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Y. Martin, Ed., Scanned Probe Microscopies (International Society of Optical Engineering, Washington, DC, 1995).
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Martin, Y.1
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M. Nonnenmacher, M. P. Ogoyle, H. K. Wickramasinghe, ibid. 58, 2921 (1991); A. K. Henning et al., J. Appl. Phys. 77, 1888 (1995).
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Nonnenmacher, M.1
Ogoyle, M.P.2
Wickramasinghe, H.K.3
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M. Nonnenmacher, M. P. Ogoyle, H. K. Wickramasinghe, ibid. 58, 2921 (1991); A. K. Henning et al., J. Appl. Phys. 77, 1888 (1995).
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Abraham, D.W.2
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Wickramasinghe, H.K.4
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Dolan, G.J.2
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T. A. Fulton and G. J. Dolan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 109 (1987); L. S. Kuzmin and K. K. Likharev, JETP Lett. 45, 389 (1987); D. V. Averin and K. K. Likharev, in Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids, B. L. Altshuler, P. A. Lee, R. A. Webb, Eds. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991), pp. 173-271; see also H. Grabert and M. H. Devoret, Eds., Single Charge Tunneling (Plenum, New York, 1992).
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Likharev, K.K.2
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B. L. Altshuler, P. A. Lee, R. A. Webb, Eds. North-Holland, Amsterdam
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T. A. Fulton and G. J. Dolan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 109 (1987); L. S. Kuzmin and K. K. Likharev, JETP Lett. 45, 389 (1987); D. V. Averin and K. K. Likharev, in Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids, B. L. Altshuler, P. A. Lee, R. A. Webb, Eds. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991), pp. 173-271; see also H. Grabert and M. H. Devoret, Eds., Single Charge Tunneling (Plenum, New York, 1992).
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Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids
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Averin, D.V.1
Likharev, K.K.2
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0001630171
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Plenum, New York
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T. A. Fulton and G. J. Dolan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 109 (1987); L. S. Kuzmin and K. K. Likharev, JETP Lett. 45, 389 (1987); D. V. Averin and K. K. Likharev, in Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids, B. L. Altshuler, P. A. Lee, R. A. Webb, Eds. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991), pp. 173-271; see also H. Grabert and M. H. Devoret, Eds., Single Charge Tunneling (Plenum, New York, 1992).
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(1992)
Single Charge Tunneling
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Grabert, H.1
Devoret, M.H.2
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12
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84920297041
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note
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2/C), currents -1 nA with field-induced variations of -50%, total island capacitances of -0.1 fF, and sample-to-island capacitance of -0.001 to 0.01 fF. Scanning electron micrographs show typical island diameters of 100 nm.
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13
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84920297040
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note
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The field measurements referred to in the text are more accurately measurements of the electric flux terminating on the tip island. One must also allow for distortion of the field from the presence of the metal electrodes of the tip, particularly in proximity to a conductor, where the surface fields are altered to a greater degree.
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14
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12044259475
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Such substrates were fabricated from bare 80-μm-diameter single-mode optical fiber by a process described by E. Betzig, J. K. Trautman, T. D. Harris, J., S. Weiner, and R. L. Kostelak [Science 251, 1468 (1991)].
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(1991)
Science
, vol.251
, pp. 1468
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Betzig, E.1
Trautman, J.K.2
Harris, T.D.3
Weiner, J.S.4
Kostelak, R.L.5
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15
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84920297039
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note
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11 electrons per square centimeter.
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16
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0000372089
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Surface charges from sources other than the ionized silicon donors and their electrons pinned at the surface, such as surface debris or surface ions [K. Domansky, Y. Leng, C. C. Williams, J. Janata, D. Petelenz, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 1513 (1993)], might also contribute. However, it is not necessary to invoke such additional sources to explain the data.
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(1993)
Appl. Phys. Lett.
, vol.63
, pp. 1513
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Domansky, K.1
Leng, Y.2
Williams, C.C.3
Janata, J.4
Petelenz, D.5
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17
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84920297038
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note
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The sinusoidal dependence approximately describes the observed behavior at the comparative high temperatures and magnetic fields that were used.
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18
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84920297037
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note
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s varies smoothly with position within a map.
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19
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84920297036
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note
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Because variations in the work function can be modeled as a charge dipole layer at the conducting surface, there is ambiguity in distinguishing between unresolved charge layers close to the electrode and variations in work functions.
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20
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84920297035
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note
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The flux terminates on the tip and the 2DEG in rough proportion to their distances from a centered charge weighted by the dielectric constants with the 2DEG receiving most of the flux.
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23
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84920297034
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note
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SETs having sharpened tips showed good response at 4.2 K in preliminary tests and might display resolutions of order 50 nm.
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26
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84920297033
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note
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The plot is actually of the induced charge divided by the fixed capacitance measured over the 2DEG. Off of the edge, the capacitance drops, but this variance was not incorporated here.
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27
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84920297032
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note
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We thank G. Baraff, A. M. Chang, J. P. Eisenstein, B. I. Halperin, P. Mitra, and A. Yacoby for useful discussions.
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