On our obligation to select the best children: A reply to Savulescu

Bioethics

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 72-83

  De Melo Martín, Inmaculada ^a  

^a ST MARY'S UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOTECHNOLOGY; DECISION MAKING; ETHICS; GENE; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GENETIC PROCEDURES; GENETIC SELECTION; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; JUSTICE; LIFE; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MORALITY; PROGENY; PUBLICATION; REVIEW; SOCIAL ASPECT;

EID: 1842577685     PISSN: 02699702     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00379.x     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. J. Savulescu. Procreative Beneficence: Why We Should Select the Best Children. Bioethics 2001; 15: 413-426.
2. Ibid. p. 415.
3. J. Botkin. Ethical Issues and Practical Problems in Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 1998; 26: 17-28, at 18.
4. Center for Medical Consumers Fertility Clinics Release. Success Rates - An Important but Imperfect Guide. Health Facts 1999; 24: 4; and American Society for Reproductive Medicine/Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Assisted Reproductive Technology in the United States: 1996 Results Generated from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine/Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Registry. Fertility and Sterility 1999; 79: 798-807.
5. Center for Medical Consumers Fertility Clinics Release. Success Rates - An Important but Imperfect Guide. Health Facts 1999; 24: 4; and American Society for Reproductive Medicine/Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Assisted Reproductive Technology in the United States: 1996 Results Generated from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine/Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Registry. Fertility and Sterility 1999; 79: 798-807.
6. C.A. Cowan et al. National Health Expenditures, 1999. Health Care Financing Review 2001; 22: 77-110, at 78.
7. I. de Melo-Martín. 1998. Making Babies. Dordrecht. Kluwer.
8. See, for example: J. Jarrel, J. Seidel & P. Bigelow. 1993. Adverse Health Effects of Drugs Used for Ovulation Induction. In New Reproductive Technologies and the Health Care System. The Case for Evidence-Based Medicine. Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies. Ottawa. Canada Communications Group: 453-549; and P. Stephenson. 1993. Ovulation Induction during Treatment of Infertility: An Assessment of the Risks. In Tough Choices. P. Stephenson & M.G. Wagner, eds. Philadelphia. Temple University Press: 97-121; A. Brzezinski et al. Ovarian Stimulation and Breast Cancer: Is There a Link? Gynecol. Oncol. 1994; 52: 292-5; and R.E. Bristow & B.Y Karlan. The Risk of Ovarian Cancer after Treatment for Infertility. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996; 8: 32-37.
9. See, for example: J. Jarrel, J. Seidel & P. Bigelow. 1993. Adverse Health Effects of Drugs Used for Ovulation Induction. In New Reproductive Technologies and the Health Care System. The Case for Evidence-Based Medicine. Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies. Ottawa. Canada Communications Group: 453-549; and P. Stephenson. 1993. Ovulation Induction during Treatment of Infertility: An Assessment of the Risks. In Tough Choices. P. Stephenson & M.G. Wagner, eds. Philadelphia. Temple University Press: 97-121; A. Brzezinski et al. Ovarian Stimulation and Breast Cancer: Is There a Link? Gynecol. Oncol. 1994; 52: 292-5; and R.E. Bristow & B.Y Karlan. The Risk of Ovarian Cancer after Treatment for Infertility. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996; 8: 32-37.
10. See, for example: J. Jarrel, J. Seidel & P. Bigelow. 1993. Adverse Health Effects of Drugs Used for Ovulation Induction. In New Reproductive Technologies and the Health Care System. The Case for Evidence-Based Medicine. Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies. Ottawa. Canada Communications Group: 453-549; and P. Stephenson. 1993. Ovulation Induction during Treatment of Infertility: An Assessment of the Risks. In Tough Choices. P. Stephenson & M.G. Wagner, eds. Philadelphia. Temple University Press: 97-121; A. Brzezinski et al. Ovarian Stimulation and Breast Cancer: Is There a Link? Gynecol. Oncol. 1994; 52: 292-5; and R.E. Bristow & B.Y Karlan. The Risk of Ovarian Cancer after Treatment for Infertility. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996; 8: 32-37.
11. See, for example: J. Jarrel, J. Seidel & P. Bigelow. 1993. Adverse Health Effects of Drugs Used for Ovulation Induction. In New Reproductive Technologies and the Health Care System. The Case for Evidence-Based Medicine. Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies. Ottawa. Canada Communications Group: 453-549; and P. Stephenson. 1993. Ovulation Induction during Treatment of Infertility: An Assessment of the Risks. In Tough Choices. P. Stephenson & M.G. Wagner, eds. Philadelphia. Temple University Press: 97-121; A. Brzezinski et al. Ovarian Stimulation and Breast Cancer: Is There a Link? Gynecol. Oncol. 1994; 52: 292-5; and R.E. Bristow & B.Y Karlan. The Risk of Ovarian Cancer after Treatment for Infertility. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 1996; 8: 32-37.
12. See, for example: S. Fishel & P. Jackson. Follicle Stimulation for High-Tech Pregnancies: Are We Playing it Safe? British Medical Journal 1989; 299: 309-311; Stephenson, op. cit. note 7, pp. 105-107.
13. See, for example: S. Fishel & P. Jackson. Follicle Stimulation for High-Tech Pregnancies: Are We Playing it Safe? British Medical Journal 1989; 299: 309-311; Stephenson, op. cit. note 7, pp. 105-107.
14. See, for example: H.P. Schneider & M. Birkhauser. Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Modify Risks of Gynecological Cancers? Int. J. Fertil. Menopausal Stud. 1995; 40, suppl. 1: 40-53; T.J. Key. Hormones and Cancer in Humans. Mutat. Res. 1995; 333: 59-67; F. Berrino et al. Serum Sex Hormone Levels after Menopause and Subsequent Breast Cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1996; 88: 291-296.
15. See, for example: H.P. Schneider & M. Birkhauser. Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Modify Risks of Gynecological Cancers? Int. J. Fertil. Menopausal Stud. 1995; 40, suppl. 1: 40-53; T.J. Key. Hormones and Cancer in Humans. Mutat. Res. 1995; 333: 59-67; F. Berrino et al. Serum Sex Hormone Levels after Menopause and Subsequent Breast Cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1996; 88: 291-296.
16. See, for example: H.P. Schneider & M. Birkhauser. Does Hormone Replacement Therapy Modify Risks of Gynecological Cancers? Int. J. Fertil. Menopausal Stud. 1995; 40, suppl. 1: 40-53; T.J. Key. Hormones and Cancer in Humans. Mutat. Res. 1995; 333: 59-67; F. Berrino et al. Serum Sex Hormone Levels after Menopause and Subsequent Breast Cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1996; 88: 291-296.
17. See, for example: B. Rizk. 1992. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. In A Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproductive Technology. P.R. Brinsden & P.A. Rainsbury, eds. Park Ridge, NJ. The Parthenon Publishing Group: 369-383; I. Calderon & D. Healy. 1993. Endocrinology of IVF. In Handbook of In Vitro Fertilization. A. Trounson & D.K. Gardner, eds. Boca Raton. CRC Press: 2-16; M.P. Steinkampf & R.E. Blackwell. 1993. Ovulation Induction. In Textbook of Reproductive Medicine. B.R. Carr & R.E. Blackwell, eds. Norwalk, Connecticut. Appleton & Lange: 469-480; Stephenson, op. cit. note 7; J.G. Schenker & Y. Ezra. Complication of Assisted Reproductive Techniques. Fertility and Sterility 1994; 61: 411-422; and J.G. Schenker. 1994. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. In Reproductive Medicine and Surgery. E.E. Wallach & H.A. Zacur, eds. St. Louis. Mosby: 649-679.
18. See, for example: B. Rizk. 1992. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. In A Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproductive Technology. P.R. Brinsden & P.A. Rainsbury, eds. Park Ridge, NJ. The Parthenon Publishing Group: 369-383; I. Calderon & D. Healy. 1993. Endocrinology of IVF. In Handbook of In Vitro Fertilization. A. Trounson & D.K. Gardner, eds. Boca Raton. CRC Press: 2-16; M.P. Steinkampf & R.E. Blackwell. 1993. Ovulation Induction. In Textbook of Reproductive Medicine. B.R. Carr & R.E. Blackwell, eds. Norwalk, Connecticut. Appleton & Lange: 469-480; Stephenson, op. cit. note 7; J.G. Schenker & Y. Ezra. Complication of Assisted Reproductive Techniques. Fertility and Sterility 1994; 61: 411-422; and J.G. Schenker. 1994. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. In Reproductive Medicine and Surgery. E.E. Wallach & H.A. Zacur, eds. St. Louis. Mosby: 649-679.
19. See, for example: B. Rizk. 1992. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. In A Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproductive Technology. P.R. Brinsden & P.A. Rainsbury, eds. Park Ridge, NJ. The Parthenon Publishing Group: 369-383; I. Calderon & D. Healy. 1993. Endocrinology of IVF. In Handbook of In Vitro Fertilization. A. Trounson & D.K. Gardner, eds. Boca Raton. CRC Press: 2-16; M.P. Steinkampf & R.E. Blackwell. 1993. Ovulation Induction. In Textbook of Reproductive Medicine. B.R. Carr & R.E. Blackwell, eds. Norwalk, Connecticut. Appleton & Lange: 469-480; Stephenson, op. cit. note 7; J.G. Schenker & Y. Ezra. Complication of Assisted Reproductive Techniques. Fertility and Sterility 1994; 61: 411-422; and J.G. Schenker. 1994. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. In Reproductive Medicine and Surgery. E.E. Wallach & H.A. Zacur, eds. St. Louis. Mosby: 649-679.
20. See, for example: B. Rizk. 1992. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. In A Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproductive Technology. P.R. Brinsden & P.A. Rainsbury, eds. Park Ridge, NJ. The Parthenon Publishing Group: 369-383; I. Calderon & D. Healy. 1993. Endocrinology of IVF. In Handbook of In Vitro Fertilization. A. Trounson & D.K. Gardner, eds. Boca Raton. CRC Press: 2-16; M.P. Steinkampf & R.E. Blackwell. 1993. Ovulation Induction. In Textbook of Reproductive Medicine. B.R. Carr & R.E. Blackwell, eds. Norwalk, Connecticut. Appleton & Lange: 469-480; Stephenson, op. cit. note 7; J.G. Schenker & Y. Ezra. Complication of Assisted Reproductive Techniques. Fertility and Sterility 1994; 61: 411-422; and J.G. Schenker. 1994. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. In Reproductive Medicine and Surgery. E.E. Wallach & H.A. Zacur, eds. St. Louis. Mosby: 649-679.
21. See, for example: B. Rizk. 1992. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. In A Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproductive Technology. P.R. Brinsden & P.A. Rainsbury, eds. Park Ridge, NJ. The Parthenon Publishing Group: 369-383; I. Calderon & D. Healy. 1993. Endocrinology of IVF. In Handbook of In Vitro Fertilization. A. Trounson & D.K. Gardner, eds. Boca Raton. CRC Press: 2-16; M.P. Steinkampf & R.E. Blackwell. 1993. Ovulation Induction. In Textbook of Reproductive Medicine. B.R. Carr & R.E. Blackwell, eds. Norwalk, Connecticut. Appleton & Lange: 469-480; Stephenson, op. cit. note 7; J.G. Schenker & Y. Ezra. Complication of Assisted Reproductive Techniques. Fertility and Sterility 1994; 61: 411-422; and J.G. Schenker. 1994. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. In Reproductive Medicine and Surgery. E.E. Wallach & H.A. Zacur, eds. St. Louis. Mosby: 649-679.
22. See, for example: B. Rizk. 1992. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. In A Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproductive Technology. P.R. Brinsden & P.A. Rainsbury, eds. Park Ridge, NJ. The Parthenon Publishing Group: 369-383; I. Calderon & D. Healy. 1993. Endocrinology of IVF. In Handbook of In Vitro Fertilization. A. Trounson & D.K. Gardner, eds. Boca Raton. CRC Press: 2-16; M.P. Steinkampf & R.E. Blackwell. 1993. Ovulation Induction. In Textbook of Reproductive Medicine. B.R. Carr & R.E. Blackwell, eds. Norwalk, Connecticut. Appleton & Lange: 469-480; Stephenson, op. cit. note 7; J.G. Schenker & Y. Ezra. Complication of Assisted Reproductive Techniques. Fertility and Sterility 1994; 61: 411-422; and J.G. Schenker. 1994. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. In Reproductive Medicine and Surgery. E.E. Wallach & H.A. Zacur, eds. St. Louis. Mosby: 649-679.
23. See, for example: R. Rowland. 1992. Living Laboratories. Bloomington. Indiana University Press: 25-30; L. Koch. 1993. Physiological and Psychosocial Risks of the New Reproductive Technologies. In Tough Choices, op. cit. note 7, pp. 122-134; and P.J. Taylor, P.J. & J.V. Kredentser. 1992. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy and their Relationship to In Vitro Fertilization. In A Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproductive Technology, op. cit. note 10, pp. 73-92.
24. See, for example: R. Rowland. 1992. Living Laboratories. Bloomington. Indiana University Press: 25-30; L. Koch. 1993. Physiological and Psychosocial Risks of the New Reproductive Technologies. In Tough Choices, op. cit. note 7, pp. 122-134; and P.J. Taylor, P.J. & J.V. Kredentser. 1992. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy and their Relationship to In Vitro Fertilization. In A Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproductive Technology, op. cit. note 10, pp. 73-92.
25. See, for example: R. Rowland. 1992. Living Laboratories. Bloomington. Indiana University Press: 25-30; L. Koch. 1993. Physiological and Psychosocial Risks of the New Reproductive Technologies. In Tough Choices, op. cit. note 7, pp. 122-134; and P.J. Taylor, P.J. & J.V. Kredentser. 1992. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy and their Relationship to In Vitro Fertilization. In A Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproductive Technology, op. cit. note 10, pp. 73-92.
26. See: P.R. Brinsden. 1992. Oocyte Recovery and Embryo Transfer Techniques for In Vitro Fertilization. In A Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproductive Technology, op. cit. note 10, pp. 139-153; Rowland, op. cit. note 11, pp. 25-30; Koch, op. cit. note 11.
27. See: P.R. Brinsden. 1992. Oocyte Recovery and Embryo Transfer Techniques for In Vitro Fertilization. In A Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproductive Technology, op. cit. note 10, pp. 139-153; Rowland, op. cit. note 11, pp. 25-30; Koch, op. cit. note 11.
28. See: P.R. Brinsden. 1992. Oocyte Recovery and Embryo Transfer Techniques for In Vitro Fertilization. In A Textbook of In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproductive Technology, op. cit. note 10, pp. 139-153; Rowland, op. cit. note 11, pp. 25-30; Koch, op. cit. note 11.
29. Medical Research Institute, Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology, The American Fertility Society. In Vitro Fertilization/Embryo Transfer in the United States: 1988 Results from the National IVF-ET Registry. Fertility and Sterility 1990; 53: 13.
30. See: O.K. Davis & Z. Rosenwaks. 1993. Assisted Reproductive Technology. In Textbook of Reproductive Medicine, op. cit. note 10, pp. 571-586. See also: S.F. Marcus & P.R. Brinsden. Analysis of the Incidence and Risk Factors Associated with Ectopic Pregnancy Following In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. Human Reproduction 1994; 10: 199-203.
31. See: O.K. Davis & Z. Rosenwaks. 1993. Assisted Reproductive Technology. In Textbook of Reproductive Medicine, op. cit. note 10, pp. 571-586. See also: S.F. Marcus & P.R. Brinsden. Analysis of the Incidence and Risk Factors Associated with Ectopic Pregnancy Following In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. Human Reproduction 1994; 10: 199-203.
32. See: Brinsden, op. cit. note 12; Rowland, op. cit. note 11, pp. 30-32; Koch, op. cit. note 11.
33. See: Brinsden, op. cit. note 12; Rowland, op. cit. note 11, pp. 30-32; Koch, op. cit. note 11.
34. See: Brinsden, op. cit. note 12; Rowland, op. cit. note 11, pp. 30-32; Koch, op. cit. note 11.
35. Savulescu, op. cit. note 1, p. 425.
36. See, for example: A. Buchanan, D.W. Brock, N. Daniels & D. Wikler. 2000. From Chance to Choice. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press: chapter 5.
37. I b i d.
38. Savulescu, op. cit. note 1, p. 415.
39. See, for example: Buchanan et al., op. cit. note 17, chapter 7.
40. Savulescu, op. cit. note 1, pp. 424-425.
41. Ibid. p. 424.
42. Ibid. p. 424.