Atorvastatin calcium. Hypolipidemic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

Drugs of the Future

Volumn 22, Issue 9, 1997, Pages 956-968

  Graul, A ^a   Castaner J ^a  

^a PROUS SCIENCE   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; BERVASTATIN; CERIVASTATIN; COLESTIPOL; FLUINDOSTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; MEVINOLIN; NIK 104; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; NONHUMAN; REVIEW;

EID: 1842339933     PISSN: 03778282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1358/dof.1997.022.09.423212     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Roth, B.D. (Warner-Lambert Co.). Trans-6-[2-(3-or 4-carboxamido-substd. pyrrol-1-yl)alkyl]-4-hydroxypyran-2-one inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis. EP 247633, US 4681893.
2. Roth, B.D., Blankley, C.J., Chucholowski, A.W., Ferguson, E., Hoefle, M.L., Ortwine, D.F., Newton, R.S., Sekerke, C.S., Sliskovic, D. R., Stratton, C.D., Wilson, M.W. Inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. 3. Tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-[2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl]-2H-pyran-2-one inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase. 2. Effects of introducing substituents at positions three and four of the pyrrole nucleus. J Med Chem 1991, 34: 357-66.
3. Roth, B.D. (Warner-Lambert Co.). (R-(R*R*)-2-(4-Fluorophenyl) - βδ - dihydroxy - 5 - (1 - methylethyl - 3 - phenyl - 4 - [(phenylamino)-carbonyl]-1H-pyrrole-1-heptanoic acid, its lactone form and salts thereof. EP 409281, JP 91058967, US 5273995.
4. Milb, N., Muhammad, N.A., Weiss, J., Nesbitt, R.U. (Warner-Lambert Co.). Stable oral CI-981 formulation and process for preparing same. EP 680320, JP 96505640, WO 9416693.
5. Butler, D.E., Le, T.V., Nanninga, T.N. (Warner-Lambert Co.). Process for trans-6-[2-(substd.-pyrrol-1-yl)alkyl]pyran-2-one inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis. US 5298627.
6. Brower, P.L., Butler, D.E., Deering, C.F., Le, T.V., Millar, A., Nanninga, T.N., Roth, B.D. The synthesis of (4R-cis)-1,1-dimethylethyl 6-cyanomethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4-acetate, a key intermediate for the preparation of CI-981, a highly potent, tissue selective inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Tetrahedron Lett 1992, 33: 2279-82.
7. Baumann, K.L., Butler, D.E., Deering, C.F., Mennen, K.E., Millar, A., Nanninga, T.N., Palmer, C.W., Roth, B.D. The convergent synthesis of CI-981, an optically active, highly potent, tissue selective inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Tetrahedron Lett 1992, 33: 2283-4.
8. McKenzie, A.T. (Warner-Lambert Co.). Form III crystalline (R-(R*,R*)) - 2 - (4 - fluorophenyl) - β,δ - dihydroxy - 5 - (1 - methylethyl) - 3 - phenyl - 4 - ((phenylamino)carbonyl) - 1H - pyrrole -1-heptanoic acid hemi calcium salt (atorvastatin). WO 9703958.
9. Lin, M., Schweiss, D. (Warner-Lambert Co.). Novel process for the production of amorphous [R-(R*,R*)]-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-b,d-dihydroxy - 5 - (1 - methylethyl) - 3 - phenyl - 4 - [(phenylamino)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrole-1-heptanoic acid calcium salt (2:1). WO 9703960.
10. Briggs, C.A., Jennings, R.A., Wade, R.A., Harasawa, K., Ichikawa, S., Minohara, K., Nakagawa, S. (Warner-Lambert Co.). Crystalline [R-(R*,R*)]-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-β,δ-dihydroxy-5-(1- methylethyl) - 3 -phenyl - 4 - [(phenylamino)carbonyl] - 1H - pyrrole-1-heptanoic acid hemi calcium salt (atorvastatin). WO 9703959.
11. Prous, J. Treatment of lipoprotein disorders. In: The Year's Drug News - Therapeutic Targets, 1995 Edition, Prous Science Publishers, Barcelona, 1995, 659-72.
12. Davignon, J., Dufour, R., Montigny, M. Atorvastatin: What do we know? 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 31.
13. Macri, J., Mohammadi, A., Newton, R.S., Adeli, K. Effect of atorvastatin on intracellular translocation and degradation of apolipoprotein B in permeabilized HEP G2 cells. 12th Int Symp Drugs Affect Lipid Metab (Nov 7-10, Houston) 1995, 53.
14. Bocan, T.M.A., Ferguson, E., McNally, W., Uhlendorf, P.D., Mueller, S.B., Dehart, P., Sliskovic, D.R., Roth, B.D., Krause, B.R., Newton, R.S. Hepatic and nonhepatic sterol synthesis and tissue distribution following administration of a liver selective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, CI-981: Comparison with selected HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992, 1123: 133-44.
15. Hernández-Perera, O., Díaz, C., Hernández, G., Lamas, S. Effects of oxidized LDL and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (atorvastatin and simvastatin) on the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS). 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 61.
16. Ortego, M., Bustos, C., Hernández-Presa, M., Tuñón, J., Díaz, C., Hernández, G., Egido, J. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin reduces NF-κB activation and MCP-1 gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and mononuclear cells. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 66.
17. Ferguson, E., McNally, W., Bocan, T.M.A., Uhlendorf, P.D., Krause, B.R., Sliskovic, D.R., O'Brien, P., Roth, B.D., Newton, R.S. Measurement of sterol synthesis and tissue distribution of a liver selective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. CI-981. FASEB J 1991, 5(5): Abst 5121.
18. Krause, B.R., Bousley, R., Kieft, K., Stanfield, R., Newton, R.S. CI-981 is superior to lovastatin for lowering plasma triglycerides in experimental animals. FASEB J 1993, 7(4, Part 2): Abst 3289.
19. Krause, B.R., Newton, R.S. Lipid-lowering activity of atorvastatin and lovastatin in rodent species: Triglyceride-lowering in rats correlates with efficacy in LDL animal models. Atherosclerosis 1995, 117: 237-44.
20. Conde, K., Vergara-Jimenez, M., Newton, R.S., Fernandez, M.L. Atorvastatin reduces plasma LDL, alters lipoprotein compsn. and up-regulates hepatic LDL receptors. 12th Int Symp Drugs Affect Lipid Metab (Nov 7-10, Houston) 1995, 114.
21. Alfón, J., Pueyo, C., Badimon, L. Regulation by atorvastatin, a novel HMGCoA reductase inhibitor, of plasma lipid and thrombotic risk in atherosclerotic rabbits. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 3-17, Florence) 1996, 201.
22. Auerbach, B.J., Krause, B.R., Bisgaier, C.L., Newton, R.S. Comparative effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on apo B production in the casein-fed rabbit: Atorvastatin versus lovastatin. Atherosclerosis 1995, 115: 173-80.
23. Soma, M., Piliego, T., Seregni, R., Donetti, E., Paoletti, R., Fumagalli, R. Effect of atorvastatin on intimal carotid thickening induced by perivascular manipulation in normocholesterolemic rabbits. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 231.
24. Bocan, T.M.A., BakMueller, S., Rosebury, W., Lee, P., Quenby-Brown, E., Mazur, M.J., Krause, B.R. Antiatherosclerotic and hypolipidemic activity of atorvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, and CI-976, an ACAT inhibitor, when administered in combination. 12th Int Symp Drugs Affect Lipid Metab (Nov 7-10, Houston) 1995, 42.
25. Shum, Y.Y., Huang, N.J., Whitfield, L.R. Pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin in rodents. Pharm Res 1996, 13(9, Suppl.): Abst PPDM 8373.
26. Shum, Y.Y., Walter, G., Huang, N.-J., Rothwell, C., Whitfield, in Chronic toxicokinetic profiles of atorvastatin in beagle dogs. 12th Int Symp Drugs Affect Lipid Metab (Nov 7-10, Houston) 1995, 100.
27. Black, A.E., Sinz, M.W., Hayes, R.N., Woolf, T.F. In vivo and in vitro metabolism studies of [14C] CI-981 (atorvastatin)in male B6C3F1 mice. 4th Int ISSX Meet (Aug 27-31, Seattle) 1995, Abst 49.
28. Shum, Y.Y., Huang, H., Walter, G.A. et al. Development and validation of an enzyme inhibition assay for quantitation of CI-981 in human plasma. Pharm Res 1993, 10(10, Suppl.): Abst PPDM 8467.
29. Hayes, R., Minser, D., Jersey, J.A., Lilley, B.E. Rapid, rugged and routine determinations of CI-981 and d5-CI-981 in human plasma employing liq.-liq. extraction, derivations and isotope dilution GC/HRMS/SIM with NICI. Pharm Res 1996, 13(9, Suppl.): Abst APQ 1180.
30. Cilla, D.D. Jr., Radulovic, L.L., Whitfield, L.R., Posvar, E.L., Sedman, A.J. Safety, tolerance and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles following single-doses of CI-981, a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Pharm Res 1993, 10(10, Suppl.): Abst PPDM 8134.
31. Posvar, E.L., Radulovic, L.L., Cilla, D.D. Jr., Whitfield, L.R., Sedman, A.J. Tolerance and pharmacokinetics of single-dose atorvastatin a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 1996, 36: 728-31.
32. Yang, B.-B., Smithers, J.A., Stern, R.H., Sedman, A.J., Olson, S.C. Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of atorvastatin and its active metabolites. Pharm Res 1996, 13(9, Suppl.): Abst PPDM 8177.
33. Whitfield, L.R., Cilla, D.D. Jr., Posvar, E.L., Sedman, A.J., Gibson, D.M. Single-and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of CI-981, a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Pharm Res 1993, 10(10, Suppl.): Abst PPDM 8167.
34. Gibson, D.M., Cilla, D.D. Jr., Posvar, E.L., Sedman, A.J., Whitfield, L.R. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of CI-981 as a function of morning-versus-evening dosing in healthy volunteers. Pharm Res 1993, 10(10, Suppl.): Abst PPDM 8166.
35. Cilla, D.D. Jr., Gibson, D.M., Whitfield, L.R., Sedman, A.J. Pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin after administration to normocholesterolemic subjects in the morning and evening. J Clin Pharmacol 1996, 36: 604-9.
36. Gibson, D.M., Bron, N.J., Hounslow, N.J., Whitfield, L.R. The effect of age and gender on atorvastatin single-dose pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Pharm Res 1994, 11(10, Suppl.): Abst PPDM 8139.
37. Radulovic, L.L., Cilla, D.D., Posvar, E.L., Sedman, A.J., Whitfield, L.R. Effect of food on the bioavailability of atorvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. J Clin Pharmacol 1995, 35: 990-4.
38. Radulovic, L.L., Cilla, D.D., Posvar, E.L., Sedman, A.J., Whitfield, L.R. Effect of food on the bioavailability of CI-981 capsules in healthy subjects. Pharm Res 1993, 10(10, Suppl.): Abst PPDM 8188.
39. Gibson, D.M., Yang, B.-B., Abel, R.B., Blum, R.A., Horton, M., Stern, R.H., Sedman, A.J., Whitfield, L.R. Effects of hepatic and renal impairment on pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of atorvastatin. Pharm Res 1996, 13(9, Suppl.): Abst PPDM 8144.
40. Yang, B.-B., Smithers, J.A., Abel, R.B., Stern, R.H., Sedman, A.J., Olson, S.C. Effects of Maalox TC® on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atorvastatin. Pharm Res 1996, 13(9, Suppl.): Abst PPDM 8178.
41. Yang, B.-B., Siedlik, P.H., Smithers, J.A., Sedman A.J., Stern, R.H. Atorvastatin pharmacokinetic interacts with other CYP3A4 substrates: Erythromycin and ethinyl estradiol. Pharm Res 1996, 13(9, Suppl.): Abst PPDM 8179.
42. Marais, A.D., Firth, J.C., Bateman, M., Jones, J., Mountney, J., Martens, C. Atorvastatin is a powerful and safe agent for lowering plasma cholesterol concentration in heterozgous familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1994, 109(1-2): Abst 226.
43. Heinonen, T.M., Stein, E., Weiss, S.R., McKenney, J.M., Davidson, M., Shurzinske, L., Black, D.M. The lipid-lowering effects of atorvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor: Results of a randomized, double-masked study. Clin Ther 1996, 18: 853-63.
44. Gmerek, A., Yang, R., Bays, H., Jones, P., Knopp, R., Littlejohn, T., Schrott, H., Black, D. Atorvastatin causes a dose-dependent reduction of LDL-C and triglycerides. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 212.
45. Bakker-Arkema, R.G., Davidson, M.H., Goldstein R.J. et al. Efficacy and safety of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Perfusion 1996, 9: 163-72.
46. Bakker-Arkema, R.G., Davidson, M.H., Goldstein R.J. et al. Efficacy and safety of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. JAMA-J Amer Med Assoc 1996, 275: 128-33.
47. Nawrocki, J.W., Weiss, S.R., Davidson, M.H., Sprecher, D.L., Schwartz, S.L., Lupien, P.-J., Jones, P.H., Haber, H.E., Black, D.M. Reduction of LDL cholesterol by 25% to 60% in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia by atorvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995, 15: 678-82.
48. Nawrocki, J.W., Weiss, S.R., Davidson, M.H., Sprecher, D.L., Schwartz, S.L., Lupien, P.-J., Jones, P.H., Haber, H.E., Black, D.M. Reduction of LDL cholesterol by 25% to 60% in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia by atorvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Perfusion 1996, 9: 109-14.
49. Japan Cholesterol Lowering Atorvastatin Study (J-CLAS) Group Efficacy of atorvastatin, a synthetic reductase inhibitor, in primary hypercholesterolemia. 12th Int Symp Drugs Affect Lipid Metab (Nov 7-10, Houston) 1995, 102.
50. Best, J.D., Nicholson, G.C., O'Neal, D.N., Kotowicz M.A., Tebbutt, N.C., Chan, K.-W., Sanders, K.M. Atorvastatin and simvastatin reduce elevated cholesterol in non-insulin dependent diabetes. Diabetes Nutr Metab 1996, 9: 74-80.
51. Best, J., Nicholson, G., O'Neal, D., Kotowicz, M., Sanders, K. Atorvastatin and simvastatin reduce elevated cholesterol in NIDDM. 12th Int Symp Drugs Affect Lipid Metab (Nov 7-10, Houston) 1995, 66.
52. Nawrocki, J., Schwartz, S., Fayyad, R., Simunovic, L. Atorvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor is safe and effective in NIDDM patients with hyperlipidemia. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 222.
53. Reckless, J.P.D., Stirling, C.A., Cole, D. Safety and efficacy of atorvastatin, a new hypocholesterolemic agent, compared with simvastatin. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 229.
54. Reckless, J.P.D., Stirling, C.A., Cole, D., Sethi, S., Williams, C., Gould, B. Influence of two hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors on postprandial lipoprotein and ApoB-48 metabolism. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 228.
55. Bracs, P., Best, J., Dart, T. et al. A one-year study comparing atorvastatin and simvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 205.
56. Naoumova, R.P., Marais, A.D., Firth, J.C., Neuwirth, C., Taylor, G.W., Thompson, G.R. Apheresis plus atorvastatin: A hard act for gene therapy to follow? 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 24.
57. Selier, K.-U., Wolffenbüttel, B.H.R., Mahla, G., Müller, D., Schussmann, K., Pentrup, A., Shurzinske, L. Comparison of atorvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, with pravastatin and simvastatin. Atherosclerosis 1994, 109(1-2): Abst 217.
58. Wagner, B., Hüwel, D., Rehorst, D., Smilde, J.G., Wunderlich, J., Black, D. A one-year treat-to-target study of atorvastatin vs pravastatin in risk-stratified hypercholesterolemic patients. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 205.
59. Egros, F., Langan, J., Bertolini, S., Mahla, G., Farnier, M., Garcia Puig, J., Shurzinske, L., Nawrocki, J., Black, D. A one-year study comparing atorvastatin and pravastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 222.
60. Bakker-Arkema, R., Fayyad, R., Davidson, M., McKenney, J., Stein, E., Schrott, H., Black, D. One-year study comparing the safety and efficacy of atorvastatin to that of lovastatin. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 205.
61. McCormick, L., Black, D. A 12-week study comparing atorvastatin with niacin in patients with hypertriglyceridemia with or without hypercholesterolemia. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 204.
62. Heinonen, T., Tan, M., Davignon, J. et al. Atorvastatin compared to fenofibrate in patients with elevated cholesterol and triglycerides. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 213.
63. Heinonen, T., Schrott, H., McKenney, J., Sniderman, A., Broyles, F., Zavoral, J., Kivel, F., Black, D. The lipid-lowering effects of atorvastatin and colestipol used as monotherapies and in combination. Atherosclerosis 1994, 109(1-2): Abst 220.
64. Heinonen, T., Black, D. Atorvastatin monotherapy and combination therapy in the treatment of severe hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1995, 115(Suppl.): Abst 069.
65. Heinonen, T., Stein, E., Isaacsohn, J. et al. Atorvastatin monotherapy in the treatment of severe hypercholesterolemia. 66th Cong Eur Atheroscler Soc (July 13-17, Florence) 1996, 214.
66. Bakker-Arkema, R.G., Best, J., Fayyad, R., Heinonen T.M., Marais, A.D., Nawrocki, J.W., Black, D.M. A brief review paper of the efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in early clinical trials. Atherosclerosis 1997, 131: 17-23.
67. Nawrocki, J.W., Shurzinske, L.J., Black, D.M. Reducing the risk: Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 1997, 46(Suppl. 1): Abst 0851.
68. Black, D. Atorvastatin: A step ahead for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Atherosclerosis 1994, 109(1-2): 88.
69. Bakker-Arkema, R., Fayyad, R., Black, D. Atorvastatin: Mechanism of action as evidenced by phase II clinical trials. 12th Int Symp Drugs Affect Lipid Metab (Nov 7-10, Houston) 1995, 98.
70. Drug approvals for December 1996. FDA Drug Approvals List January 13, 1997.
71. New cholesterol-lowering medication from Warner-Lambert cleared for marketing by FDA. Lipitor ushers in new era of cholesterol management. Warner-Lambert Co. Press Release 1996, December 18.
72. New cholesterol-lowering drug approved for marketing in the United Kingdom and Germany. Warner-Lambert Co. Press Release 1996, December 4.
73. Lipitor (atorvastatin calcium tablets). Warner-Lambert Co. Product Insert 1997.
74. First launch for lipid-lowering statin. Prous Science Daily Essentials February 19, 1997.