Science Migrations: Mesoscale Weather Prediction from Belgrade to Washington, 1970-2000

Social Studies of Science

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 45-75

  Jankovic, Vladimir ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Geography of science; Modelling; Transfer of knowledge; Weather prediction; Yugoslavia

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842429961     PISSN: 03063127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0306312704040490     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Agar, Jon (1998) 'Digital Science: What Difference Did Computers Make?' Unpublished paper presented at BSHS New Directions of British Computing conference.
2. Anthes, R.A. (1983) 'Regional Models of the Atmosphere in Middle Latitudes', Monthly Weather Review 111: 1306-35.
3. Arakawa, Akio (2000) 'A Personal Perspective on Early Years of General Circulation Modeling at UCLA', in David Randall (ed.), General Circulation Model Development (NewYork: Academic Press): 1-65.
4. Arrow, Kenneth J. (1962) 'The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing', Review of Economic Studies 29: 155-73.
5. Bates, J.R. & A. McDonald (1982) 'Multiply-Upstream, Semi-Lagrangian Advective Schemes: Analysis and Application to a Multi Level Primitive Equation Model', Monthly Weather Review 110: 1831-42.
6. Black, Thomas L. (1988) The Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Regional Model: A Documentation (Silver Spring, MD: NOAA/NWS).
7. Black, Thomas L. (1994) 'The New NMC Mesoscale Eta Model: Description and Forecast Examples', Weather and Forecasting 9(2): 265-84.
8. Black, Thomas L. & Z.I. Janjic (1988) 'Preliminary Forecasts Results from a Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Regional Model', presented at the Eighth Conference on NWP (Baltimore, MD: American Meteorological Society).
9. Black, Thomas L., Z.I. Janjic & F. Mesinger (1988) 'The New NMC Model on Eta Coordinates', Research Highlights of the NMC Development Division: 1987-1988 (US Department of Commerce, NOAA): 68-71.
10. Black, Thomas L., Dennis Deaven & Geoffrey DiMego (1993) 'The Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Model: 80km "Early" Version and Objective Verifications', Technical Procedures Bulletins, no. 412, 21 May 1993 (US Department of Commerce): 1-7.
11. Bushby, F.H. (1986) 'A History of Numerical Weather Prediction', Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan (special volume on Short and Medium-Range NWP, Collection of Papers Presented at the WMO/IUGG NWP Symposium, Tokyo, 4-8 August): 1-10.
12. Chambers, David Wade & Richard Gillespie (2000) 'Locality in the History of Science: Colonial Science, Technoscience; and Indigenous Knowledge', in Roy MacLeod (ed.), Nature and Empire: Science and the Colonial Enterprise (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press): 221-40.
13. Charney, J.G., R. Fjortoft & J. von Neumann (1950) 'Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation', Tellus 2: 237-54.
14. Cramer, Jacqueline & Rob Hagendijk (1985) 'Dutch Fresh-Water Ecology: The Links between National and International Scientific Research', Minerva 23: 485-503.
15. Crawford, Elisabeth, Terry Shinn & Sverker Sorlin (eds) (1993) 'The Nationalization and Denationalization of the Sciences: An Introductory Essay', in E. Crawford, T. Shinn & S. Sorlin (eds) Denationalizing Science: the Context of International Scientific Practice (Dordrecht: Kluwer): 1-42.
16. Cressman, George (1996) 'The Origins and Rise of Numerical Weather Prediction', in James Fleming (ed.), Historical Essays on Meteorology, 1919-1995 (Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society): 21-39.
17. Cueto, Marcos (1994) 'Laboratory Styles in Argentine Physiology', Isis 82: 228-46.
18. Dedijer, Stevan (1963) 'Underdeveloped Science in Underdeveloped Countries', Minerva 2: 61-91.
19. Dedijer, Stevan (1991) 'The Relationship of Science and Society in FPRY', Scientia Yugoslavica 16: 129-50.
20. Dezeljin, Josip (1966) 'The Status, Organization and Financing of Scientific Research in Yugoslavia's Encyclopedia Moderna 1: 89-91.
21. Dezeljin, Josip (1985) 'Znanost i Tehnologija u Razvitku Socijalistickog Samoupravnog Drustva' [Science and Technology in the Development of the Socialist Self-Management Society], Ekonomski Pregled 36: 493-513.
22. Dyson, Freeman J. (2002) 'In Praise of Amateurs', The New York Review of Books (5 December): 〈http://www.nybooks.com/contents/20021205〉 (accessed June 2003).
23. Edwards, Paul N. (2000) 'A Brief History of Atmospheric Circulation Modeling', in Davis Randall (ed.), General Circulation Model Development (New York: Academic Press): 67-90.
24. Edwards, Paul N. (2001) 'Representing the Global Atmosphere: Computer Models, Data, and Knowledge about Climate', in Clark A. Miller & Paul N. Edwards, Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press): 31-65.
25. Fine, Gary Alan (2002) 'Authors of the Storm: Some Things a Sociologist has Learned about Meteorologists and the Weather', unpublished paper, Department of Sociology, Northwestern University.
26. Fuller, Steve (1997) 'The Secularization of Science and a New Deal for Science Policy', Futures 29: 483-503.
27. Goonatilake, Susantha (1984) Aborted Discovery: Science and Creativity in the Third World (London: Zed Books).
28. Harper, Kristine (2001) 'The Scandinavian Tag-Team: Providers of Atmospheric Reality to Numerical Weather Prediction Efforts in the United States (1948-1955)', paper presented at the XXI Congress for the History of Science, Mexico City.
29. Hoch, Paul & Jennifer Platt (1993) 'Migration and the Denationalization of Science', in E. Crawford, T. Shinn & S. Sorlin, Denationalizing Science: The Context of International Scientific Practice (Dordrecht: Kluwer): 133-52.
30. Hoke, James, E. James, Norman Philips, Geoffrey Dimego, James Tuccillo & Joseph Sela (1989) 'The Regional Analysis and Forecast Systems of the National Meteorological Center', Weather and Forecasting 4: 323-34.
31. Howcroft, J.G. (1971) 'Local Forecast Model: Present Status and Preliminary Verification', NMC Office Note 50, January (National Weather Service, NOAA, US Department of Commerce).
32. Hughes, Patrick (1970) A Century of Weather Service: A History of the Birth and Growth of the NWS (NewYork: Gordon and Breach).
33. Jamison, Andrew (1993) 'National Political Cultures and the Exchange of Knowledge: The Case of Systems Ecology', in E. Crawford, T. Shinn & S. Sorlin, Denationalizing Science: The Context of International Scientific Practice (Dordrecht: Kluwer): 187-208.
34. Janjic, Zavisa (1977) 'Pressure Gradient Force and Advective Scheme Used in Forecasting with Steep and Small Scale Topography', Contribution to Atmospheric Physics 50: 186-99.
35. Janjic, Z.I. (1979) 'Forward-Backward Scheme Modified to Prevent Two-Grid-Interval Noise and its Application in Sigma Coordinate Models', Contributions to Atmospheric Physics 52: 69-84.
36. Janjic, Zavisa (1984) 'Nonlinear Advection Schemes and Energy Cascade on Semi-Staggered Grids', Monthly Weather Review 112: 1234-45.
37. Janjic, Z.I. (1990) 'The Step-Mountain Coordinate: Physical Package', Monthly Weather Review 118: 1429-43.
38. Janjic, Z.I. (1994) 'The Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Model: Further Developments of the Convection, Viscous Sublayer and Turbulence Closure Schemes', Monthly Weather Review 122: 927-45.
39. Janjic, Z.I., T.L. Black, L. Lazic & F. Mesinger (1988) 'Forecast Sensitivity to the Choice of the Vertical Coordinate', Annals of Geophysics 29: 147.
40. Jianjian, Gong, Grace Wahba, Donald R. Johnson & Joseph Tribbia (1998) 'Adaptive Tuning of Numerical Weather Prediction Models: Simultaneous Estimation of Weighting, Smoothing, and Physical Parameters', Monthly Weather Review 126: 210-31.
41. Junker, Norman W., James E. Hoke & Richard H. Grumm (1989) 'Performance of NMC's Regional Models', Weather and Forecasting 4(3): 368-91.
42. Kalnay, Eugenia (1992) 'Operational Numerical Weather Prediction at NMC', Lecture Notes from the 1992 Colloquium on Operational Environmental Prediction (NOAA).
43. Kalnay, Eugenia (2002) Atmospheric Modelling, Data Assimilation and Predictability (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
44. Kalnay, E., W.E. Baker, M. Kanamitsu & R. Petersen (1992) 'Overview of the NMC Analysis and Modeling Plans', Research Highlights of the NMC Development Division: 1989-1991 (NOAA/NWS, US Department of Commerce): May 3-11.
45. Keyset-, Daniel & Louis W. Uccellini (1987) 'Regional Models: Emerging Tools for Synoptic Meteorologists', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 68(4): 306-20.
46. Latour, Bruno (1990) 'Drawing Things Together', in M. Lynch & S. Woolgar (eds), Representation in Scientific Practice (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press): 19-68.
47. Lewis, John M. (1993) 'Meteorologists from the University of Tokyo: Their Exodus to the United States Following World War II', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 74: 1351-60.
48. Lindqvist, Svante (1993) 'Introductory Essay: Harry Martinson and the Periphery of the Atom', in S. Lindqvist (ed.), Center on the Periphery: Historical Aspects of 20th-century Swedish Physics (Canton, MA: Science History Publications:): xi-lv.
49. Livingstone, David N. (1995) 'The Spaces of Knowledge: Contributions towards a Historical Geography of Science', Environment and Planning D 13: 5-34.
50. Maksimovic, D. (1971) 'Resources of Science and Science Policy', in V. Trickovic (ed.), Science and Technology in the Economic Development of Yugoslavia (Belgrade: Institute of Economic Science): 84-152.
51. Mesinger, F. (1973) 'A Method for Construction of Second-order Accuracy Difference Schemes Permitting no False Two-grid-interval Wave in the Forecast Fields', Tellus 25: 444-58.
52. Mesinger, F. (1982) 'On the Convergence and Error Problems of the Calculation of the Pressure Gradient Force in Sigma Coordinate Models', Geophysica Astrophysica Fluid Dynamics 19: 105-17.
53. Mesinger, F. (2000) 'Limited Area Modeling: Beginnings, State of the Art, Outlook', in 50th Anniversary of NWP: Commemorative Symposium, Book of Lectures (Potsdam: European Meteorological Society): 85-112.
54. Mesinger, F. & A. Arakawa (1976) Numerical Methods Used in Atmospheric Models, GARP Publication Series 17(1) (Geneva: GARP).
55. Mesinger, F. & T. Black (1992) 'On the Impact on Forecast Accuracy of the Step-mountain (Eta) vs. Sigma Coordinate', Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 50: 47-60.
56. Mesinger, F. & Z.I. Janjic (1974) 'Design and Some Experiments with the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute - University of Belgrade Model', Manuscript for WMO Scientific Lectures, Commission for Basic Systems, Belgrade, March-April.
57. Mesinger, F. & Z.I. Janjic (1978) 'Description of a Limited Area Model with Primitive Equations on a Fine Mesh of Points that is Suitable for Objective Prediction of Quantities within the Planetary Boundary Layer. Experimental Evaluation of the Model. Limited Area Forecasting Model with Primitive Equations', in Research Project 'Weather Forecasting in Yugoslavia', vol. 1 (Belgrade: FHMI).
58. Mesinger, F. & Z.I. Janjic (1985) 'Problems and Numerical Methods of the Incorporation of Mountains in Atmospheric Models', Lectures in Applied Mathematics 22: 81-120.
59. Mesinger, F., T.L. Black, D.W. Plummer & J.H. Ward (1992) 'Eta Model Precipitation Forecasts for a Period Including Tropical Storm Alison', Research Highlights: 87-96.
60. Mesinger, F., Z.I. Janjic, S. Nickovic, D. Gavrilov & D.G. Deaven (1988) 'The Step-Mountain Coordinate: Model Description and Performance for Cases of Alpine Lee Cyclogenesis and for a Case of an Appalachian Redevelopment', Monthly Weather Review 116: 1493-1518.
61. Miller, Clark A. (2001) 'Scientific Internationalism in American Foreign Policy: The Case of Meteorology, 1947-1958', in Clark A. Miller & Paul N. Edwards (eds), Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press): 167-92.
62. Miller, Clark A. & Paul N. Edwards (eds) (2001) Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
63. Monmonier, Mark (1999) Air Apparent: How Meteorologists Learned to Map, Predict, and Dramatize Weather (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press).
64. Namias, Jerome (1968) 'Long Range Weather Forecasting - History, Current Status and Outlook', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 49: 438-70.
65. National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere (1982) The Future of the Nation's Weather Services: A Special Report to the President and The Congress, July (Washington, DC: NACOA).
66. Nebeker, Frederik (1995) Calculating the Weather: Meteorology in the 20th Century (San Diego, CA: Academic Press).
67. Nicholson, Malcolm (1989) 'National Styles, Divergent Classifications: A Comparative Study from the History of French and American Plant Ecology', Knowledge and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Science Past and Present 8: 139-86.
68. NMC Handbook (1990) 'NMC Handbook, September 30, 1990' (MS at World Weather Building, Camp Springs, MD).
69. Norton, Stephen & Frederick Suppe (2001) 'Why Atmospheric Modeling is Good Science', in Clark A. Miller & Paul N. Edwards (eds), Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press): 67-106.
70. Ophir, Adi & Steven Shapin (1991) 'The Place of Knowledge: A Methodological Survey', Science in Context 4: 3-21.
71. Oreskes, Naomi (2000) 'Why Predict? Historical Perspectives on Prediction in Earth Science', in Daniel Sarewitz, Roger A. Pielke Jr & Radford Byerly Jr (eds), Prediction: Science, Decision Making and the Future of Nature (Washington, DC: Island Press): 23-40.
72. Petersen, Arthur (2000) 'Philosophy of Climate Science', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 81: 265-71.
73. Petersen, R. (1992) 'Review of the Changes in the Regional and Mesoscale Forecasting Systems During 1989-1991', Research Highlights: 13-17.
74. Petersen, Ralph A. et al. (1991) 'Changes to NMC's Regional Analysis and Forecast System', Weather and Forecasting 6(1): 133-41.
75. Phillips, Norman A. (1957) 'A Coordinate System Having Some Special Advantages for Numerical Forecasting', Journal of Meteorology 14: 184-85.
76. Pickering, Andrew (1999) 'The Mangle of Practice: Agency and Emergence in the Sociology of Science', in Mario Biagioli (ed.), The Science Studies Reader (New York & London: Routledge): 372-93.
77. Pielke, Roger A. (1984) Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling (New York: Academic Press).
78. Pielke, Roger A. (2002) 'Mesoscale Atmosphere Modeling', in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, 3rd edn (New York: Academic Press), vol. 9, 383-89.
79. Randall, David A. & Bruce A. Wielicki (1997) 'Measurements, Models, and Hypotheses in the Atmospheric Sciences', Bulletin of American Meteorological Society 78: 399-406.
80. Randerson, Darryl (1976) 'Overview of Regional-Scale Numerical Models', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 57: 797-804.
81. Rath, Amitav (1990) 'Science, Technology and Policy in the Periphery. A Perspective from the Centre', World Development 11: 1429-43.
82. Razem, Dusan (1994) 'Radiation Processing in the Former Yugoslavia, 1947-1966: From "Big Science" to Nullity', Minerva 32: 309-326.
83. Reed, Richard J. (1971) 'The Effects of GARP and other Future Large Programs on Education and Research in the Atmospheric Sciences', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 52: 458-62.
84. Report (1994) Report of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (Boulder, CO: UCAR).
85. Review (1976) Review of National Science Policy: Yugoslavia (OECD: Paris).
86. Robinson, G.D. (1967) 'Some Current Projects for Global Meteorological Observation and Experiment', Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 93: 409-418.
87. Rubinstein, Alvin Z. (1970) Yugoslavia and the Nonaligned World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
88. Sagasti, F.R. (1978-79) 'Toward an Endogenous Scientific and Technological Development for the Third World', Alternatives 4: 301-16.
89. Sah, Raaj (1979) 'Priorities of Developing Countries in Weather and Climate', World Development 7: 337-47.
90. Salomon, Jean-Jacques, Francisco R. Sagasti & Celine Sachs-Jeantet (1994) The Uncertain Quest: Science, Technology and Development (Tokyo: United Nations University Press).
91. Science Policy (1973) Committee for the Co-ordination of Science and Technology, Science Policy in the SFR Yugoslavia (Belgrade).
92. Shapin, Steven (1998) 'Placing the View from Nowhere: Historical and Sociological Problems in the Location of Science', Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS 23: 5-12.
93. Shea, Eileen L. (ed.) (1987) A History of NOAA (manuscript presented to Historical Council, Department of Commerce).
94. Shinn, Terry, Jack Spaapen & Venni Krishna (1997) 'Science, Technology, and Society Studies and Development Perspectives in South-North Transactions', in T. Shinn, J. Spaapen & V. Krishna (eds.), Science and Technology in a Developing World (Dordrecht: Kluwer): 1-36.
95. Shrum, Wesley & Yehouda Shenhav (1995) 'Science and Technology in Less Developed Countries', in Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald Markle, James Peterson & Trevor Pinch (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications): 627-52.
96. Shuman, Frederick G. (1977) 'Plans of the National Meteorological Center for Numerical Weather Prediction', NMC Office Note 144 (April).
97. Shuman, Frederick G. (1978) 'Numerical Weather Prediction', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 59: 5-17.
98. Shuman, Frederick G. (1989) 'History of Numerical Weather Prediction at the National Meteorological Center', Weather and Forecasting 4: 286-96.
99. Stackpole, John D. (1978) 'How to Pick a New Forecast Model: The Selection of the 7L PE for NMC Operation', NMC Office Note 191 (October).
100. Star, Susan Leigh (1988) 'The Structure of Ill-Structured Solutions: Boundary Objects and Heterogeneous Distributed Problems Solving', in M. Huhns & L. Gasser (eds), Distributed Artificial Intelligence (Menlo Park: Morgan Kauffman): 37-54.
101. Star, Susan Leigh (1989) Regions of Mind: Brain Research and the Quest for Scientific Certainly (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press).
102. Stokes, Raymond (1997) 'In Search of the Socialist Artefact: Technology and Ideology in East Germany, 1945-1962', German History 15: 221-239.
103. Thompson, Philip (1987) 'The Maturing of the Science', Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 68: 631-37.
104. Treadon, R.E. (1993) 'The NMC Eta Model Post Processor: A Documentation', NMC Office Note 394 (Silver Spring, MD: NOAA/NWS).
105. Turnbull, David (1993-94) 'Local Knowledge and Comparative Scientific Traditions', Knowledge and Policy 6: 29-54.
106. Turnbull, David (1995) 'Rendering Turbulence Orderly', Social Studies of Science 25: 9-33.
107. Turnbull, David (1997) 'Reframing Science and Other Local Knowledge Traditions', Futures 29(6): 551-62.
108. US Weather Research Program (1994) United States Weather Research Program: Implementation Plan. Congressional (15 January) (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office).
109. Watson-Verran, Helen & David Turnbull (1995) 'Science and Other Indigenous Knowledge Systems', in Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald Markle, James Peterson & Trevor Pinch (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications): 115-39.
110. Whitnah, Donald R. (1961) A History of U.S. father Bureau (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press).
111. Widmalm, Sven (1993) 'Big Science in a Small Country: Sweden and CERN II', in S. Lindqvist (ed.), Center on the Periphery: Historical Aspects of 20th-century Swedish Physics (Canton, MA: Science History Publications): 107-140.
112. Willetts, Petter (1978) The Non-Aligned Movement: The Origins of a Third World Alliance (London: Pinter).
113. Xiao-Rong, Guo & James E. Hoke (1985) 'The Impact of Sensible and Latent Heating on the Prediction of an Intense Extratropical Cyclone', NMC Office Note 314 (October).