheric current sheet: A signal of coronal streamers at 1 AU, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 4565, 1981.
6. Bothmer, V., Magnetic field structure and topology within CMEs in the solar wind, in Solar Wind Nine, edited by S. R. Habba et al., AIP Conf. Proc., 471, 119, 1999.
7. Bothmer, V., and D. M. Rust, The field configuration of magnetic clouds and the solar cycle, in Coronal Mass Ejections, Geophys. Monogr. Ser, vol. 99, edited by N. Crooker, J. A. Joselyn, and J. Feynman, p. 139, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1997.
8. Bothmer, V., and R. Schwenn, in Mass Supply and Flows in the Solar Corona, edited by B. Fleck, G. Noci, and G. Poletto, p. 225, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1994.
9. Burkepile, J. T., and O. C. St. Cyr, A revised and expanded catalogue of mass ejections observed by the solar maximum mission coronagraph, Rep. NCAR/TN-369+STR, Natl. Cent, for Atmos. Res., Boulder, Colo., 1993.
10. Cargill, P. J., and J. M. Schmidt, Modelling interplanetary CMEs using magnetohydrodynamic simulations, Ann. Geophys., 20, 879, 2002.
11. Chen, J., Effects of toroidal forces in current loops embedded in a background plasma, Astrophys. J., 338, 453, 1989.
12. Chen, J., et al., Evidence of an erupting magnetic flux rope: LASCO coronal mass ejection of 1997 April 13, Astrophys. J., 490, L91, 1997.
13. Chen, J., et al., Magnetic geometry and dynamics of the fast CME of 1997 September 9, Astrophys. J., 533, 481, 2000.
14. Chen, P. F., and K. Shibata, An emerging flux trigger mechanism for coronal mass ejections, Astrophys. J., 545, 524, 2000.
15. Ciaravella, A., J. C. Raymond, J. Li, P. Reiser, L. D. Gardner, Y. K. Ko, and S. Fineschi, Elemental abundances and post-coronal mass ejection current sheet in a very hot active region, Astrophys. J., 575, 1116, 2002.
16. Cliver, E. W., and H. S. Hudson, CMEs: How do the puzzle pieces fit together?, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 64, 231, 2002.
17. Cliver, E. W., et al., Solar gradual hard x-ray bursts and associated phenomena, Astrophys. J., 305, 920, 1986.
18. Crooker, N. U., Solar and heliospheric geoeffective disturbances, J.. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 62, 1071, 2000.
19. Dere, K. P., G. E. Brueckner, R. A. Howard, D. J. Michels, and J. P. Delaboudiniere, LASCO and EIT observations of helical structre in coronal mass ejections, Astrophys. J., 516, 465, 1999.
20. Dryer, M., Coronal transient phenomena, Space Sci. Rev., 33, 233, 1982.
21. Fisher, R. R., and R. H. Munro, Coronal transient geometry. I. The flare-associated event of 1981 March 25, Astrophys. J., 280, 428, 1984.
22. Forbes, T. G., Numerical simulation of a catastrophe model for coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11,919, 1990.
23. Forbes, T. G., A review on the genesis of coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 23,153, 2000.
24. Forbes, T. G., and L. W. Acton, Reconnection and field line shrinkage in solar flares, Astrophys. J., 459, 330, 1996.
25. Forbes, T. G., and P. A. Isenberg, A catastrophe mechanism for coronal mass ejection, Astrophys. J., 373, 294, 1991.
26. Forbes, T. G., and J. Lin, What can we leam about reconnection from coronal mass ejections?, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 62, 1499, 2000.
27. Forbes, T. G., and E. R. Priest, Photospheric magnetic field evolution and eruptive flares, Astrophys. J., 446, 377, 1995.
28. Forbes, T. G., J. M. Malherbe, and E. R. Priest, The formation of flare loops by magnetic reconnection and chromospheric ablation, Sol. Phys., 120, 285, 1989.
29. Forbes, T. G., E. R. Priest, and P. A. Isenberg, On the maximum energy release in flux-rope models of eruptive flares, Sol. Phys., 150,245, 1994.
30. Gibson, S. E., and B. C. Low, A time-dependent three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic model of coronal mass ejections, Aslophys. J., 493, 360, 1998.
31. Gold, T., Magnetic storms, Space Sci. Rev., 1, 100, 1962.
32. Gopalswamy, N., M. R. Kundu, P. K. Manoharan, A. Raoult, N. Nitta, and P. Zarka, X-ray and radio studies of a coronal eruption: Shock wave, plasmoid, and coronal mass ejection, Astrophys. J., 486, 1036, 1997.
33. Gosling, J. T., Large-scale inhomogeneities in the solar wind of solar origin, Rev. Geophys., 13, 1053, 1975.
34. Gosling, J. T., The solar flare myth, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 18, 937, 1993.
35. Gosling, J. T., E. Hildner, R. M. MacQueen, R. H. Munro, A. I. Poland, and C. L. Ross, Mass ejections from the Sun: A view from Skylab, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 4581, 1974.
36. Gosling, J. T., J. Bim, and M. Hesse, Three-dimensional magnetic reconnection and the magnetic topology of coronal mass ejection events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 869, 1995.
37. Harrison, R. A., Solar coronal mass ejections and flares, Astron. Astrophys., 162, 283, 1986.
38. Harrison, R. A., and M. Lyons, A spectroscopic study of coronal dimming associated with a coronal mass ejection, Astron. Astrophys., 358, 1097, 2000.
39. Hiei, E., A. J. Hundhausen, and D. G. Sime, Reformation of a coronal helmet streamer by magnetic reconnection after a coronal mass ejection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2785, 1993.
40. Hildner, E., Mass ejections from the solar corona into interplanetary space, in Study of Traveling Interplanetary Phenomena, edited by M. Shea, p. 3, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1977.
41. Hudson, H. S., and J. I. Khan, Observational problems for flare models based on large-scale magnetic rcconnection, in Magnetic Reconnection in the Solar Atmosphere, ASP Conf Ser., vol. 111, edited by R. Bentley and J. T. Mriska, p. 135, Astron. Soc. of the Pac., San Francisco, Calif, 1996.
42. Hudson, H. S., and D. F. Webb, Soft X-ray signatures of coronal ejections, in Coronal Mass Ejections, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 99, edited by N. Crooker, J. A. Joselyn, and J. Feynman, p. 27, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1997.
43. Hudson, H. S., J. R. Lernen, and D. F. Webb, Coronal dimming in two limb flares, in Magnetic Reconnection in the Solar Atmosphere, ASP Conf. Ser, vol. 111, edited by R. Bentley, and J. T. Mriska,p. 379, Astron. Soc. of the Pac., San Francisco, Calif., 1996.
44. Hudson, H. S., J. R. Lernen, O. C. St. Cyr, A. C. Sterling, and D. F. Webb, X-ray coronal changes during halo CMEs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2481, 1998.
45. Hundhausen, A. J., An interplanetary view of coronal holes, in Cownal Holes and High Speed Wind Streams, edited by J. B. Zirker. p. 225, Colo. Assoc. Univ. Press, Boulder, 1977.
46. Hundhausen, A. J., Sizes and locations of coronal mass ejections: SMM observations from 1980 and 1984-1989, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 13,177, 1993.
47. Hundhausen, A. J., Coronal mass ejections: A summary of SMM observations from 1980 and 1984-1989, in The Many Faces of the Sun, edited by K. Strong et al., p. 143, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1999.
48. Hundhausen, A. J., J. T. Burkepile, and O. C. St. Cyr, Speeds of coronal mass ejections: SMM observations from 1980 and 1984-1989, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 6543, 1994.
49. Illing, R. M. E., and A. J. Hundhausen, Possible observation of a disconnected magnetic structure in a coronal transient, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10,210, 1983.
50. Kahler, S. W., and H. S. Hudson, Origin and development of transient coronal holes, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 29,239, 2001.
51. Kahler, S. W., and A. J. Hundhausen, The magnetic topology of solar coronal structures following mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1619, 1992.
52. Kahler, S. W., and D. V. Reames, Probing the magnetic topologies of magnetic clouds by means of solar energetic particles, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9419, 1991.
53. Klimchuk, J. A., Theory of coronal mass ejections, in Space Weather, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 125, edited by P. Song, H. J. Singer, and G. L. Siscoe, p. 143, AGU, Washington, D. C., 2001.
54. Ko, Y., J. C. Raymond, J. Lin, G. Lawrence, J. Li, and A. Fludra, Dynamical and physical properties of a post-CME current sheet, Astrophys. J., 594, 1068-1084, 2003.
55. Lin, J., Energetics and propagation of coronal mass ejections in different plasma environments, Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys., 2, 539, 2002.
56. Lin, J., and T. G. Forbes, Effects of reconnection on the coronal mass ejection process, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 2375, 2000.
57. Lin, J., T. G. Forbes, E. R. Priest, and T. N. Bungey, Models for the motions of flare loops and ribbons, Sol. Phys., 159, 275, 1995.
58. Lin, J., T. G. Forbes, P. A. Isenberg, and P. D. Moulin, The effect of curvature on flux-rope models of coronal mass ejections, Astrophys. J., 504, 1006, 1998.
59. Linker, J. A., R. Lionello, Z. Mikic, and T. Amari, Magnetohydrodynamic modeling of prominence fonnation within a helmet streamer, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 25, 165, 2001.
60. Linker, J. A., Z. Mikic, R. Lionello, P. Riley, T. Amari, and D. Odstrcil, Flux cancellation and coronal mass ejections, Phys. Plasmas, 10, 1971, 2003.
61. Low, B. C., Eruptive solar magnetic fields, Astrophys. J., 251, 352, 1981.
62. Low, B. C., On the large-scale magnetostatic coronal structures and their stability, Astrophys. J., 286, 772, 1984.
63. Low, B. C., Equilibrium and dynamics of coronal magnetic fields, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 28, 491, 1990.
64. Low, B. C., Coronal mass ejections, flares and prominences, in Solar Wind Nine, edited by S. R. Habbal et al., p. 109, Am. Inst, of Phys., Woodbury, N. Y., 1999.
65. Low, B. C., and D. F. Smith, The free energies of partially open magnetic fields, Astrophys. J., 410, 412, 1993.
66. MacQueen, R. M., Coronal transients: A summary, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 297, 605, 1980.
67. MacQueen, R. M., and O. C. St. Cyr, Sungrazing comets observed by the Solar Maximum Mission corongraph, Icarus, 90, 96, 1991.
68. MacQueen, R. M., A. J. Hundhausen, and C. W. Conover, The propagation of coronal mass ejection transients, Z. Geophys. Res., 91,31, 1986.
69. Magara, T., S. Mineshige, T. Yokoyama, and K. Shibata, Numerical simulation of magnetic reconnection in eruptive flares, Astrophys. J., 466, 1054, 1996.
70. Magara, T., K. Shibata, and T. Yokoyama, Evolution of eruptive flares. I. Plasmoid dynamics in eruptive flares, Astrophys. J., 487, 437, 1997.
71. Mann, G., A. Klassen, H. Aurass, and H. T. Classen, Formation and development of shock waves in the solar corona and the near-Sun interplanetary space, Astron. Astrophys., in press, 2003.
72. Martens, P. C. H., and N. P. M. Kuin, A circuit model for filament eruptions and two-ribbon flares, Sol. Phys., 122, 263, 1989.
73. Marubashi, K., Physics of interplanetary magnetic flux ropes: Toward prediction of geomagnetic storms, Adv. Space Res., 26(1), 55, 2000.
74. McComas, D. J., Tongues, bottles, and disconnected loops: The opening and closing of the interplanetary magnetic field, Rev. Geophys., 33, 603, 1995.
75. McComas, D. J., J. T. Gosling, and J. L. Phillips, Interplanetary magnetic flux: Measurement and balance, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 171, 1992.
76. McKenzie, D. E., Supra-arcade downflows in long-duration solar flare events, Sol. Phys., 195, 381, 2000.
77. McKenzie, D. E., and H. S. Hudson, X-ray observations of motions and structure above a solar flare arcade, Astrophys. J., 519, L93, 1999.
78. Mikic, Z., and J. A. Linker, Disruption of coronal magnetic field arcades, Astrophys. J., 430, 898, 1994.
79. Mikic, Z., and J. A. Linker, The initiation of coronal mass ejections by magnetic shear, in Coronal Mass Ejections, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 99, edited by N. Crooker, J. A. Joselyn, and J. Feynman, p. 57, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1997.
80. Moore, R. L., and G. Roumeliotis, Triggering of eruptive flares-Destabilization of the preflare magnetic field configuration, in Eruptive Solar Flares, edited by Z. Svestka, B. V. Jackson, and M. E. Machado, p. 69, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.
81. Moore, R. L., et al., The thermal X-ray flare plasma, in Solar Flares, edited by P. A. Sturrock, p. 341, Colo. Assoc. Univ. Press, Boulder, 1980.
82. Neugebauer, M., R. Goldstein, and B. E. Goldstein, Features observed in the trailing regions of interplanetary clouds from coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19,743, 1997.
83. Nitta, N., and S. Akiyama, Relation between flare-associated X-ray ejections and coronal mass ejections, Astophys. J., 525, L57, 1999.
84. Odstrcil, D., J. A. Linker, R. Lionello, Z. Mikic, P. Riley, V. J. Pizzo, and J. G. Luhmann, Merging of coronal and heliopsheric numerical two-dimensional MHD models, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A12), 1493, doi:10.1029/2002JA009334, 2002.
85. Parker, E. N., Sweet's mechanism for merging magnetic fields in conducting fluids, J. Geophys. Res., 62, 509, 1957.
86. Parker, E. N., The dynamical properties of twisted ropes of magnetic field and the vigor of new active regions on the Sun, Astrophys. J., 191, 245, 1974.
87. Plunkett, S. P., Simultaneous SOHO and ground-based observations of a large eruptive prominence and coronal mass ejection, Sol. Phys., 94, 371, 2000.
88. Poletto, G., and R. A. Kopp, Macroscopic electric fields during two-ribbon flares, in The Lower Atmosphere of Solar Flares, edited by D. F. Neidig, p. 453, Natl. Sol. Obs., Sunspot, N. M., 1986.
89. Priest, E. R., and T. G. Forbes, Magnetic Reconnection-MHD Theory and Applications, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2000.
90. Riley, P., J. A. Linker, Z. Mikic, D. Odstrcil, V. J. Pizzo, and D. F. Webb, Evidence of post-eruption reconnection associated with coronal mass ejections in the solar wind, Astrophys. J., 578, 972, 2002.
91. Riley, P., J. A. Linker, Z. Miki, D. Odstrcil, T. H. Zurbuchen, D. Lario, and R. P. Lepping, Using an MHD simulation to interpret the global context of a coronal mass ejection observed by two spacecraft, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A7), 1272, doi:10.1029/2002JA009760, 2003.
92. Roussev, I. I., T. G. Forbes, T. Gombosi, and I. Sokolov, Numerical test of a three-dimensional flux rope model for coronal mass ejections based on ideal MHD processes, Eos Trans. AGU, 83(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract SH21A-0476, 2002.
93. Rust, D. M., Coronal disturbances and their terrestrial effects, Space Sci. Rev., 34, 21, 1983.
94. Rust, D. M., Spawning and shedding helical magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 241, 1994.
95. Shafranov, V. D., Plasma equilibrium in a magnetic field, Rev. Plasma Phys., 2, 103, 1966.
96. Sheeley, N. R., Jr., R. A. Howard, M. J. Koomen, and D. J. Michels, Associations between coronal mass ejections and soft X-ray events, Astrophys. J., 272, 349, 1983.
97. Shibata, K., et al., Hot-plasma ejections associated with compact-loop solar flares, Astrophys. J., 451, L83, 1995.
98. Shodhan, S., N. U. Crooker, S. W. Kahler, R. J. Fitzenreiter, D. E. Larson, R. P. Lepping, G. L. Siscoe, and J. T. Gosling, Counterstreaming electrons in magnetic clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 27,261, 2000.
99. Simnett, G. M., et al., LASCO observations of disconnected magentic structures out to beyond 28 solar radii during coronal mass ejections, Sol. Phys., 175, 685, 1997.
100. Sittler, E. C. J., and M. Guhathakurta, Semiempirical two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics model of the solar corona and interplanetary medium, Astrophys. J., 523, 812, 1999.
101. St. Cyr, O. C., et al., Properties of coronal mass ejections: SOHO LASCO observations from January 1996 to June 1998, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 18, 169, 2000.
102. Steinolfson, R. S., and A. J. Hundhausen, Density and white light brightness in looplike coronal mass ejections: Temporal evolution, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 14,269, 1988.
103. Sturrock, P. A., The role of eruption in solar flares, Sol. Phys., 121, 387, 1989.
104. Sturrock, P. A., M. Weber, M. S. Wheatland, and R. Wolfson, Metastable magnetic configurations and their significance for solar eruptive events, Astrophys. J., 548, 492, 2001.
105. Svestka, Z., and E. W. Giver, History and basic characteristics of eruptive flares, in Eruptive Solar Flares, edited by Z. Svestka, B. Jackson, and M. Machado, p. 1, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992.
106. Svestka, Z., J. M. Fontenla, M. E. Machado, S. F. Martin, D. F. Neidig, and G. Poletto, Multithermal observations of newly formed loops in a dynamic flare, Sol. Phys., 108, 237, 1987.
107. Thompson, B. J., E. W. Cliver, N. Nitta, C. Delannée, and J. P. Delaboudiniére, Coronal dimmings and energetic CMEs in April -May 1998, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1431,2 000.
108. Tsuneta, S., S. Masuda, T. Kosugi, and J. Sato, Hot and superhot plasmas above an impulsive flare loop, Astrophys. J., 478, 787, 1997.
109. van Ballegooijen, A. A., and P. C. H. Martens, Formation and eruption of solar prominences, Astrophys. J., 343, 971, 1989.
110. van Tend, W., and M. Kuperus, The development of coronal electric current systems in active regions and their relation to filaments and flares, Sol. Phys., 59, 115, 1978.
111. Wagner, W. J., E. Hildner, L. L. House, C. Sawyer, K. V. Sheridan, and G. A. Dulk, Radio and visible light observations of matter ejected from the Sun, Astrophys. J., 244, L123, 1981.
112. Wang, A. H., S. T. Wu, S. T. Suess, and G. Poletto, Global model of the corona with heat and momentum addition, Z. Geophys. Res., 103, 1913, 1998a.
113. Wang, Y. M., et al., Origin of streamer material in the outer corona, Astrophys. J., 498, L165, 1998b.
114. Webb, D. F., Erupting prominences and the geometry of coronal mass ejections, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1749, 1988.
115. Webb, D. F., CMEs and the solar cycle variation in their geoeffectivenss, in Proceedings of the SOHO 11 Symposium, From Solar Min to Max: Haifa Solar Cycle With SOHO, Rep. ESA SP-508, p. 409, Eur. Space Res. and Technol. Cent., Noordwijk, Netherlands, 2002.
116. Webb, D. F., and J. Burkepile, Characteristics of magnetic disconnection events associated with SMM CMEs: 1984-89 (abstract), Eos Trans AGU, 79(17), Spring Meet. Suppl., S257, 1998.
117. Webb, D. F., and E. W. Cliver, Evidence for magnetic disconnection of mass ejections in the corona, Z. Geophys. Res., 100, 5853, 1995.
118. Webb, D. F., and B. V. Jackson, Kinematical analysis of spray ejecta observed in the corona, Sol. Phys., 73, 341, 1981.
119. Webb, D. F., J. Burkepile, and T. G. Forbes, Observational evidence of new current sheets following CMEs, Eos Trans. AGU, 82(20), Spring Meet. Suppl., Abstract SH51C-03, 2001.
120. Wolfson, R., and B. Dlamini, Cross-field currents: An energy source for coronal mass ejections?, Astrophys. J., 483, 961, 1997.
121. Wood, B. E., M. Karovska, J. Chen, G. E. Brueckner, J. W. Cook, and R. A. Howard, Comparison of two coronal mass ejections observed by EIT and LASCO with a model of an erupting magnetic flux rope, Astrophys. J., 512, 484, 1999.
122. Wu, S. T., and W. P. Guo, A self-consistent numerical MHD model of helmet streamer and flux rope interactions: Initiation and propagation of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), in Coronal Mass Ejections, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 99, edited by N. Crooker, J. A. Joselyn, and J. Feynman, p. 83, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1997.
123. Wu, S. T., W. P. Guo, and J. F. Wang, Dynamical evolution of a coronal streamer-bubble system, I, Sol. Phys., 157, 325, 1995.
124. Wu, S. T., et al., MHD interpretation of LASCO observations of a coronal mass ejection as a disconnected magnetic structure, Sol. Phys., 175, 719, 1997.
125. Wu, S. T., W. P. Guo, D. J. Michels, and L. F. Buriaga, MHD description of the dynamical relationships between a flux rope, streamer, coronal mass ejection, and magnetic cloud: An analysis of the January 1997 Sun-Earth connection event, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 14,789, 1999.
126. Wu, S. T., W. P. Guo, S. P. Plunkett, B. Schmieder, and G. M. Simnett, Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) initiation: Models and observations, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 62, 1489, 2000.
127. Wu, S. T., M. D. Andrews, and S. P. Plunkett, Numerical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modeling of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), Space Sci. Rev., 95, 191, 2001.
128. Yokoyama, T., K. Akita, T. Morimoto, K. Inoue, and J. Newmark, Clear evidence of reconnection inflow of a solar flare, Astophys. J., 546, L69, 2001.