The need for spatially and functionally integrated models of ozone deposition to Sierra Nevada forests

Developments in Environmental Science

Volumn 2, Issue C, 2003, Pages 325-357

  Panek, Jeanne A ^a   Baldocchi, Dennis D ^a   Goldstein, Allen H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842510245     PISSN: 14748177     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-8177(02)02014-4     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Andersen C.P., and Rygiewicz P.T. Allocations of carbon in mycorrhizal Pinus ponderosa seedlings exposed to ozone. New Phytol. 131 (1995) 471-480
2. Aphalo P.J., and Jarvis P.G. Do stomata respond to relative humidity. Plant Cell Environ. 14 (1991) 127-132
3. Arbaugh M.J., Miller P.R., Carroll J.J., Takemoto B., and Procter T. Relationships of ozone exposure to pine injury in the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains of California, USA. Environ. Pollut. 101 (1998) 291-301
4. Avissar R., and Pielke R.A. The impact of plant stomatal control on mesoscale atmospheric circulations. Agric. For. Meteor. 54 2-4 (1991) 353-372
5. Baillon F.O., Dalschaert X., Grassi S., and Geiss F. Spruce photosynthesis: possibility of early damage diagnosis due to exposure to magnesium or potassium deficiency. Trees 2 (1988) 173-179
6. Baldocchi D.D., Hicks B.B., and Camera P. A canopy stomatal resistance model for gaseous deposition to vegetated surfaces. Atmos. Environ. 21 (1987) 91-101
7. Baldocchi D., Hicks B., and Meyers T. Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods. Ecology 69 (1988) 1331
8. Baldocchi D.D. An analytical solution for coupled leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance models. Tree Physiol. 14 (1994) 1069
9. Baldocchi D.D. Measuring and modeling carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange over a temperate broad-leaved forest during the 1995 summer drought. Plant Cell Environ. 20 (1997) 1108-1122
10. Ball J.T., Woodrow E., and Berry J.A. A model predicting stomatal conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions. In: Biggins J. (Ed). Progress in Photosynthesis Research (1987), M. Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht 221-224
11. Bauer M.R., Goldstein A.H., Panek J.A., and Hultman N.E. Ozone deposition to a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains (CA): a comparison of two different climatic years. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 105 D17 (2000) 22123-22136
12. Benner P., Sabel P., and Wild A. Photosynthesis and transpiration of healthy and diseased spruce trees in the course of three vegetation periods. Trees 2 (1988) 223-232
13. Berry J.A., Sellers P.J., and Randall D.A. SiB.2C, a model for simulation of biological processes in climate models. J. Exp. Bot. 45 Suppl. (1994) 5
14. Bytnerowicz A. Physiological aspects of air pollution stress in forests. Phyton (Horn) 36 4 (1996) 15-22
15. CARB, 2001. Central California ozone study: Comprehensive plan and related documents. Web address: http://www.arb.ca.gov/airways/ccos/ccos.htm
16. Cienciala E., Running S.W., Lindroth A., Grelle A., and Ryan M.G. Analysis of carbon and water fluxes from the NOPEX boreal forest: Comparison of measurements with FOREST-BGC simulations. J. Hydrol. (Amsterdam) 212 1-4 (1998) 62-78
17. 3 uptake by Sitka spruce. Atmos. Environ. 29 12 (1995) 1413-1423
18. Collatz G.J., Ball J.T., Grivet C., and Berry J.A. Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: A model that includes a laminar boundary layer. Agric. For. Meteor. 54 2-4 (1991) 107-136
19. Coops N.C., and Waring R.H. The use of multiscale remote sensing imagery to derive regional estimates of forest growth capacity using 3-PGS. Rem. Sens. Environ. 75 3 (2001) 324-334
20. Cornic G. Drought stress and high light effects on leaf photosynthesis. Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis: From Molecular Mechanisms to the Field. In: Baker N.R., and Bowyer J.R. (Eds). Environmental plant biology series (1994), BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford, UK 297-313
21. Cornic G., and Massacci A. Leaf photosynthesis under drought stress. In: Baker N.R. (Ed). Photosynthesis and the Environment. Advances in Photosynthesis (1996), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands 347-366
22. De Pury D.G.G., and Farquhar G.D. Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big-leaf models. Plant Cell Environ. 20 5 (1997) 537-557
23. Dickinson R.E., Henderson-Sellers A., Rosenzweig C., and Sellers P.J. Evapotranspiration models with canopy resistance for use in climate models. A review. Agric. For. Meteor. 54 2-4 (1991) 373-388
24. Dickson R.E., and Tomlinson P.T. Oak growth, development and carbon metabolism in response to water stress. Annales des Sciences Forestieres (Paris) 53 2-3 (1996) 181-196
25. Dreyer E., and Scuiller I. Effects of exogenous ABA on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of cut twigs from oak seedlings. Annales des Sciences Forestieres (Paris) 46 Suppl. (1996) 406S-410S
26. Duriscoe D.M., and Stolte K.W. Photochemical oxidant injury to ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. and Balf.) in the National Parks of the Sierra Nevada of California. In: Olson R.K., and Lefohn A.S. (Eds). Effects of Air Pollution on Western Forests (1989), Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA 261-278
27. El Garouani A., Boussema M.R., and Ennabli M. Use of the geographic information system (SIG) and remote sensing and mapping data for accurate estimation of evapotranspiration on a regional scale. Intern. J. Rem. Sens. 21 15 (2000) 2811-2830
28. Emberson L.D., Ashmore M.R., Cambridge H.M., Simpson D., and Tuovinen J.-P. Modelling stomatal ozone flux across Europe. Environ. Pollut. 109 (2000) 403-413
29. Emberson L.D., Wieser G., and Ashmore M.R. Modelling of stomatal conductance and ozone flux of Norway spruce: comparison with field data. Environ. Pollut. 109 (2000) 393-402
30. Emberson L.D., Ashmore M.R., Simpson D., Tuovinen J.-P., and Cambridge H.M. Modelling and mapping ozone deposition in Europe. Water Air Soil Pollut. 130 (2001) 577-582
31. Field C.B., Daily G.C., Davis F.W., Gaines S., Matson P.A., Melack J., and Miller N.L. Confronting Climate Change in California: Ecological Impacts on the Golden State (1999), Union of Concerned Scientists and Ecological Society of America, Cambridge, MA p. 62
32. Fincher J., Cumming J.R., Alscher R.G., Rubin G., and Weinstein L. Long-term ozone exposure affects winter hardiness of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) seedlings. New Phytol. 113 (1989) 85-96
33. Finkelstein P.L., Ellestad T.G., Clarke J.F., Meyers T.P., Schwede D.B., Hebert E.O., and Neal J.A. Ozone and sulfur dioxide dry deposition to forests: Observations and model evaluation. J. Geophys. Res. 105 D12 (2000) 15365-15377
34. Fowler D., and Unsworth M.H. Turbulent transfer of sulphur dioxide to a wheat crop. Quat. J. Royal Meteor. Soc. 105 (1979) 767-784
35. Fuentes J.D., Gillespie T.J., Den Hartog G., and Neumann H.H. Ozone deposition onto a deciduous forest during dry and wet conditions. Agric. For. Meteor. 62 1-2 (1992) 1-18
36. Fuentes J.D., Gillespie T.J., and Bunce N.J. Effects of foliage wetness on the dry deposition of ozone onto red maple and poplar leaves. Water Air Soil Pollut. 74 (1994) 189-210
37. Galbally I., and Roy C. Destruction of ozone at the earth's surface. Quat. J. Royal Meteor. Soc. 106 (1980) 599-620
38. Gamon J.A., Qiu H.-L., Roberts D.A., Ustin S.L., Fuentes D.A., Rahman A., Sims D., and Stylinski C. Water expressions from hyperspectral reflectance: implications for ecosystem flux modeling. Proceedings of the Eight Earth Science Airborne Workshop, Pasadena, California (1999)
39. Gao W., and Wesely M.L. Modeling gaseous dry deposition over regional scales with satellite observations: I. Model development. Atmos. Environ. 29 6 (1995) 727-737
40. Garratt J.R. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer (1992), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England
41. Glassy J.M., and Running S.W. Validating diurnal climatology logic of the MT-CLIM model across a climatic gradient in Oregon. Ecol. Appl. 4 2 (1994) 248-257
42. Gollan T., Passioura J.B., and Munns R. Soil water status affects the stomatal conductance of fully turgid wheat and sunflower leaves. Australian J. Plant Phys. 13 4 (1986) 459-464
43. Goward S., Tucker C., and Dye D. North American vegetation patterns observed with the NOAA-7 advanced very high resolution radiometer. Vegetatio 64 (1985) 3-14
44. Grantz D.A., Zhang X.J., Massman W.J., Delany A., and Pederson J.R. Ozone deposition to a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field: Stomatal and surface wetness effects during the California Ozone Deposition Experiment. Agric. For. Meteor. 85 (1997) 19-31
45. Grulke N.E., Andersen C.P., Fenn M.E., and Miller P.R. Ozone exposure and nitrogen deposition lowers root biomass of ponderosa pine in the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Environ. Pollut. 103 1 (1998) 63-73
46. Grulke N. Physiological responses of ponderosa pine to gradients of environmental stressors. In: Miller P.R., and McBride J.R. (Eds). Oxidant Air Pollution Impacts in the Montane Forests of Southern California (1999), Springer, New York 126-163
47. 3 exposure effects on growth and biomass allocation in ponderosa pine. Water Air Soil Pollut. 116 1 (1999) 235-248
48. Grulke N.E., Andersen C.P., and Hogsett W.E. Seasonal changes in above- and belowground carbohydrate concentrations of ponderosa pine along a pollution gradient. Tree Physiol. 21 2-3 (2001) 173-181
49. 3 leaves to environmental factors. In: Boote K.J., and Loomis R.S. (Eds). Modeling Crop Photosynthesis-From Biochemistry to Canopy (1991), Crop Science Society of America, Madison, WI 17-39
50. Helms J. Environmental control of net photosynthesis in naturally growing Pinus ponderosa Laws. Ecology 53 1 (1972) 92-101
51. Hicks B.B., and Matt D.R. Combining biology, chemistry, and meteorology in modeling and measuring dry deposition. J. Atmos. Chem. 6 1-2 (1988) 117-131
52. Huisman J.A., Sperl C., Bouten W., and Verstraten J.M. Soil water content measurements at different scales: Accuracy of time domain reflectometry and ground-penetrating radar. J. Hydrol. (Amsterdam) 245 1-4 (2001) 48-58
53. Jarvis P.G. The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field. Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. London B 273 (1976) 593-610
54. Jarvis P.G., and Morison J.I.L. Stomatal control of transpiration and photosynthesis. In: Jarvis P., and Mansfield T. (Eds). Stomatal Physiology (1981), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK 304
55. 2 on reconstituted epicuticular wax tubules. New Phytol. 133 (1996) 207-216
56. Jones H.G., and Sutherland R.A. Stomatal control of xylem embolism. Plant Cell Environ. 14 (1991) 607-612
57. Jonson J.E., Tarrason L., and Sundet J. Calculation of ozone and other pollutants for the summer, 1996. Environ. Manag. Health 10 (1999) 245-257
58. Karlsson P.E., Pleijel H., Karlsson G.P., Medin E.L., and Skarby L. Simulations of stomatal conductance and ozone uptake to Norway spruce saplings in open-top chambers. Environ. Pollut. 109 3 (2000) 443-451
59. Kimball J.S., Thornton P.E., White M.A., and Running S.W. Simulating forest productivity and surface-atmosphere carbon exchange in the BOREAS study region. Tree Physiol. 17 8-9 (1997) 589-599
60. 2. Funct. Ecol. 8 1 (1994) 58-68
61. Kraft M., Weigel H.-J., Mejer G.-J., and Brandes F. Reflectance measurements of leaves for detecting visible and non-visible ozone damage to crops. J. Plant Phys. 148 1-2 (1996) 148-154
62. Kurpius, M.R., 2001. Partitioning of water flux and environmental controls on transpiration in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine plantation. In: Ozone Deposition to a Sierra Nevada (CA) Ponderosa Pine Plantation. Ph.D. Thesis: Environmental Science, Policy and Management. University of California, Berkeley, CA
63. Laurila T. Effects of environmental conditions and transport on surface ozone concentrations in Finland. Geophysica 32 (1996) 167-193
64. Law B.E., Waring R.H., Anthoni P.M., and Aber J.D. Measurements of gross and net ecosystem productivity and water vapour exchange of a Pinus ponderosa ecosystem, and an evaluation of two generalized models. Global Change Biology 6 2 (2000) 155-168
65. Law B.E., Williams M., Anthoni P.M., Baldocchi D.D., and Unsworth M.H. Measuring and modelling seasonal variation of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange of a Pinus ponderosa forest subject to soil water deficit. Global Change Biology 6 6 (2000) 613-630
66. 2 simulations. J. Climate 12 7 (1999) 2031-2053
67. Leuning R. Modelling stomatal behavior and photosynthesis of Eucalyptus grandis. Australian J. Plant Phys. 17 2 (1990) 159-176
68. 3 plants. Plant Cell Environ. 18 4 (1995) 339-356
69. Leuning R., Kelliher F.M., De Pury D.G.G., and Schulze E.D. Leaf nitrogen, photosynthesis, conductance and transpiration: Scaling from leaves to canopies. Plant Cell Environ. 18 10 (1995) 1183-1200
70. Logan J.A. Tropospheric ozone: seasonal behavior, trends, and anthropogenic influence. J. Geophys. Res. 90 (1985) 10463-10482
71. Lundin, L.-C., Halldin, S., 1994. Experimental plan for NOPEX. Part 1. Continuous climate monitoring (CCM), regional climate survey (RSC). NOPEX Central Office, Uppsala, p. 59
72. Madamanchi N.R., Hausladen A., Alscher R.G., Amundson R.G., and Fellows S. Seasonal changes in antioxidants in red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) from three field sites in northeastern United States. New Phytol. 118 (1991) 331-338
73. Marr L.C., Noblet G.S., and Harley R.A. Formation of photochemical air pollution in central California. 2. Impact of revised emissions on Eulerian model predictions. J. Geophys. Res. (2002) in press
74. Mascart P., Taconet O., Pinty J.P., and Ben Mehrez M. Canopy resistance formulation and its effect in mesoscale models: A HAPEX perspective. Agric. For. Meteor. 54 2-4 (1991) 319-352
75. Massman W.J., Pederson J., Delaney A., Grantz D., den Hartog G., Neumann H., Oncley S.P., Pearson R.J., and Shaw R. An evaluation of the RADM surface module for ozone uptake at three sites in the San Joaquin Valley of California. J. Geophys. Res. 99 (1994) 8281-8294
76. Massman W.J., MacPherson J.I., Delany A., Den Hartog G., Neumann H.H., Oncley S.P., Pearson R., Pederson J., and Shaw R.H. Surface conductances for ozone uptake derived from aircraft eddy correlation data. Atmos. Environ. 29 21 (1995) 3181-3188
77. Massman W.J. A model study of kBH-1 for vegetated surfaces using 'localized near-field' Lagrangian theory. J. Hydrol. (Amsterdam) 223 1-2 (1999) 27-43
78. Massman W.J., Musselman R.C., and Lefohn A.S. A conceptual ozone dose-response model to develop a standard to protect vegetation. Atmos. Environ. 34 5 (2000) 745-759
79. Meyers T.P., and Paw U K.T. Modeling the plant canopy micrometeorology with higher order closure principles. Agric. For. Meteor. 41 (1987) 143-163
80. 2 to a forest canopy. Tellus 40B (1988) 270-284
81. Meyers T.P., Finkelstein P., and Clarke J. A multilayer model for inferring dry deposition using standard meteorological measurements. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 103 D17 (1998) 22645-22661
82. Mikkelsen T.N., Ro-Poulsen H., Pilegaard K., Hovmand M.F., Jensen N.O., Christensen C.S., and Hummelshoej P. Ozone uptake by an evergreen forest canopy: temporal variation and possible mechanisms. Environ. Pollut. 109 3 (2000) 423-429
83. Miller P.R., Parameter J.R., Taylor O.C., and Cardiff E.A. Ozone injury in the foliage of Pinus ponderosa. Phytopathol. 52 (1963) 1072-1076
84. Miller P.R., Guthrey R., Schilling S., and Carroll J. Ozone injury responses of ponderosa and Jeffrey pine in the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains in California. In: Bytnerowicz A., Arbaugh M.J., and Schilling S. (Eds). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems, February 5-9, 1996, Riverside, California (1998) USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, PSW-GTR-166, pp. 35-42
85. 2O, heat and ozone over the code grid site. Agric. For. Meteor. 87 (1997) 27-39
86. Monteith J.L. Accommodation between transpiring vegetation and covective boundary layer. J. Hydrol. 166 (1995) 251-263
87. Mote P.W., Hamlet A.F., and Leung R. A new tune: possible future climate. In: Snover A.K., and Miles E.L. (Eds). Rhythms of Change: An Integrated Assessment of Climate Impacts on the Pacific Northwest (2004), MIT Press, Boston, MA
88. Mott K.A., and Parkhurst D.F. Stomatal responses to humidity in air and helox. Plant Cell Environ. 14 (1991) 509-515
89. Murphy C., Sinclair T., and Knoerr K. Assessment of use of forests as sinks for removal of atmospheric sulfur-dioxide. J. Environ. Qual. 6 4 (1977) 388-396
90. Musselman R.C., and Massman W.J. Ozone flux to vegetation and its relationship to plant response and ambient air quality standards. Atmos. Environ. 33 1 (1999) 65-73
91. Musselman R.C., and Minnick T.J. Nocturnal stomatal conductance and ambient air quality standards for ozone. Atmos. Environ. 34 5 (2000) 719-733
92. 3 plants. Ecol. Mod. 80 (1995) 205-235
93. Nikolov, N.T., 1997a. Mathematical modeling of seasonal biogeophysical interactions in forest ecosystems. Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
94. 3, and Latent Heat at the San Joaquin Valley, California (1997), USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO
95. Norman J.M. Modeling the complete crop canopy. In: Barfield G., and Gerber J.F. (Eds). Modification of the Aerial Environment of Plants (1979), American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, MI 249-277
96. O'Dell R.A., Taheri M., and Kabel R.L. A model for uptake of pollutants by vegetation. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 27 (1977) 1104-1109
97. Padro J., Massman W.J., Shaw R.H., Delany A., and Oncley S.P. A comparison of some aerodynmaic resistance methods using measurements over cotton and grass from the 1991 California ozone deposition experiment. Boundary-Layer Meteor. 37 (1994) 17-25
98. Panek J.A. Correlations between stable carbon-isotope abundance and hydraulic conductivity in Douglas-fir across a climate gradient in Oregon, USA. Tree Physiol. 16 (1996) 747-755
99. Panek J.A., and Goldstein A.H. Response of stomatal conductance to drought in ponderosa pine: implications for carbon and ozone uptake. Tree Physiol. 21 (2001) 335-342
100. Panek J.A., Bauer M., and Goldstein A.H. An evaluation of ozone exposure metrics for a ponderosa pine ecosystem. Environ. Pollut. 117 (2002) 93-100
101. Patterson, M.T., Rundel, P.R., 1990. Ozone impacts on the photosynthetic capacity of Jeffrey pine in Sequoia National Park. NPS/AQD-90/005, Air Quality Division, USDI National Park Service, Denver, Colorado, p. 19
102. Pearson R.J.J., Oncley S.P., and Delany A.C. A scalar similarity study based on surface layer ozone measurements over cotton during the California Ozone Deposition Experiment. J. Geophys. Res. 103 D15 (1998) 18919-18926
103. Pederson J.R., Massman W.J., Mahrt L., Delany A., Oncley S., Den Hartog G., Neumann H.H., Mickle R.E., Shaw R.H., Paw U K.T., Grantz D.A., MacPherson J.I., Desjardins R., Schuepp P.H., Pearson R., and Arcado T.E. California ozone deposition experiment: Methods, results, and opportunities. Atmos. Environ. 29 21 (1995) 3115-3132
104. Peterson D.L., Spanner M.A., Running S.W., and Teuber K.B. Relationship of thematic mapper simulator data to leaf area index of temperate coniferous forests. Rem. Sens. Environ. 22 3 (1987) 323-342
105. Peterson D.L., and Waring R.H. Overview of the Oregon Transect Ecosystem Research Project. Ecol. Appl. 4 2 (1994) 211-225
106. Pilegaard K., Hummelshoj P., and Jensen N. Nitric oxide emission from a Norway spruce forest floor. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 104 D3 (1999) 3433-3445
107. Pio C.A., Feliciano M.S., Vermeulen A.T., and Sousa E.C. Seasonal variability of ozone dry deposition under southern European climate conditions in Portugal. Atmos. Environ. 34 (2000) 195-205
108. Pleijel H., Danielsson H., Gelang J., Sild E., and Selldén G. Growth stage dependence of the grain yield response to ozone in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 70 (1998) 61-68
109. Pyles R., and Weare B. The UCD advanced canopy-atmosphere-soil algorithm: Comparisons with observations from different climate and vegetation. Quat. J. Royal Meteor. Soc. 126 569 (2000) 2951-2980
110. Reynolds J.F., Chen J., Harley P.C., Hilbert D.W., Dougherty R.L., and Tenhunen J.D. Modeling the effects of elevated carbon dioxide on plants extrapolating leaf response to a canopy. Agric. For. Meteor. 61 1-2 (1992) 69-94
111. Rondón A., Johansson C., and Granat L. Dry deposition of nitrogen oxides and ozone to coniferous forests. J. Geophys. Res. 98 (1993) 5159-5172
112. Rummukainen M., Laurila T., and Kivi R. Yearly cycle of tropospheric ozone at the Arctic Circle. Atmos. Environ. 30 (1996) 1875-1885
113. Running S.W. Environmental control of leaf water conductance in conifers. Can. J. For. Res. 6 (1976) 104-112
114. Running S.W. Environmental and physiological control of water flux through Pinus contorta. Can. J. For. Res. 10 (1980) 82-91
115. Running, S.W., 1984a. Documentation and preliminary validation of H2O-TRANS and DAYTRANS, two models for predicting transpiration and water stress in western coniferous forests. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado
116. Running S.W. Microclimate control of forest productivity: Analysis by computer simulation of annual photosynthesis/transpiration balance in different environments. Agric. For. Meteor. 32 3-4 (1984) 267-288
117. Running S.W., Nemani R.R., and Hungerford R.D. Extrapolation of synoptic meteorological data in mountainous terrain and its use for simulating forest evapotranspiration and photosynthesis. Can. J. For. Res. 17 6 (1987) 472-483
118. Running S.W., and Coughlan J.C. A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. I. Hydrologic balance, canopy gas exchange and primary production processes. Ecol. Mod. 42 (1988) 125-154
119. Running S.W., Nemani R.R., Peterson D.L., Band L.E., Potts D.F., Pierce L.L., and Spanner M.A. Mapping regional forest evapotranspiration and photosynthesis by coupling satellite data with ecosystem simulation. Ecology (Tempe) 70 4 (1989) 1090-1101
120. Running S.W. Estimating terrestrial primary productivity by combining remote sensing ecosystem simulation. In: Mooney H., and Hobbs R. (Eds). Ecological Studies "Remote Sensing of Biosphere Functioning" (1990), Springer-Verlag 65-86
121. Running S.W., and Hunt E.R.H. Generalization of a forest ecosystem process model for other biomes, BIOME-BGC, and other applications for global-scale models. In: Ehleringer J.R., and Field C.B. (Eds). Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe (1993), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 141-158
122. Running S.W. Testing FOREST-BGC ecosystem process simulations across a climatic gradient in Oregon. Ecol. Appl. 4 (1994) 238-247
123. Running S.W., Baldocchi D.D., Turner D.P., Gower S.T., Bakwin P.S., and Hibbard K.A. A global terrestrial monitoring network integrating tower fluxes, flask sampling, ecosystem modeling and EOS satellite data. Rem. Sens. Environ. 70 1 (1999) 108-127
124. Sala A., and Tenhunen J.D. Simulations of canopy net photosynthesis and transpiration in Quercus ilex L. under the influence of seasonal drought. Agric. For. Meteor. 78 3-4 (1996) 203-222
125. Schimel D.A., Davis F.W., and Kittel T.G.F. Spatial information for extrapolation of canopy processes: Examples from FIFE. In: Ehleringer J.R., and Field C.B. (Eds). Scaling Physiological Processes: Leaf to Globe (1993), Academic Press, San Diego, CA 21-38
126. 2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the United States. Science 287 (1988) 2004-2006
127. Schulze E.D., Kelliher F.M., Koerner C., Lloyd J., and Leuning R. Relationships among maximum stomatal conductance, ecosystem surface conductance, carbon assimilation rate, and plant nitrogen nutrition: A global ecology scaling exercise. In: Fautin D.G. (Ed). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics (1994), Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, CA 629-660
128. Sellers P.J., Hall F.G., Asrar G., Strebel D.E., and Murphy R.R. The first ISLSCP field experiment (FIFE). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 69 (1988) 22-27
129. Sellers P.J., Hall F.G., Kelly R.D., Black A., Baldocchi D., Berry J., Ryan M., Ranson K.J., Crill P.M., Lettenmaier D.P., Margolis H., Cihlar J., Newcomer J., Fitzjarrald D., Jarvis P.G., Gower S.T., Halliwell D., Williams D., Goodison B., Wickland D.E., and Guertin F.E. BOREAS in 1997: Experiment overview, scientific results, and future directions. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmospheres 102 D24 (1997) 28731-28769
130. Serrano L., Ustin S.L., Roberts D.A., Gamon J.A., and Peñuelas J. Deriving water content of chaparral vegetation from AVIRIS data. Rem. Sens. Environ. 74 3 (2000) 570-581
131. Simpson D., Tuovinen J.-P., Emberson L., and Ashmore M.R. Characteristics of an ozone deposition module II: Sensitivity analysis. Water Air Soil Pollut. Focus 1 5 (2001) 253-262
132. Sofiev M., and Tuovinen J.-P. Factors determining the robustness of AOT40 and other ozone exposure indices. Atmos. Environ. 35 (2001) 3521-3528
133. Spanner M.A., Pierce L.L., Running S.W., and Peterson D.L. The seasonality of AVHRR data of temperate coniferous forests: Relationship with leaf area index. Rem. Sens. Environ. 33 2 (1990) 97-112
134. Sperry J.S., Alder N.N., and Eastlack S.E. The effect of reduced hydraulic conductance on stomatal conductance and xylem cavitation. J. Exp. Bot. 44 263 (1993) 1075-1082
135. Sperry J.S., and Pockman W.T. Limitation of transpiration by hydraulic conductance and xylem cavitation in Betula occidentalis. Plant Cell Environ. 16 (1993) 279-287
136. Tardieu F., and Davies W.J. Integration of hydraulic and chemical signaling in the control of stomatal conductance and water status of droughted plants. Plant Cell Environ. 16 (1993) 341-349
137. Taylor Hunt G.E., and Tingey D.T. Variation in plant responses to ozone: A conceptual model of physiological events. In: Unsworth M.H., and Ormrod D.P. (Eds). Effects of Gaseous Air Pollution in Agriculture and Horticulture (1982), Butterworths Scientific, London 113-138
138. Tuovinen J.-P., and Laurila T. Ozone concentrations and exposures in Finland. In: Anttila P. (Ed). EMEP Workshop on the Control of Photochemical Oxidants in Europe. Porvoo, Finland, 20-22 April 1993 (1993), Finnish Meteorological Institute, Air Quality Department, Helsinki, Finland 15-24
139. Tuovinen J.-P. Assessing vegetation exposure to ozone: properties of the AOT40 index and modifications by deposition modeling. Environ. Pollut. 109 (2000) 361-372
140. Tuovinen J.-P., Simpson D., Mikkelsen T.N., Emberson L.D., Ashmore M.R., Aurela M., Cambridge H.M., Hovmand M.F., Jensen N.O., Laurila T., Pilegaard K., and Ro-Poulsen H. Comparisons of measured and modeled ozone deposition to forests in Northern Europe. Water Air Soil Pollut. Focus 1 (2001) 263-274
141. Tyree M.T., and Ewers F.W. The hydraulic architecture of trees and other woody plants. Tansley Review No. 34. New Phytol. 119 (1991) 345-360
142. Ustin S.L., Roberts D.A., Jacquemoud S., Pinzon J., Gardner M., Scheer G., Castaneda C.M., and Palacios A. Estimating canopy water content of chaparral shrubs using optical methods. Rem. Sens. Environ. 65 (1998) 280-291
143. Ustin S.L., Roberts D.A., and Hart Q.J. Seasonal vegetation patterns in a California coastal savanna derived from advanced visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) data. In: Elvidge C.D., and Lunetta R. (Eds). Remote Sensing Change Detection: Environmental Monitoring Applications and Methods (1999), Ann Arbor Press, Ann Arbor, MI 163-180
144. 3 above and below a deciduous canopy. Atmos. Environ. 31 18 (1997) 2915-2931
145. Weber J.A., Clark C.S., and Hogsett W.E. Analysis of the relationships among ozone uptake conductance and photosynthesis in needles of Pinus ponderosa. Tree Physiol. 13 2 (1993) 157-172
146. Wesely M.L. Parameterization of surface resistances to gaseous dry deposition in regional-scale numeric models. Atmos. Environ. 23 (1989) 1293-1304
147. Wesely M.L., and Hicks B.B. Some factors that affect the deposition rates of sulfur dioxide and similar gases on vegetation. J. Air Pollut. Cont. Assoc. 27 (1977) 1110-1117
148. Wesely M.L., and Hicks B.B. A review of the current status of knowledge on dry deposition. Atmos. Environ. 34 (2000) 2261-2282
149. Williams J.E., Davis S.D., and Portwood K. Xylem embolism in seedlings and resprouts of Adenostoma fasciculatum after fire. Australian J. Bot. 45 2 (1997) 291-300
150. Wong S.C., Cowan I.R., and Farquahar G.D. Stomatal conductance correlates with photosynthetic capacity. Nature 282 (1979) 424-426
151. Younglove T., McCool P.M., Musselman R.C., and Kahl M.E. Growth-stage dependent crop yield response to ozone exposure. Environ. Pollut. 86 (1994) 287-295
152. Zeller K., and Hehn T. Ozone deposition in a snow-covered subalpine spruce-fir forest environment. In: Tonnessen K.A., Williams M.W., and Tranter M. (Eds). Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow-Covered Catchments (1995), IAHS, Boulder, CO Publication 228, pp. 17-22
153. Zeller K.F., and Nikolov N.T. Quantifying simultaneous fluxes of ozone, carbon dioxide and water vapor above a subalpine forest ecosystem. Environ. Pollut. 107 (2000) 1-20
154. Zimmermann M.H. Hydraulic architecture of some diffuse-porous trees. Can. J. Bot. 56 (1978) 286-295