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Volumn 276, Issue 5316, 1997, Pages 1242-1245

X-ray imaging of stress and strain of diamond, iron, and tungsten at megabar pressures

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANISOTROPY; DIAMONDS; HIGH PRESSURE ENGINEERING; IMAGING TECHNIQUES; IRON; STRESS ANALYSIS; STRESS CONCENTRATION; SYNCHROTRON RADIATION; TUNGSTEN; X RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS; X RAYS; YIELD STRESS;

EID: 1842376909     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5316.1242     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (247)

References (58)
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    • note
    • Moreover, because gaskets provide both sample containment and anvil support at high pressures, the gasket material must exhibit ductility as well as high strength under loading (11). Yet, most of the properties of relevant materials have not been measured at high loads, nor have the optimum materials and conditions for high-pressure applications necessarily been found.
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    • The measurements were carried out at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble (beam line ID9), using polychromatic x-ray beams collimated to 5 μm by 5 μm at the sample. The primary beam was collimated with three sets of slits, and the diffraction was measured by the energy-dispersive technique with a Ge solid-state detector. All experiments were performed at room temperature. See also (9).
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    • o from measurements at the center of the culet at the maximum load, where the gasket thickness has a minimum (<3 μm), and the effective μ was determined from measurements at the culet edge before diamond deformation, where the thickness was 45 μm. The shape of the tip of each diamond is given by x/2. Calibrations at intermediate loads and measurement of plastic deformation of gaskets recovered at zero pressure indicated no measurable effects of pressure on the effective extinction coefficient at these energies.
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    • The determination of pressure under nonhydrostatic conditions is valid only for the same geometry in which the calibration was performed. The pressure calibrations involving x-ray diffraction (6-8) -including the secondary ruby scale, which is based on diffraction (5) - were carried out for the axial geometry. Above 12 GPa and room temperature, all pressure media solidify and therefore exert some degree of nonhydrostatic stress on samples.
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    • We prepared the gasket from 1-mm-thick Be metal (Brush Wellman, grade 200) by drilling a conical indentation that matched the shape of the anvil.
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    • For example, by this method a stress of 340 GPa is found at the highest load for ε-Fe with ψ = 0°, whereas the strain measured for ψ = 90° corresponds to a stress of 290 GPa. This approximation overestimates the deviatoric stress because it neglects the effect of the shear modulus on the measured differential strains (20, 21).
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    • The results may be compared with the increase in shear strength of Re to 15 GPa at P = 120 GPa (14), obtained from the pressure-gradient method (17). In this approach, the shear stress is determined from measurement of pressure gradients by τ = (h/2)dP(r)/dr, where h is the sample thickness. As pointed out in (14 17, 19), this analysis depends critically on the shape of the diamond and is only valid when the diamonds remain flat (no cupping) and the sample continues to flow under loading.
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    • in preparation
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    • note
    • We are grateful to A. K. Singh for many useful discussions and to J. Shu for experimental help. We also thank C. Meade and two anonymous reviewers for comments that improved the manuscript. This work was supported by NSF.


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