Signal detection theory applied to three visual search tasks - Identification, yes/no detection and localization

Spatial Vision

Volumn 17, Issue 4-5, 2004, Pages 295-325

  Cameron, E Leslie ^a,c   Tai, Joanna C ^a   Eckstein, Miguel P ^b   Carrasco, Marisa ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c CARTHAGE COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Discrimination; Localization; Signal detection theory; Transient covert attention; Visual search; Yes no detection

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC NOISE; DATA REDUCTION; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS; ERROR ANALYSIS; INFORMATION ANALYSIS; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; VISION;

DISCRIMINATION; LOCALIZATION; SPATIAL FREQUENCY; TRANSIENT CONVERT ATTENTION; VISUAL SEARCH; YES/NO DETECTION;

SIGNAL DETECTION;

ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; ATTENTION; DEPTH PERCEPTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; NASA DISCIPLINE SPACE HUMAN FACTORS; NON-NASA CENTER; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL;

NASA DISCIPLINE SPACE HUMAN FACTORS; NON-NASA CENTER;

ATTENTION; CUES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; SIGNAL DETECTION (PSYCHOLOGY); SPACE PERCEPTION;

EID: 1842449665     PISSN: 01691015     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/1568568041920212     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Bacon, W. and Egeth, H. (1991). Local processes in preattentive feature detection, J. Exper. Psychol.: Human Perception and Performance 17, 77-90.
2. Baldassi, S. and Burr, D. C. (2000). Feature-based integration of orientation signals in visual search, Vision Research 40 (10-12), 1293-1300.
3. Baldassi, S. and Verghese, P. (2002). Comparing integration rules in visual search, J. Vision 2, 559-570. http://journalofvision.Org/2/8/3/
4. Balz, G. W. and Hock, H. S. (1997). The effect of attentional spread on spatial resolution, Vision Research 37 (11), 1499-1510.
5. Banks, W. P. and Prinzmetal, W. (1976). Configurational effects in visual information processing, Perception and Psychophysics 19, 361-367.
6. Bouma, H. (1970). Interaction effects in parafoveal letter recognition, Nature 226, 177-178.
7. Burgess A. E. and Ghandeharian H. (1984). Visual signal detection. II. Signal location identification, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A 1, 900-905.
8. Cameron, E. L., Tai, J. and Carrasco, M. (2000). Peripheral cuing diminishes the effect of distracters in discrimination, detection and localization tasks, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 41 (4), S41.
9. Cameron, E. L., Tai, J. and Carrasco, M. (2002). Covert attention affects the psychometric function of contrast sensitivity, Vision Research 42, 949-967.
10. Campbell, F. W. and Robson, J. G. (1968). Contrast sensitivity, Fourier analysis and vision, J. Physiol. 197, 551-566.
11. Carpenter, R. H. S. (1988). Movements of the Eyes. Pion Limited, London.
12. Carrasco, M. and Chang, I. (1995). The interaction of objective and subjective organizations in a localization search task, Perception and Psychophysics 57 (8), 1134-1150.
13. Carrasco, M. and Frieder, K. S. (1997). Cortical magnification neutralizes the eccentricity effect in visual search, Vision Research 37 (1), 63-82.
14. Carrasco, M. and McElree, B. (2001). Covert attention accelerates the rate of visual information processing, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (9), 5363-5367.
15. Carrasco, M. and Yeshurun, Y. (1998). The contribution of covert attention to the set-size and eccentricity effects in visual search, J. Exper. Psychol.: Human Perception and Performance 24 (2), 673-692.
16. Carrasco, M., Evert, D. L., Chang, I. and Katz, S. M. (1995). The eccentricity effect: Target eccentricity affect performance on conjunction searches, Perception and Psychophysics 57 (8), 1241-1261.
17. Carrasco, M., McLean, T. L., Katz, S. M. and Frieder, K. S. (1998). Feature asymmetries in visual search: effects of display duration, target eccentricity, orientation and spatial frequency, Vision Research 38 (3), 347-374.
18. Carrasco, M., Penpeci-Talgar, C. and Eckstein, M. (2000). Spatial attention increases contrast sensitivity across the CSF: Support for signal enhancement, Vision Research 40 (10-12), 1203-1215.
19. Carrasco, M., Talgar, C. and Cameron, E. L. (2001). Characterizing visual performance fields: Effects of transient covert attention, spatial frequency, eccentricity, task and set size, Spatial Vision 15 (1), 61-75.
20. Carrasco, M., Williams, P. and Yeshurun, Y. (2002). Covert attention increases spatial resolution with or without masks: Support for signal enhancement, J. Vision 2 (6) 467-479. http://journalofvision.Org//2/6/4/, DOI 10.1167/2.6.4.
21. Carrasco, M., McElree, B., Denisova, K. and Giordano, A. M. (2003). Speed of visual processing increases with eccentricity, Nature Neuroscience 6 (7), 699-700.
22. Carrasco, M., Giordano, A. M. and McElree, B. (2004). Temporal performance fields: Visual and attentional factors, Vision Research 44, 1351-1365.
23. Cavanagh, P., Arguin, M. and Treisman, A. (1990). Effects of surface medium on visual search for orientation and size features, J. Exper. Psychol.: Human Perception and Performance 16, 479-491.
24. Cave K. R. and Pashler H. (1995). Visual selection mediated by location: selecting successive visual objects, Perception and Psychophysics 57, 421-432.
25. Cave, K. R. and Wolfe, J. M. (1990). Modeling the role of parallel processing in visual search, Cognitive Psychology 22, 225-271.
26. Cheal, M. L. and Lyon, D. R. (1991). Central and peripheral precueing of forced-choice discrimination, Quart. J. Exper. Psychol. 43, 859-880.
27. Davis, E., Kramer, P. and Graham, N. (1983). Uncertainty about spatial frequency, spatial position, or contrast of visual patterns, Perception and Psychophysics 33, 20-28.
28. DeValois, R. L. and DeValois, K. K. (1988). Spatial Vision. Oxford University Press, New York.
29. Dosher, B. A. and Lu, L. (2000). Mechanisms of perceptual attention in precuing of location, Vision Research 40 (10-12), 1269-1292.
30. Downing, C. J. (1988). Expectancy and visual-spatial attention: Effects on perceptual quality, J. Exper. Psychol.: Human Perception and Performance 14, 188-202.
31. Duncan, J. and Humphreys, G. (1989). Visual search and stimulus similarity, Psychol. Rev. 96 (3), 433-458.
32. Duncan, J. and Humphreys, G. (1992). Beyond the search surface: Visual search and attentional engagement, J. Exper. Psychol.: Human Perception and Performance 18, 578-588.
33. Eckstein, M. P. (1998). The lower visual search efficiency for conjunctions is due to noise and not serial attentional processes, Psychol Sci. 9 (2), 111-118.
34. Eckstein, M. P., Thomas, J. P., Palmer, J. and Shimozaki, S. S. (2000). A signal detection model predicts the effects of set size on visual search accuracy for feature, conjunction, triple conjunction, and disjunction displays, Perception and Psychophysics 62 (3), 425-451.
35. Eckstein, M. P. and Whiting J. S. (1996). Visual signal detection in structured backgrounds I: Effect of number of possible spatial locations and signal contrast, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A 13, 1777-1787.
36. Egeth, H. J., Virzi, R. A. and Garbart, H. (1984). Searching for conjunctively defined targets, J. Exper. Psychol.: Human Perception and Performance 10 (1), 32-39.
37. Enns, J. T. and Rensink, R. A. (1992). VScope (TM) software and manual: Vision testing software for the Macintosh. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada: Micropsych Software.
38. Eriksen, C. W. (1990). Attentional search of the visual field, in: Visual Search, Brogan, D. (Ed.), Chap. 1, pp. 3-19. Taylor and Francis, London.
39. Farmer, E. W. and Taylor, R. M. (1980). Visual search through color displays: Effects of target-background similarity and background uniformity, Perception and Psychophysics 27, 267-272.
40. Foley, J. M. and Schwartz, W. (1998). Spatial attention: effect of position uncertainty and number of distracter patterns on the threshold-vs.-contrast function for contrast discrimination, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A 15 (5), 1036-1047.
41. Geisler, W. S. and Chou, K. L. (1995). Separation of low-level and high-level factors in complex tasks: visual search, Psychol. Rev. 102, 356-378.
42. Green, D. M. and Swets, J. A. (1966). Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Huntington, NY, USA.
43. Humphreys, G. W., Quinlan, P. T. and Riddoch, M. J. (1989). Grouping processes in visual search: Effects with single- and combined-feature targets, J. Exper. Psychol.: General 118, 258-279.
44. Jonides, J. (1981). Voluntary vs. automatic control over the mind's eye's movement, in: Attention and Performance IX, Long, J. B. and Baddeley, A. D. (Eds), pp. 187-204. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, USA.
45. Jonides, J. and Yantis, S. (1988). Uniqueness of abrupt visual onset in capturing attention, Perception and Psychophysics 43, 346-354.
46. Joseph, J. S., Chun, M. M. and Nakayama, K. (1997). Attentional requirements in a 'preattentive' feature search task, Nature 387, 805-807.
47. Kahneman, D., Treisman, A. and Burkell, J. (1983). The cost of visual filtering, J. Exper. Psychol.: Human Perception and Performance 9 (4), 510-522.
48. Kinchla, R. A. (1974). Detecting target elements in multi-element arrays: A confusability model, Perception and Psychophysics 15 (1), 149-158.
49. Landy, M. S., Cohen, Y. and Sperling, G. (1984). HIPS: a Unix-based image processing system, Compuer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 25, 331-347.
50. Lee, D. K., Koch, C. and Braun, J. (1997), Spatial vision thresholds in the near absence of attention, Vision Research 37 (17), 2409-2418.
51. Lee, D. K., Itti, C., Koch, C. and Braun, J. (1999). Attention activates winner-take-all competition among visual filters, Nature Neuroscience 2 (4), 375-381.
52. Lu, Z. and Dosher, B. A. (1998). External noise distinguishes attention mechanisms, Vision Research 38, 1183-1198.
53. Macmillan, N. A. and Creelman, C. D. (1991). Detection Theory: A User's Guide. Cambridge University Press, New York.
54. Mayfrank, L., Kimmig, H. and Fischer, B. (1987). The role of attention in the preparation of visually guided saccadic eye movements in man, in: Eye Movements: From Physiology to Cognition, O'Regan, J. K. and Levy-Schoen, A. (Eds), pp. 37-45. North-Holland, New York.
55. McElree, B. and Carrasco, M. (1999). The temporal dynamics of visual search: evidence for parallel processing in feature and conjunction searches, J. Exper. Psychol.: Human Perception and Performance 25 (6), 1517-1539.
56. Morgan, M. J., Ward, R. M. and Castet, E. (1998). Visual search for a tilted target: Tests of spatial uncertainty models, Quart. J. Exper. Psychol. 51A (2), 347-370.
57. Nachmias, J. (1967). Effect of exposure duration on visual contrast sensitivity with square-wave gratings, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57 (3), 421-427.
58. Nachmias, J. and Sansbury, R. (1974). Grating contrast: discrimination may be better than detection, Vision Research 14 (10), 1039-1042.
59. Nakayama, K. and Joseph, J. (1998). Attention, pattern recognition, and pop-out in visual search, in: The Attentive Brain, Parasuraman, R. (Ed.), pp. 279-298. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.
60. Nakayama, K. and Mackeben, M. (1989). Sustained and transient components of focal visual attention, Vision Research 29, 1631-1646.
61. Palmer, J. (1994). Set-size effects in visual search: the effect of attention is independent of the stimulus for simple tasks, Vision Research 34 (13), 1703-1721.
62. Palmer, J., Ames, C. T. and Lindsey, D. T. (1993). Measuring the effect of attention on simple visual search, J. Exper. Psychol.: Human Perception and Performance 19 (1), 108-130.
63. Palmer, J., Vergese, P. and Pavel, M. (2000). The psychophysics of visual search, Vision Research 40 (10-12), 1227-1268.
64. Pelli, D. G. (1985). Uncertainty explains many aspects of visual contrast detection and discrimination, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A 2 (9), 1508-1532.
65. Poisson, M. E. and Wilkinson, F. (1992). Distractor ratio and grouping processes in conjunction search, Perception 21, 21-38.
66. Posner, M. (1980). Orienting of attention, Quart. J. Exper. Psychol. 32, 3-25.
67. Shaw, M. L. (1980). Identifying attentional and decision making components in information processing, in: Attention and Performance VIII, Nickerson, R. S. (Ed.), pp. 277-296. Erlbauin, Hillsdale, NJ, USA.
68. Shaw, M. L. (1982). Attending to multiple sources of information: I. The integration of information in decision making, Cognitive Psychology 14, 353-409.
69. Shiu, L. and Pashler, H. (1994). Negligible effect of spatial precuing on identification of single digits, J. Exper. Psychol.: Human Perception and Performance 20 (5), 1037-1054.
70. Shiu, L. and Pashler, H. (1995). Spatial attention and vernier acuity, Vision Research 35, 337-343.
71. Solomon, J. and Morgan, M. J. (2001). Odd-men-out are poorly localized in brief exposures, J. Vision 1, 9-17. (http://journalofvision.org/1/1/2)
72. Solomon, J. A., Lavie, N. and Morgan, M. J. (1997). Contrast discrimination function: spatial cuing effects, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A 14 (9), 2443-2448.
73. Sperling, G. and Dosher, B. A. (1986). Strategy optimization in human information processing, in: Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L. and Thomas, J. P. (Eds), Vol. 1. Wiley, New York.
74. Swensson R. G. and Judy, P. F. (1981). Detection of noisy visual targets: model for the effects of spatial uncertainty and signal to noise ratio, Perception and Psychophysics 29, 521-534.
75. Toet, A. and Levi, D. M. (1992). The two-dimensional shape of spatial interaction zones in the parafovea, Vision Research 32 (7), 1349-1357.
76. Treisman, A. (1991). Search, similarity, and integration of features between and within dimensions, J. Exper. Psychol.: Human Perception and Performance 17, 652-676.
77. Treisman, A. (1993). The perception of features and objects, in: Attention, Selection, Awareness, and Control, Baddeley, A. and Weiskrantz, L. (Eds), pp. 6-34. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
78. Treisman, A. and Gelade, G. (1980). A feature integration theory of attention, Cognitive Psychology 12, 97-136.
79. Treisman, A. and Gormican, S. (1988). Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries, Psychol. Rev. 95 (1), 15-48.
80. Tsal, Y. and Lavie, N. (1993). Location dominance in attending to color and shape, J. Exper. Psychol.: Human Perception and Performance 19, 131-139.
81. Verghese, P. (2001). Visual search and attention: A signal detection theory approach, Neuron 31, 523-535.
82. Verghese, P. and Nakayama, K. (1994). Stimulus discriminability in visual search, Vision Research 18, 2453-2467.
83. Wolfe, M. J. (1994). Guided search 2.0 a revised model of visual search, Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 1, 202-238.
84. Wolfe, J. M. (2000). The deployment of visual attention: Two surprises, in: Search and Target Acquisition, NATO-RTO (Ed.), Vol. 45, pp. 20.21-20.11. NATO-RTO, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
85. Wolfe, J. M., Cave, K. R. and Franzel, S. L. (1989). Guided search: An alternative to the feature integration model for visual search, J. Exper. Psychol.: Human Perception and Performance 15 (3), 419-433.
86. Yeshurun, Y and Carrasco, M. (1998). Attention improves or impairs visual performance by enhancing spatial resolution, Nature 396 (6706), 72-75.
87. Yeshurun, Y. and Carrasco, M. (1999). Spatial attention improves performance in spatial resolution tasks, Vision Research 39 (2), 293-305.
88. Yeshurun, Y. and Carrasco, M. (2000). The locus of attentional effects in texture segmentation, Nature Neuroscience 3 (6), 622-627.