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Screening of an A. thaliana, ecotype Columbia, genomic library in Lambda GEM-11 (established by J. T. Mulligan and R. W. Davis) and isolation of clones were performed according to standard methods. RT-PCR and RACE were conducted with adaptor-ligated double-stranded cDNA (Marathon cDNA Amplification Kit; Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) synthesized from polyadenylated RNA from green leaves of A. thaliana, ecotype Columbia. In PCR reactions, Klentaq polymerase mix (Clontech) was used for improved fidelity of amplification.
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For mitochondrial import studies, pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L., var. progress number 9) were grown in the dark for 7 to 10 days. Isolation of mitochondria and in vitro import was performed essentially as described [F. Chaumont, V. O'Riordan, M. Boutry, J. Biol. Chem. 265, 16856 (1990)] with the following modifications: mitochondria equivalent to 100 μg of protein and 10 μl of in vitro translation mix were added to 160 μl of uptake medium. Import reactions were incubated at 23°C for 40 min. Proteinase K (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) treatment at a final concentration of 50 μg/ml was done for 20 min on ice. In control reactions, valinomycin was added at a concentration of 20 μM.
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Chloroplasts were isolated from a commercial cultivar of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Organelle isolation and in vitro import followed the protocol of B. D. Bruce, S. Perry, J. Froehlich, and K. Keegstra [in Plant Molecular Biology Manual, S. B. Gelvin and R. A. Schilperpoort, Eds. (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1994), pp. J1, 1-15]. Import reactions consisted of 62 μl of import buffer, 3 μl of 100 mM adenosine-5′-triphosphate, 10 μl of in vitro translation mix, and 25 μl of purified chloroplasts (equivalent to a chlorophyll concentration of 1 mg/ml). Import was allowed to take place for 30 min at room temperature. Thermolysin (Sigma) treatment (0.2 mg/ml) was performed after import for 30 min on ice.
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note
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We thank J. Haseloff for the vector pBIN-mGFP5-ER; the Arabidopsis DNA Stock Centre (Max Planck Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Köln, Germany) for the genomic A. thaliana library; M. Boutry for a ATPase β presequence clone; R. B. Klösgen and R. Lührs for waxy constructs; C. Stock, I. Wagner, and J. Müller for technical assistance; W. Schuster, Berlin, for sharing unpublished data of an Arabidopsis DNA sequence [accession number Y09432 (W. Schuster et al., unpublished data)] that is nearly identical to clone RpoY; and B. Neilan for critical reading of the manuscript. Part of this work was funded by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Fond der Chemischen Industrie to T.B.
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