Noradrenergic and Dopaminergic Systems in the Central Nervous System of the Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)

Journal of Brain Research

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 319-350

  Michaloudi, Helen C ^a   Papadopoulos, Georgios C ^a  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

Author keywords

Catecholaminergic systems; CNS; Insectivores; Mapping

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE;

ADRENERGIC NERVE; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BRAIN MAPPING; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; FEMALE; HEDGEHOG; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MALE; METABOLISM; NERVE FIBER; NERVE TRACT; SPINAL CORD; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ADRENERGIC FIBERS; ANIMALS; AXONS; BRAIN MAPPING; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DOPAMINE; FEMALE; HEDGEHOGS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MALE; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON; NEURAL PATHWAYS; SPINAL CORD;

EID: 1842457733     PISSN: 09448160     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (194)

1. ALBANESE, A. and MINCHIACCHI, D.: Organization of the ascending projections from the ventral tegmental area: a multiple fluorescent retrograde tracer study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 216, 406-420 (1983).
2. ARANGO, V., RUGGIERO, D. A., CALLAWAY, J. L., ANWAR, M., MANN, J. J. and REIS, D. J.: Catecholaminergic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla and nucleus of the solitary tract in the human. J. Comp. Neurol. 273, 224-270 (1988).
3. ARSENAULT, M.-Y., PARENT, A., SEGUELA, P. and DESCARRIES, D.: Distribution and morphological characteristics of dopamine-immunoreactive neurons in the midbrain of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). J. Comp. Neurol. 267, 489-506 (1988).
4. ASANUMA, C.: Noradrenergic innervation of the thalamic reticular nucleus: A light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study in rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 319, 299-311 (1992).
5. AUDET, M. A., DOUCET, G., OLESKEVICH, S. and DESCARRIES, L.: Quantified regional and laminar distribution of the noradrenaline innervation in the anterior half of the adult cerebral cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 274, 307-318 (1988).
6. BAKER, H., JOH, T. H., RUGGIERO, D. A. and REIS, D. J.: Variation in number of dopamine neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in hypothalamus of two mouse strains. J. Neurosci. 3, 832-843 (1983).
7. BARASI, S. and ROBERTS, M. H. T.: Responses of motoneurons to electrophoretically applied dopamine. Br. J. Pharmacol. 60, 29-34 (1977).
8. BARBAS, H. and PANDYA, D. N.: Architecture and frontal cortical connections of the premotor cortex (area 6) in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 256, 211-228 (1987).
9. BARBEAU, H. and ROSSIGNOL, S.: Initiation and modulation of the locomotor pattern in the adult chronic spinal cat by noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic drugs. Brain Res. 546, 250-260 (1991).
10. BARNES, K. L., CHERNICKY, C. L., BLOCK, C. H. and FERRARIO, C. M.: Distribution of catecholaminergic neuronal systems in the canine medulla oblongata and pons. J. Comp. Neurol. 274, 127-141 (1988).
11. BATTISTA, A., FUXE, K., GOLDSTEIN, M. and OGAWA, M.: Mapping of central monoamine neurons in the monkey. Experientia (Basel), 28, 688-690 (1972).
12. BECKMAN, A. L. and SATINOFF, E.: Arousal from hibernation by intrahypothalamic injections of biogenic amines in ground squirrels. Am. J. Physiol. 222, 875-879 (1972).
13. BERGER, B., GASPAR, P. and VERNEY, C.: Dopaminergic innervation of the cerebral cortex: Unexpected differences between rodents and primates. TINS 14, 21-27 (1991).,
14. BERGER, B., TROTTIER, S., GASPAR, P., VERNEY, C. and ALVAREZ, C.: Major dopamine innervation of the cortical motor areas in the Cynomolgus monkey. A radiographic study with comparative assessment of serotonergic afferents. Neurosci. Lett. 72, 121-127 (1986 a).
15. BERGER, B., TROTTIER, S., VERNEY, C., GASPAR, P. and ALVAREZ, C.: Differential distribution of dopamine and serotonine axons in monkey cerebral cortex. A radiographic study. Neurosci. Lett. Supp. 26, S 105 (1986 b).
16. BERGER, B., TROTTIER, S., VERNEY, C., GASPAR, P. and ALVAREZ, C.: Regional and laminar distribution of the dopamine and serotonine innervation in macaque cerebral cortex. A radioautographic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 273, 99-119 (1988).
17. BERGER, B., VERNEY, C., GASPAR, P. and FEBVRET, A.: Transient expression of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in some neurons on the rat neocortex during postnatal development. Dev. Brain Res. 23, 141-144 (1985 a).
18. BERGER, B., VERNEY, C., ALVAREZ, C., VIGNY, A. and HELLE, K. B.: New dopaminergic terminal fields in the motor visual (area 18 b) and retrosplenial cortex in the young and adult rat. Immunocytochemical and catecholamine histochemical analyses. Neuroscience 15, 983-998 (1985 b).
19. BJÖRKLUND, A. and LINDVALL, O.: Dopamine-containing systems in the CNS. In: BJÖRKLUND, A. and HÖKFELT, T. (eds.): Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. Elsevier, New York, 1984, pp. 55-122.
20. BJÖRKLUND, A. and NOBIN, A.: Fluorescent histochemical and microspectrofluorometric mapping of dopamine, and noradrenaline cell groups in the rat diencephalon. Brain Res. 51, 193-205 (1973).
21. BJÖRKLUND, A. and SKAGERBERG, G.: Evidence for major spinal cord projection from the diencephalic A11 dopamine cell group in the rat using transmitter specific fluorescent retrograde tracing. Brain Res. 177, 170-175 (1979).
22. BLESSING, W. W., CHALMERS, J. P. and HOWE, P. R. C.: Distribution of catecholamine-containing cell bodies in the rabbit central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 179, 407-423 (1978).
23. BLESSING, W. W., FROST, P. and FURNESS, J. B.: Catecholamine cell groups of the cat medulla oblongata. Brain Res. 192, 69-75 (1980).
24. BROWN, R. M., CRANE, A. M. and GOLDMAN, P. S.: Regional distribution of monoamines in the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures of the rhesus monkey: Concentrations and in vitro synthesis rates. Brain Res. 168, 133-150 (1979).
25. CAI, Y.-P., ZHAO, H.-Q. and HUANG, Q.-H.: Reevaluation of involvement of norepinephrine and serotonine in initiation of hibernation. In: MALAN, A. and CANQUILHEM, B. (eds.): Living in the cold II. Colloque INSERM, 1989, pp. 477-484.
26. CAMPBELL, G. A., ECKARDT, M. J. and WEIGHT, F. F.: Dopaminergic mechanisms in subthalamic nucleus of rat: Analysis using horseradish peroxidase and microiontophoresis. Brain Res. 333, 261-270 (1985).
27. CHAN-PALAY, V., ZABORSZKY, C., KOHLER, C., GOLDSTEIN, M. and PALAY, S. M.: Distribution of tyrosine-hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 227, 467-496 (1984).
28. CHU, N.-S. and BLOOM, F. E.: The catecholamine-containing neurons in the cat dorsolateral pontine tegmentum: distribution of the cell bodies and some axonal projections. Brain Res. 66, 1-21 (1974).
29. CRUTCHER, K. A. and BINGHAM, W. G. jr.: Descending monoaminergic pathways in the primate spinal cord. Am. J. Anat. 153, 159-164 (1978).
30. DAHLSTRÖM, A. and FUXE, K.: Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. I. Demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons. Acta Physiol. Scand. 62 (Suppl. 232), 1-55 (1964).
31. DAHLSTRÖM, A. and FUXE, K.: Evidence of the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system. II. Experimentally induced changes in the intraneuronal amino levels of the bulbospinal neuron system. Acta Physiol. Scand. 64 (Suppl. 247), 1-36 (1965).
32. DEVAUGES, V. and SARA, S. I.: Memory retrieval enhancement by locus coeruleus stimulation: evidence for mediation by b-receptors. Behav. Brain Res. 43, 93-97 (1991).
33. DIAMOND, I. T.: The subdivision of neocortex. A proposal to revise the traditional view of sensory motor, and association areas. In: J. M. Sprague and A. N. Epstein (eds.): Progress in Psychobiology and Physiobiological Psychology. Vol. 8, Academic Press, New York, 1979.
34. DIAMOND, I. T.: and HALL, W. C.: Evolution of neocortex. Science 164, 251-262 (1969).
35. DICARLO, V., HUBBARD, J. E. and PATE, P.: Fluorescence histochemistry of monoamine-containing cell bodies in the brain stem of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). IV. An Atlas, J. Comp. Neurol. 152, 347-372 (1973).
36. DOUCET, G., DESCARRIES, L., AUDET, M. A., GARCIA, S. and BERGER, B.: Radioautographic method for quantifying regional monoamine innervations in the rat brain. Application to the cerebral cortex. Brain Res. 441, 233-259 (1988).
37. DOYLE, C. A. and MAXWELL, D. J.: Catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal dorsal horn: A correlated light and electron microscopic analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibres in the cat. Neuroscience 45, 161-176 (1991).
38. DRAZCOCZY, P. R. and LYMAN, C. P.: Turnover of catecholamines in active and hibernating ground squirrels. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 155, 101-111 (1967).
39. FALCK, B., HILLARP, N.-A., THIEME, G. and TORP, A.: Fluorescent catecholamines related compounds condensed with formaldehyde. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 10, 348-354 (1962).
40. FEIST, D. D. and GALSTER, W. A.: Changes in hypothalamic catecholamines and serotonine during hibernation and arousal in the arctic ground squirrel. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 48 A, 623-662 (1974).
41. FELTEN, D., LATIES, A. and CARPENTER, M.: Localization of monoamine containing cell bodies in the squirrel monkey brain. Am. J. Anat. 138, 153-166 (1974).
42. FITZPATRICK, D., DIAMOND, I. T. and RACZKOWSKI, D.: Cholinergic and monoaminergic innervation of the cat's thalamus: Comparison of the lateral geniculate nucleus with other principal sensory nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 288, 647-675 (1989).
43. FRITSCHY, J. M. and GRZANNA, R.: Demonstration of two separate descending noradrenergic pathways to the rat spinal cord: Evidence for an intragriseal trajectory of locus coeruleus axons in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 291, 553-582 (1990).
44. FUKUI, K., KARIYAMA, H., KASHIBA, A., KATO, N. and KIMURA, H.: Further confirmation of heterogeneity of the rat striatum: Different mosaic patterns of dopamine fibers after administration of metamphetamine or reserpine. Brain Res. 382, 81-86 (1986).
45. FUXE, K.: Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. IV. The distribution of monoamine terminals in the central nervous system. Acta Physiol. Scand. 64 (Suppl. 147), 37-85 (1965).
46. FUXE, K. and HÖKFELT, T.: Catecholamines in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In: L. Martini and W. F. Ganong (eds.): Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. Oxford Press, New York, 1969, pp. 47-96.
47. FUXE, K., HÖKFELT, T. and UNGERSTEDT, U.: Distribution of monoamines in the mammalian central nervous system by histochemical studies. In: G. Hooper (ed.): Metabolism of Amines in Brain. Macmillan, London, 1969, pp. 10-23.
48. FUXE, K., ANDERSSON, K., SCHWARCZ, R., AGNATI, L. F., PEREX DE LA MORA, M., HÖKFELT, T., GOLDSTEIN, M., FERLAND, L., POSSANI, L. and TAPIA, R.: Studies on different types of dopamine nerve terminals in the forebrain and their possible interactions with neurons containing GABA, glutamate, and opioid peptides with hormones. In: POIRIER, L. J., SOURKES, T. L. and BEDARD, P. J. (eds.): Advances in Neurology. Vol. 24: Raven Press, New York, 1979, pp. 199-215.
49. GARVER, D. L. and SLADEK, J. R.: Monoamine distribution in primate brain. I. Catecholamine-containing perikarya in the brain stem of Macaca speciosa. J. Comp. Neurol. 159, 289-304 (1975).
50. GASPAR, P., BERGER, B., FEBVRET, A., VIGNY, A. and HENRY, J. P.: Catecholamine innervation of the human cerebral cortex as revealed by comparative immunohistochemistry of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. J. Comp. Neurol. 279, 249-271 (1989).
51. GEFFARD, M., BUIJS, R. M., SEGUELA, P., POOL, C. W. and LE MOAL, M. L.: First demonstration of highly specific and sensitive antibodies against dopamine. Brain Res. 294, 161-165 (1984).
52. GEFFARD, M., HENRICK-ROCK, A. M., DULUC, J. and SEGUELA, P.: Antisera against small neurotransmitter like molecules. Neurochem. Internat. 7, 403-413 (1985).
53. GERHARD, L.: Atlas des Mittel- und Zwischenhirn des Kaninchens. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1968.
54. GERMAN, D. C., SCHLUSSBERG, D. S. and WOODWARD, D. J.: Three dimensional reconstructions of midbrain dopaminergic neuronal populations: from mouse to man. J. Neurol. Transm. 57, 243-254 (1983).
55. GERMAN, D. C., DUBACH, M., ASKARI, S., SPECIALE, S. G. and BOWDEN, S. M.: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induced parkinsonian syndrome in Macaca fascicularis: which midbrain dopaminergic neurons are lost? Neuroscience 24, 161-174 (1988).
56. GERMAN, D. C., MANAYE, K., SMITH, W. K., WOODWARD, D. J. and SAPER, C. B.: Midbrain dopaminergic cell loss in Parkinson's disease: Computer visualization. Ann. Neurol. 26, 507-514 (1989).
57. GERMAN, D. C. and MANAYE, K. F.: Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (nuclei A8, A9 and A10): Three-dimensional reconstruction in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 331, 297-309 (1993).
58. GERVAIS, R., HOLLEY, A. and KEVERNE, E. B.: The importance of central noradrenergic influences on the olfactory bulb in the processing of learned olfactory cues. Chem. Senses 13, 3-12 (1988).
59. GERVAIS, R. and PAGER, J.: Olfactory bulb excitability selectively modified in behaving rats after local 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Behav. Brain Res. 9, 165-179 (1983).
60. GINSBERG, S. D., HOF, P. R., YOUNG, W. G. and MORRISON, J. H.: Noradrenergic innervation of the hypothalamus of rhesus monkeys: Distribution of Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers and quantitative analysis of varicosities in the paraventricular nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 327, 597-611 (1993).
61. GLASS, J. D. and WANG, L. C.: Thermoregulatory effects of central injection of noradrenaline in the Richardson's ground squirrel. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61 C, 347-351 (1978).
62. GOLDMAN-RAKIC, P. S., LIDOW, M. S., SMILEY, J. F. and WILLIAMS, M. S.: The anatomy of dopamine in monkey and human prefrontal cortex. J. Neural. Transm. Suppl. 36, 163-177 (1992).
63. GRAY, C. M., FREEMAN, W. J. and SKINNER, J. E.: Chemical dependencies of learning in the rabbit olfactory bulb: acquisition of the transient spatial pattern change depends on norepinephrine. Behav. Neurosci. 100, 585-596 (1986).
64. GRAYBIEL, A. M.: Correspondence between the dopamine islands and striosomes of the mammalian striatum. Neuroscience 13, 1157-1187 (1984).
65. GRAYBIEL, A. M. and BERSON, D. M.: On the relation between transthalamic and transcortical pathways in the visual system. In: SCHMITT, F. O., WORDEN, F. G., ADELMAN, G. and DENNIS, S. G. (eds.): The organization of the cerebral cortex. MIT Press, Cambridge, 1981, pp. 285-322.
66. GRAYBIEL, A. M., HIRSCH, E. C. and AGID, Y. A.: Differences in tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity characterize the mesostriatal innervation of the striosomes and extrastriosomal matrix at maturity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 303-307 (1987).
67. GRAYBIEL, A. M. and RAGSDALE, C. W.: Biochemical anatomy of the striatum. In: EMSON, P. C. (ed.): Chemical Neuroanatomy. Raven Press, New York, 1983, pp. 427-504.
68. GRZANNA, R. and MOLLIVER, M. E.: The locus coeruleus in the rat, an immunohistochemical delineation. Neuroscience 5, 21-40 (1980).
69. HAAK, L. L., MIGNOT, E., KILDUFF, T. S., DEMENT, W. C. and HELLER, H. C.: Regional changes in central monoamine and metabolite levels during the hibernation cycle in the golden-mantled ground squirrel. Brain Res. 563, 215-220 (1991).
70. HALL, W. C. and DIAMOND, I. T.: Organization and function of the visual cortex in hedgehog. I. Cortical cytoarchitecture and thalamic retrograde degeneration. Brain Behav. Evol. 1, 181-214 (1968 a).
71. HALL, W. C. and DIAMOND, I. T.: Organization and function of the visual cortex in hedgehog. II. An ablation study of pattern descrimination. Brain Behav. Evol. 1, 215-243 (1968 b).
72. HALLIDAY, G. M., LI, Y. W., JOH, T. H., COTTON, R. G. H., HOWE, P. R. C., GEFFEN, L. B. and BLESSING, W. W.: Distribution of monoamine-synthesizing neurons in the human medulla oblongata. J. Comp. Neurol. 273, 301-317 (1988).
73. HOFFMAN, G. E., FELTEN, D. L. and SLADEK, J. R. jr.: Monoamine distribution in primate brain. III. Catecholamine-containing varicosities in the hypothalamus of Macaca mulatta. Am. J. Anat. 147, 510-514 (1976).
74. HÖKFELT, T., FUXE, K., GOLDSTEIN, M. and JOHANSSON, O.: Immunohistochemical evidence for the existence of adrenaline neurons in the rat brain. Brain Res. 66, 235-251 (1974).
75. HÖKFELT, R., JOHANSSON, O., FUXE, K., GOLDSTEIN, M. and PARK, D.: Immunohistochemical studies on the localization and distribution of monoamine neuron systems in the rat brain. I. Tyrosine hydroxylase in the mes- and diencephalon. Med. Biol. 54, 427-453 (1976).
76. HÖKFELT, T., MARTENSSON, R., BJÖRKLUND, A., KLEINAU, S. and GOLDSTEIN, M.: Distributional maps of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain. In: BJÖRKLUND, A. and HÖKFELT, T. (eds.): Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy, Vol. 2: Classical transmitters in the CNS. Part. I. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984, pp. 277-379.
77. HÖKFELT, T., PHILLIPSON, O. and GOLDSTEIN, M.: Evidence for a dopaminergic pathway in the rat descending from the A11 cell group to the spinal cord. Acta Physiol. Scand. 107, 383-395 (1979).
78. HOLSTEGE, J. C., GOEDKNEGT, H., BUGERS, C. M. H., VAN VEEN, T. and BUIJS, R. M.: Light microscopical identification of dopamine immunoreactivity in the rat, cat and monkey spinal cord. Eur. J. Neurosci. Suppl. 3, 228 (1990).
79. HSU, S. M., RAINE, L. and FANGER, H.: Use of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: A comparison between ABC and unlabeled antibody (PAP) procedures. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 29, 557-580 (1981).
80. HUBBARD, J. E. and DICARLO, V: Fluorescence histochemistry of monoamine-containing cell bodies in the brain stem of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). II. Catecholamine-containing groups. J. Comp. Neurol. 153, 369-384 (1974).
81. IGARASHI, S. and KAMIYA, T.: Atlas of the vertebrate brain. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1972.
82. ISHIKAWA, M. and TANAKA, C.: Morphological organization of catecholamine terminals in the diencephalon of the rhesus monkey. Brain Res. 119, 43-55 (1977).
83. JACOBOWITZ, D. M. and MACLEAN, P. D.: A brain stem atlas of catecholaminergic neurons and serotonergic perikarya in a primate (Cebeulla pygmaea). J. Comp. Neurol. 177, 397-416 (1978).
84. JACOBS, B. L.: Brain monoaminergic unit activity in behaving animals. In: A. N. Epstein and A. R. Morrison (eds.): Progress in psychobiology and physiological psychology. Vol. 12, Academic Press, New York, 1987, pp. 171-206.
85. JAHR, C. E. and NICOLL, R. A.: Noradrenergic modulation of dendrodendritic inhibition in the olfactory bulb. Nature 297, 227-229 (1982).
86. JIMENEZ-CASTELLANOS, J. and GRAYBIEL, A. M.: Subdivisions of the dopamine-containing A8-A9-A10 complex identified by their differential mesostriatal innervation of striosomes and extrastriosomal matrix. Neuroscience 23, 223-242 (1987).
87. JONES, B. E. and BEAUDET, A.: Distribution of acetylcholine and catecholamine neurons in the cat brainstem: A choline acetyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 261, 15-32 (1974).
88. JONES, B. E. and MOORE, R. Y.: Catecholamine-containing neurons of the nucleus locus coeruleus in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 157, 43-52 (1974).
89. KAAS, J. H.: The organization of neocortex in mammals: implications for theories of brain function. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 38, 124-151 (1987 a).
90. KAAS, J. H.: The organization and evolution of neocortex. In: WISE, S. P. (ed.): Higher Brain Functions. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1987 b, pp. 347-378.
91. KALIA, M., FUXE, K. and GOLDSTEIN, M.: Rat medulla oblongata: II. Noradrenergic neurons, nerve fibers, and preterminal processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 233, 308-332 (1985 a).
92. KALIA, M., WOODWARD, D. J., SMITH, W. K. and FUXE, K.: Rat medulla oblongata. IV. Topographical distribution of catecholaminergic neurons with quantitative three-dimensional computer reconstruction. J. Comp. Neurol. 233, 350-364 (1985 b).
93. KEMPER, C. M., O'CONNOR, D. T. and WESTLUND, K. N.: Immunocytochemical localization of dopamine-β-hydroxylase in neurons of the human brain stem. Neuroscience 23, 981-989 (1987).
94. KITAHAMA, K., BERON, A., DENOYER, M. and JOUVET, M.: Visualization of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the cat dorsal motor vagal cells after treatment with parachlorophenylamine. Neurosci. Lett. 77, 155-160 (1987).
95. KITAHAMA, K., BUDA, C., SASTRE, J. P., NAGATSU, I., RAYNAUD, B., JOUVET, M. and GEFFARD, M.: Dopaminergic neurons in the cat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus demonstrated by dopamine AADC and TH immunohistochemistry. Neurosci. Lett. 146, 5-9 (1992).
96. KITAHAMA, K., GEFFARD, M., OKAMURA, H., NAGATSU, I., MONS, N. and JOUVET, M.: Dopamine-and DOPA-immunoreactive neurons in the cat forebrain with reference to tyrosine hydroxylase-immunohistochemistry. Brain Res. 518, 83-94 (1990).
97. KROMER, L. F. and MOORE, R. Y.: A study of the organization of the locus coeruleus projections to the lateral geniculate nuclei in the albino rat. Neuroscience 5, 255-271 (1980).
98. LACKNER, K. J.: Mapping of monamine neurons and fibers in the cat lower brainstem and spinal cord. Anat. Embryol. 161, 169-195 (1980).
99. LAVOIE, B., SMITH, Y. and PARENT, A.: Dopaminergic innervation of the basal ganglia in the squirrel monkey as revealed by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. J. Comp. Neurol. 289, 36-52 (1989).
100. LENDE, R. A. and SADLER, K. M.: Sensory and motor areas in neocortex of hedgehog (Erinaceus). Brain Res. 5, 390-405 (1967).
101. LEVITT, P. and MOORE, R. Y.: Noradrenaline neuron innervation of the neocortex in the rat. Brain Res. 139, 219-231 (1987).
102. LEVITT, P. and MOORE, R. Y.: Origin and organization of brain-stem catecholamine innervation in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 186, 505-528 (1979).
103. LEVITT, P., RAKIC, P. and GOLDMAN-RAKIC, P. S.: Region-specific distribution of catecholamine afferents in primate cerebral cortex: a fluorescence histochemical analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 227, 23-36 (1984).
104. LEWIS, D. A., CAMPBELL, M. J., FOOTE, S. L., GOLDSTEIN, M. and MORRISON, J. H.: The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers in primate neocortex is widespread but regionally specific. J. Neurosci. 7, 279-290 (1987).
105. LEWIS, D. A., FOOTE, S. L., GOLDSTEIN, M. and MORRISON, J. H.: Brainstem dopaminergic neurons project to monkey parietal cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 7, 279-290 (1988).
106. LEWIS, D. A. and MORRISON, J. H.: Noradrenergic innervation of monkey prefrontal cortex: A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunohistochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 282, 317-330 (1989).
107. LINDVALL, O. and BJÖRKLUND, A.: Organization of catecholamine neurons in rat central nervous system. In: IVERSEN, L., IVERSEN, S. and SNYDER, S. N. (eds.): Handbook of psychopharmacology. Vol. 9, Plenum Press, New York, 1978, pp. 139-231.
108. LINDVALL, O. and BJÖRKLUND, A.: Dopamine- and norepinephrine-containing neuron system: Their anatomy in the rat brain. In: EMSON, P. C. (ed.): Chemical Neuroanatomy. Raven Press, New York, 1983, pp. 229-255.
109. LINDVALL, O. and A. BJÖRKLUND: The organization of the ascending catecholamine neuron systems in the rat brain as revealed by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 412, 1-48 (1974).
110. LINDVALL, O., BJÖRKLUND, A. and DIVAC, I.: Organization of catecholamine neurons projecting to the frontal cortex in the rat. Brain Res. 142, 1-24 (1978).
111. LINDVALL, O., BJÖRKLUND, A., NOBIN, A. and STENEVI, U.: The adrenergic innervation of the rat thalamus as revealed by the glyoxylic and fluorescence method. J. Comp. Neurol. 154, 317-348 (1974).
112. LOUGHLIN, S. E., FOOTE, S. L. and BLOOM, F. E.: Efferent projections of nucleus locus coeruleus: Topographic organization of cells of origin demonstrated by three dimensional reconstruction. Neuroscience 18, 291-306 (1986).
113. MANIER, M., FEUERSTEIN, C., PASSAGIA, J. G., MOUCHET, P., MONS, N., GEFFARD and THIBAULT, J.: Evidence for the existence of L-DOPA-and dopamine-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in the caudal part of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 3, 193-205 (1990).
114. MARTIN, G. F., HUMBERTSON, A. O., LAXSON, J. C. jr. and PANNETON, W. M.: Dorsolateral pontospinal systems. Possible routes for catecholamine modulation of nociception. Brain Res. 163, 333-338 (1979 a).
115. MARTIN, G. F., HUMBERTSON, A. O., LAXSON, J. C. jr., PANNETON, W. M. and TCHISMADIA, I.: Spinal projections from the mesencephalic and pontine reticular formation in the North American opossum: a study using axonal transport techniques. J. Comp. Neurol. 187, 373-400 (1979 b).
116. MCCAUGH, J. L.: Hormonal influences on memory. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 34, 297-323 (1983).
117. MCGEER, P. L., MCGEER, E. G. and SUZUKI, J. S.: Aging and extrapyramidal function. Arch. Neurol. 34, 33-35 (1977).
118. MCLEAN, J. H. and SHIPLEY, M. T.: Postnatal development of the noradrenergic projection from locus coeruleus to the olfactory bulb in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 304, 467-477 (1991).
119. MEIBACH, R. C. and KOTZMAN, R.: Catecholaminergic innervation of the subthalamic nucleus: Evidence of a rostral continuation of the A9 (substantia nigra) dopaminergic cell group. Brain Res. 173, 364-368 (1979).
120. MIACHON, S., BEROT, A., LEGER, L., CHAT, M., HARTMAN, B. and PUJOL, J. F: Identification of catecholamine cell bodies in the pons and pons-mesencephalon junction of the cat brain, using tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-b-hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. Brain Res. 305, 369-374 (1984).
121. MICHALOUDI, H., DINOPOULOS, A., KARAMANLIDIS, A. N., PAPADOPOULOS, G. C. and ANTONOPOULOS, J.: Cortical and brain stem projections to the spinal cord of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). Anat. Embryol. 178, 259-270 (1988).
122. MICHALOUDI, E. C. and PAPADOPOULOS, G. C.: Atlas of the serotonine-containing cell bodies and fibers in the central nervous system of the hedgehog. J. Brain Res. 36 (1), 77-100 (1995).
123. MOLANDER, C., XU, Q. and GRANT, G.: The cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal cord in the rat. I. The lower thoracic and lumbosacral cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 230, 133-141 (1984).
124. MOLANDER, C., XU, Q., RIVERO-MELIAN, C. and GRANT, G.: Cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal cord in the rat. II. The cervical and upper thoracic cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 289, 375-385 (1989).
125. MOORE, R. Y. and BLOOM, F. E.: Central catecholamine neuron systems: Anatomy and physiology of the dopamine systems. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 1, 129-169 (1978).
126. MOORE, R. Y. and CARD, J. P.: Noradrenaline-containing neuron systems. In: BJÖRKLUND, A. and HÖKFELT, T. (eds.): Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. Vol. 2: Classical Transmitters in the CNS. Part 1. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1984, pp. 123-156.
127. MORRISON, J. H. and FOOTE, S. L.: Noradrenergic and serotoninergic innervation of cortical, thalamic and tectal visual structures in Old and New World monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 243, 117-138 (1986).
128. MORRISON, J. H., GRZANNA, R., MOLLIVER, M. E. and COYLE, J. T.: The distribution and orientation of noradrenergic fibers in neocortex of the rat: An immunofluorescence study. J. Comp. Neurol. 181, 17-40 (1983).
129. MORRISON, J. H., MOLLIVER, M. E., GRZANNA, R. and COYLE, J. T.: Noradrenergic innervation patterns in three regions of medial cortex: an immunofluorescence characterization. Brain Res. Bull. 4, 849-857 (1979).
130. MOUCHET, P., MANIER, M. and FEUERSTEIN, C.: Immunohistochemical study of the catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal cord of the rat using specific antibodies against dopamine and noradrenaline. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 5, 427-440 (1992).
131. NOBIN, A. and BJÖRKLUND, A.: Topography of the monoamine neuron systems in the human brain as revealed in fetuses. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 388, 1-40 (1973).
132. OLSON, L., BOREUSM, L. Q and SEIGER, A.: Histochemical demonstration and mapping of 5-hydroxytryptamine- and catecholamine-containing neuron systems in the human fetal brain. Z. Anat. Entwicklungsgesch. 139, 259-282 (1973).
133. PALKOVITS, M. and JACOBOWITZ, D. M.: Topographic atlas of catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase-containing neurons in rat brain. II: Hindbrain (mesencephalon, rhombencephalon). J. Comp. Neurol. 157, 29-42 (1974).
134. PAPADOPOULOS, G. C., KARAMANLIDIS, A. N. and ANTONOPOULOS, J.: Somatostatinlike immunoreactive neurons in the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) and the sheep (Ovis aries) central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 244, 174-192 (1986 a).
135. PAPADOPOULOS, G. C., KARAMANLIDIS, A. N., ANTONOPOULOS, J. and DINOPOULOS, A.: Neurotensin immunoreactive neurons in the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) and the sheep (Ovis aries) central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 244, 193-203 (1986 b).
136. PAPADOPOULOS, G. C., PARNAVELAS, J. G. and BUIJS, R. M.: Monoaminergic fibers from conventional synapses in the cerebral cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 76, 275-279 (1987).
137. PAPADOPOULOS, G. C., PARNAVELAS, J. G and BUIJS, R. M.: Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical analysis of the noradrenaline innervation of the rat visual cortex. J. Neurocytol. 18, 1-10 (1989).
138. PARENT, A., POITRAS, D. and DUBE, L.: Comparative anatomy of central monoaminergic systems. In: BJÖRKLUND, A. and HÖKFELT, T. (eds.): Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. Classical Transmitters in the CNS. Vol. II: Part I. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984, pp. 409-439.
139. PARENT, A. and LAVOIE, B.: Dopaminergic innervation of the basal ganglia in normal and parkinsonian monkey. In: SCHNEIDER, J. S. and GUPTA, M. (eds.): Current Concepts in Parkinson's Disease Research. Hogrefe-Hans Huber Pub., Toronto, 1989.
140. PARENT, A. and SMITH, Y.: Differential dopaminergic innervation of the two pallidal segments in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Brain Res. 426, 397-400 (1987).
141. PARNAVELAS, J. G. and PAPADOPOULOS, G. C.: The monoaminergic innervation of the cerebral cortex is not diffuse and unspecific. Trends Neurosci. 12, 315-319 (1989).
142. PASPALAS, C. D., PAPADOPOULOS, G. C. and MICHALOUDI, H.: Serotoninergic supraependymal plexus in the ventricular system of the hedgehog: Organization principles and functional implications. J. Brain Res. 35, 333-342 (1994).
143. PEARSON, J., GOLDSTEIN, M., MARKEY, K. and BRANDEIS, L.: Human brainstem catecholamine neuronal anatomy as revealed by immunocytochemistry with antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase. Neuroscience 8, 3-32 (1983).
144. PHILLIPSON, O. T.: The cytoarchitecture of the interfascicular nucleus and ventral tegmental area of Tsai in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 187, 85-98 (1979).
145. 5]-enkephalin. Fed. Proc. 38, 2374-2380 (1979).
146. PICKEL, V. M., JOH, T. H., FIELD, P. M., BECKER, C. G. and REIS, D. J.: Cellular localization of tyrosine hydroxylase by immunohistochemistry. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 23, 1-12 (1975).
147. PICKEL, V. M., JOH, T. H. and REIS, D. J.: Monoamine-synthesizing enzymes in central dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons. Immunocytochemical localization by light and electron microscopy. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 24, 792-806 (1976).
148. PICKEL, V. M., JOH, T. H. and REIS, D. J.: Regional and ultra-structural localization of tyrosine hydroxylase by immunocytochemistry in dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal systems. Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 16, 231-239 (1977).
149. PINDZOLA, R. R., HO, R. H. and MARTIN, G. F.: Catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal cord in the North American opossum, Didelphis virginiana. Brain Behav. Evol. 32, 281-292 (1988).
150. POIRIER, L. J., GIGUERER, M. and MARCHAND, R.: Comparative morphology of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the monkey, cat and rat. Brain Res. Bull. 11, 371-397 (1983).
151. POITRAS, D. and PARENT, A.: Atlas of the distribution of monoamine-containing nerve cell bodies in the brain stem of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 179, 699-718 (1978).
152. PORRING, L. J. and GOLDMAN-RAKIC, P. S.: Brainstem innervation of prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in the rhesus monkey revealed by retrograde transport of HRP. J. Comp. Neurol. 205, 63-76 (1982).
153. REINER, P. B. and VINCENT, S. R.: The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase immunoreactive neurons in the feline medulla oblongata. J. Comp. Neurol. 248, 518-531 (1986).
154. REZAK, M. and BENEVENTO, L. A.: A comparison of the organization of the projections of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the inferior pulvinar and adjacent lateral pulvinar to primary visual cortex (area 17) in the macaque monkey. Brain Res. 167, 19-40 (1979).
155. RINVIK, E., GROFOVA, I., HAMMOND, C., FEGER, J. and DENIAN, J. M.: A study of the afferent connections to the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey and the cat using the HRP technique. In: POIRIER, L. J., SOURKES, T. L. and BEDARD, P. J. (eds.): Advances in Neurology. Vol. 24: Raven Press, New York, 1979, pp. 53-70.
156. ROBERT, O., MIACHON, S., KOPP, N., DONOROY, L., TOMMASI, M., ROLLET, D. and PUJOL, J. R: Immunocytochemical study of the catecholaminergic systems in the lower brainstem of the human infant. Human Neurobiol. 3, 229-234 (1984).
157. ROMER, A. S.: Vertebrate paleontology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1966.
158. RUGGIERO, D. A., BAKER, H., JOH, T. H. and REIS, D. J.: Distribution of catecholamine neurons in the hypothalamus and preoptic region of mouse. J. Comp. Neurol. 223, 556-582 (1984).
159. SANIDES, F.: Functional architecture of motor and sensory cortices in
160. SARNAT, H. B. and NETSKY, M. G.: Evolution of the nervous system. Oxford University Press, New York, 1981.
161. SCHEIBNER, T. and TÖRK, I.: Ventromedial mesencephalic tegmental (VMT) projections to the functionally different cortical areas in the cat: topography and quantitative analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 259, 247-265 (1987).
162. SCHRODER, H. D. and SKAGERBERG, G.: Catecholamine innervation of the caudal spinal cord in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 242, 358-368 (1985).
163. SHIPLEY, M. T., HALLORAN, F. J. and TORRE, J.: Surprisingly rich projection from locus coeruleus to the olfactory bulb in the rat. Brain Res. 329, 294-299 (1985).,
164. SHIROUJU, M., ANRAKU, T., IWASHITA, Y. and YOSHIDA, M.: A new dopaminergic terminal plexus in the ventral horn of the rat spinal cord. Immunohistochemical studies at the light and the electron microscopic levels. Experientia 46, 201-204 (1994).
165. SINGER, W., TRETTER, F. and YINON, U.: Central gating of development plasticity in kitten visual cortex. J. Physiol. 324, 221-237 (1982).
166. SKAGERBERG, G., BJÖRKLUND, A., LINDVALL, O. and SCHMIDT, R. H.: Origin and termination of the diencephalo-spinal dopamine system in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 9, 237-244 (1982).
167. SKAGERBERG, G. and LINDVALL, O.: Organization of diencephalic dopamine neurons projecting to the spinal cord in the rat. Brain Res. 342, 340-351 (1985).
168. SMITS, R. P. J. M., STEINBUSCH, H. W. M. and MULDER, A. H.: Distribution of dopamine-immunoreactive cell bodies in the guinea pig brain. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 3, 101-123 (1990).
169. SPENCER, S., SAPER, C. B., JOH, T., REIS, D. J., GOLDSTEIN, M. and PAESE, J. D.: Distribution of catecholamine-containing neurons in the normal human hypothalamus. Brain Res. 328, 73-80 (1985).
170. STEPHAN, H., BARON, G. and FRAHM, H. D.: Comparative brain research in mammals: Insectivora. Vol. 1: Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991.
171. STEPHAN, H. and ANDY, O. J.: Quantitative comparative neuroanatomy of primates: an attempt at a phylogenetic interpretation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 167, 370-387 (1969).
172. SULLIVAN, R. M., WILSON, D. A. and LEON, M.: Norepinephrine and learning-induced plasticity in infant rat olfactory system. J. Neurosci. 9, 3998-4006 (1989).
173. SULLIVAN, R. M. and WILSON, D. A.: The role of norepinephrine in the expression of learned olfactory neurobehavioral responses in infant rats. Psychobiology 19, 308-312 (1989).
174. SULLIVAN, R. M., ZYZAK, D. R., SKIERKOWSKY, P. and WILSON, D. A.: The role of olfactory bulb norepinephrine in early olfactory learning. Dev. Brain Res. 70, 279-282 (1991).
175. SWANSON, L. W.: The projections of the ventral tegmental area and adjacent regions: a combined fluorescent retrograde tracer and immunofluorescence study in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 9, 321-353 (1982).
176. SWANSON, L. W. and HARTMAN, B. K.: The central adrenergic system. An immunofluorescence study of the location of cell bodies and their efferent connections in the rat utilizing dopamine-β-hydroxylase as a marker. J. Comp. Neurol. 163, 467-506 (1975).
177. TIGGES, J., TIGGES, M., CROSS, N. A., MCBRIDGES, R. L., LETBETTER, W. D. and ANSCHEL, S.: Subcortical structures projecting to visual cortical areas in squirrel monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 209, 29-40 (1982).
178. TILLET, Y., BATAILLER, M., KRIEGER-POULLET, M. and THIBAULD, J.: Presence of dopamine-immunoreactive cell bodies in the catecholaminergic group A15 of the sheep brain. Histochemistry 93, 327-333 (1990).
179. TILLET, Y. and THIBAULD, J.: Catecholamine-containing neurons in the sheep brainstem and diencephalon: Immunohistochemical study with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase antibodies. J. Comp. Neurol. 290, 69-104 (1989).
180. TILLET, Y and THIBAULD, J.: Morphological relationships between tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons and dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in dopamine cell group A15 of the sheep. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 6, 69-78 (1993).
181. TÖRK, I. and TURNER, S.: Histochemical evidence for a catecholaminergic (presumably dopaminergic) projection from the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum to visual cortex in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 24, 215-219 (1981).
182. UNGERSTEDT, D.: Stereotaxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain. Acta Physiol. Scand., Suppl. 367, 1-48 (1971).
183. VAN DEN POL, A. N., HERBST, R. S. and POWELL, J. F.: Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons of the hypothalamus: a light and electron microscopic study. Neuroscience 13, 1117-1156 (1984).
184. VINCENT, S. R.: Distributions of tyrosine hydroxylase-, dopamine-β-hydroxylase-, and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase-immunoreactive neurons in the brain of the hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). J. Comp. Neurol. 268, 584-599 (1988).
185. WALDHEIMER, P. C., LAUBER, J., BLUM, W. and RICHTER, W. J.: 3-Methoxytyramine: its suitability as an indicator of synaptic dopamine release. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 315, 219-225 (1981).
186. WESTERINK, B. H. C.: Sequence and significance of dopamine metabolism in the rat brain. Biochem. Int. 7, 221-227 (1985).
187. WESTLUND, K. N., BOWKER, R. M., ZIEGLER, M. G. and COULTER, J. D.: Noradrenergic projections to the spinal cord of the rat. Brain Res. 263, 15-31 (1983).
188. WESTLUND, K. N., BOWKER, R. M., ZIEGLER, M. G. and COULTER, J. D.: Origins and terminations of descending noradrenergic projections to the spinal cord of the monkey. Brain Res. 292, 1-16 (1984).
189. WIKLUND, L., LEGER, L. and PERSSON, M.: Monoamine cell distribution in the cat brain stem. A fluorescence histochemical study with quantification of indolaminergic and locus coeruleus cell groups. J. Comp. Neurol. 203, 613-647 (1984).
190. WILSON, D. A. and LEON, M.: Noradrenergic modulation of olfactory bulb excitability in the postnatal rat. Dev. Brain Res. 42, 69-75 (1988).
191. WILSON, D. A. and SULLIVAN, R. M.: Olfactory associative conditioning in infant rats with brain stimulation as reward. II. Norepinephrine mediates a specific component of the bulb response to reward. Behav. Neurosci. 105, 843-849 (1991).
192. WOLTERS, J. G., DEVENTE, J. and STEINBUSCH, H. W. M.: An atlas of the dopaminergic system in the rat brain, based on immunohistochemistry using antibodies to dopamine. 11th Annual Meeting of the European Neuroscience Association. Eur. J. Neurosci. Suppl. 287, (1988).
193. WONG-RILEY, M. T. T.: Connections between the pulvinar nucleus and the prestriate cortex in the squirrel monkey as revealed by peroxidase histochemistry and autoradiography. Brain Res. 134, 225-236 (1977).
194. YOSHIDA, M., NAGATSU, L., KARASAWA, N., KONDO, Y., OHNO, T. and NAGATSU, T.: Immunohistocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin in the brain of golden hamster. Acta Histochem. Cytochem. 15, 827-841 (1982).