Validity and factor structure of the bodybuilding dependence scale

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 177-181

  Smith, D ^a   Hale, B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MAINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BODY BUILDING; BODY BUILDING DEPENDENCE SCALE; COMPETITION; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; EXERCISE DEPENDENCE QUESTIONNAIRE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; MUSCLE DYSMORPHIA INVENTORY; MUSCLE MALFORMATION; PREVALENCE; QUESTIONNAIRE; RELIABILITY; RISK FACTOR; SCORING SYSTEM; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; VALIDATION PROCESS;

ADULT; BODY IMAGE; COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR; COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHOMETRICS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; WEIGHT LIFTING;

EID: 1842507267     PISSN: 03063674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2002.003269     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Pierce EF. Exercise dependence syndrome in runners. Sports Med 1994;18:149-55.
2. Fussell S. Muscle: confessions of an unlikely bodybuilder. London: Abacus, 1991.
3. Klein AM. Little big men. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993.
4. Little J. Mike Mentzer: compos sui (part one). Bodybuilding Monthly 1986;9(12):31-44.
5. Thompson H (writer and presenter), Mares AK (producer). Iron maidens. Manchester: BBC Radio 4, 1993.
6. Fisher LA. Case studies of female bodybuilders: culture gone awry? Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology. Denton, TX: RonJon Publishing, 2001:8-9.
7. Little JC. Neurotic illness in fitness fanatics. Psych Ann 1979;9:49-56.
8. Sachs ML, Pargman D. Running addiction: a depth interview approach. J Sport Behav 1979;2:143-55.
9. DeBenedette V. Are your patients exercising too much? Phys Sportsmed 1990;18:119-22.
10. Carmack MA, Martens R. Measuring commitment to running: a survey of runners' attitudes and mental states. J Sport Psychol 1979;1:25-42.
11. Chapman CL, DeCastro JM. Running addiction: measurement and associated psychological characteristics. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1990;30:283-90.
12. Rudy EB, Estok PJ. Measurement and significance of negative addiction in runners. West J Nurs Res 1989;11:548-58.
13. Pasman L, Thompson JK. Body image and eating disturbance in obligatory runners, obligatory weightlifters and sedentary individuals. Int J Eat Disord 1988;7:759-69.
14. Ogden J, Veale D, Summers Z. The development and validation of the Exercise Dependence Questionnaire. Addict Res 1997;5:343-53.
15. Harlow RG. Masculine inadequacy and compensatory development of physique. J Pers 1951;19:312-23.
16. Darden E. Sixteen personality factor profiles of competitive bodybuilders and weightlifters. Res Q 1972;43:142-7.
17. Lantz CD, Rhea DJ, Mayhew JL. The drive for size: a psycho-behavioral model of muscle dysmorphia. International Sports Journal 2001:71-86.
18. Smith D, Hale BD, Collins DJ. Measurement of exercise dependence in bodybuilders. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1998;38:1-9.
19. Veale D. Does exercise dependence really exist? In: Annett J, Cripps B, Steinberg H, eds. Exercise addiction: motivation for participants in sport and exercise. Leicester: British Psychological Society, 1-5.
20. Morgan WP. Negative addiction in runners. Phys Sportsmed 1979;7:57-70.
21. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: APA, 1994.
22. Hurst R, Hale B, Smith D, et al. Exercise dependence, social physique anxiety, and social support in experienced and inexperienced bodybuilders and weightlifters. Br J Sports Med 2000;34:431-5.
23. Richman JM, Rosenfeld LB, Hardy CJ. The Social Support Survey: an initial evaluation of a clinical measure and practice model of the social support process. Res Soc Work Pract 1993;3:288-311.
24. Hart EA, Leary MR, Rejeski WJ. The measurement of social physique anxiety. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1989;11:94-104.
25. Hale BD, James B, Stambulova N. Determining the dimensions of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale: a 'Herculean' cross-cultural effort. Int J Sport Psychol 1999;30:83-100.
26. Rhea DJ, Lantz D. Conceptualization and measurement of muscle dysmorphia. Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology. Denton, TX: RonJon Publishing, 2001:8.
27. Fox KR, Corbin CB. The Physical Self-Perception Profile: development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1989;11:408-30.
28. Garner DM, Olmstead MP, Bohr Y, et al. The eating attitudes test: psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychol Med 1982;12:871-8.
29. McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. Profile of Mood States manual. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service, 1971.
30. Garner DM, Olmsted MP, Polivy J. Development and validation of a multidimensional Eating Disorder Inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Int J Eat Disord 1983;2:15-34.
31. Kelloway EK. Using LISREL for structural equation modeling: a researcher's guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998.
32. Kline P. The handbook of psychological testing, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2000.
33. Pope HG, Phillips KA, Olivardia R. The Adonis complex. New York: Free Press.