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Volumn 276, Issue 5312, 1997, Pages 579-582

Scanning single-electron transistor microscopy: Imaging individual charges

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRIC CHARGE; ELECTRIC FIELDS; HETEROJUNCTIONS; IMAGING TECHNIQUES; PROBES; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SEMICONDUCTING GALLIUM COMPOUNDS; TRANSISTORS;

EID: 1842337502     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5312.579     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (275)

References (27)
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    • Schoenenberger, C.1
  • 8
    • 0001630171 scopus 로고
    • T. A. Fulton and G. J. Dolan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 109 (1987); L. S. Kuzmin and K. K. Likharev, JETP Lett. 45, 389 (1987); D. V. Averin and K. K. Likharev, in Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids, B. L. Altshuler, P. A. Lee, R. A. Webb, Eds. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991), pp. 173-271; see also H. Grabert and M. H. Devoret, Eds., Single Charge Tunneling (Plenum, New York, 1992).
    • (1987) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.59 , pp. 109
    • Fulton, T.A.1    Dolan, G.J.2
  • 9
    • 0001630171 scopus 로고
    • T. A. Fulton and G. J. Dolan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 109 (1987); L. S. Kuzmin and K. K. Likharev, JETP Lett. 45, 389 (1987); D. V. Averin and K. K. Likharev, in Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids, B. L. Altshuler, P. A. Lee, R. A. Webb, Eds. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991), pp. 173-271; see also H. Grabert and M. H. Devoret, Eds., Single Charge Tunneling (Plenum, New York, 1992).
    • (1987) JETP Lett. , vol.45 , pp. 389
    • Kuzmin, L.S.1    Likharev, K.K.2
  • 10
    • 0001630171 scopus 로고
    • B. L. Altshuler, P. A. Lee, R. A. Webb, Eds. North-Holland, Amsterdam
    • T. A. Fulton and G. J. Dolan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 109 (1987); L. S. Kuzmin and K. K. Likharev, JETP Lett. 45, 389 (1987); D. V. Averin and K. K. Likharev, in Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids, B. L. Altshuler, P. A. Lee, R. A. Webb, Eds. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991), pp. 173-271; see also H. Grabert and M. H. Devoret, Eds., Single Charge Tunneling (Plenum, New York, 1992).
    • (1991) Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids , pp. 173-271
    • Averin, D.V.1    Likharev, K.K.2
  • 11
    • 0001630171 scopus 로고
    • Plenum, New York
    • T. A. Fulton and G. J. Dolan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 109 (1987); L. S. Kuzmin and K. K. Likharev, JETP Lett. 45, 389 (1987); D. V. Averin and K. K. Likharev, in Mesoscopic Phenomena in Solids, B. L. Altshuler, P. A. Lee, R. A. Webb, Eds. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991), pp. 173-271; see also H. Grabert and M. H. Devoret, Eds., Single Charge Tunneling (Plenum, New York, 1992).
    • (1992) Single Charge Tunneling
    • Grabert, H.1    Devoret, M.H.2
  • 12
    • 84920297041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2/C), currents -1 nA with field-induced variations of -50%, total island capacitances of -0.1 fF, and sample-to-island capacitance of -0.001 to 0.01 fF. Scanning electron micrographs show typical island diameters of 100 nm.
  • 13
    • 84920297040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The field measurements referred to in the text are more accurately measurements of the electric flux terminating on the tip island. One must also allow for distortion of the field from the presence of the metal electrodes of the tip, particularly in proximity to a conductor, where the surface fields are altered to a greater degree.
  • 15
    • 84920297039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 11 electrons per square centimeter.
  • 16
    • 0000372089 scopus 로고
    • Surface charges from sources other than the ionized silicon donors and their electrons pinned at the surface, such as surface debris or surface ions [K. Domansky, Y. Leng, C. C. Williams, J. Janata, D. Petelenz, Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 1513 (1993)], might also contribute. However, it is not necessary to invoke such additional sources to explain the data.
    • (1993) Appl. Phys. Lett. , vol.63 , pp. 1513
    • Domansky, K.1    Leng, Y.2    Williams, C.C.3    Janata, J.4    Petelenz, D.5
  • 17
    • 84920297038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The sinusoidal dependence approximately describes the observed behavior at the comparative high temperatures and magnetic fields that were used.
  • 18
    • 84920297037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • s varies smoothly with position within a map.
  • 19
    • 84920297036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Because variations in the work function can be modeled as a charge dipole layer at the conducting surface, there is ambiguity in distinguishing between unresolved charge layers close to the electrode and variations in work functions.
  • 20
    • 84920297035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The flux terminates on the tip and the 2DEG in rough proportion to their distances from a centered charge weighted by the dielectric constants with the 2DEG receiving most of the flux.
  • 23
    • 84920297034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SETs having sharpened tips showed good response at 4.2 K in preliminary tests and might display resolutions of order 50 nm.
  • 26
    • 84920297033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The plot is actually of the induced charge divided by the fixed capacitance measured over the 2DEG. Off of the edge, the capacitance drops, but this variance was not incorporated here.
  • 27
    • 84920297032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We thank G. Baraff, A. M. Chang, J. P. Eisenstein, B. I. Halperin, P. Mitra, and A. Yacoby for useful discussions.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.