A chronological frame of reference for ecological integrity and natural conditions

Natural Resources Journal

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 1113-1136

  Czech, Brian ^a  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHRONOLOGY; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEM HEALTH; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS;

EID: 18344397331     PISSN: 00280739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Bruce P. Van Haveren et al., Restoring the Ecological Integrity of Public Lands, 52 J. Soil & Water Conservation 226, 226-31 (1997).
2. U.S.C. §§ 1251-1387 (2000).
3. Id. § 1251(a).
4. See generally James R. Karr, Health, Integrity, and Biological Assessment. The Importance of Measuring Whole Things, in Ecological Integrity: Integrating Environment, Conservation, and health 209 (David Pimentel et al. eds., 2000).
5. Susan J. Buck, Understanding Environmental Administration and Law xi, 106-07 (2d ed., 1996).
6. Pub. L. No. 105-57, 111 Stat. 1252 (codified as amended at 16 U.S.C. § 668dd (2000)).
7. U.S.C. § 668dd(a)(4) (2000).
8. Id. § 668dd(a)(4)(b).
9. Policy on Maintaining the Biological Integrity, Diversity, and Environmental Health of the National Wildlife Refuge System, 66 Fed. Reg. 3810 (Jan. 16, 2001).
10. See generally James R. Karr & Ellen W. Chu, Restoring Life in Running Waters: Better Biological Monitoring (1998);
11. Karr, supra note 4.
12. See generally William D. Popkin, Statutes In Court: The History and Theory of Statutory Interpretation (1999).
13. Frederick Reed Dickerson, The Interpretation and Application of Statutes 11-42 (1975).
14. Paul L. Angermeier & James R. Karr, Biological Integrity Versus Biological Diversity as Policy Directives: Protecting Biotic Resources , 44 BioScience 690, 692 (1994).
15. See generally Reed F. Noss, Indicators for Monitoring Biodiversity: A Hierarchical Approach, 4 Conservation Biology 355 (1990).
16. Gary K. Meffe et al., Principles of Conservation Biology 559 (1994).
17. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 052 FW 1.12(b), available at http://policy.fws.gov/series.html (last visited Oct. 24, 2004).
18. Graeme Caughley & Anne Gunn, Conservation Biology in Theory and Practice 16 (1996).
19. See generally Species: The Units of Biodiversity (Michael F. Claridge et al. eds., 1997).
20. See generally J. Baird Callicott et al., Current Normative Concepts in Conservation, 13 Conservation Biology 22 (1999).
21. See generally Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States (Bruce A. Stein et al. eds., 2000).
22. David W. Crumpacker et al., A Preliminary Assessment of the Status of Major Terrestrial and Wetland Ecosystems on Federal and Indian Lands in the United States, 2 Conservation Biology 103 (1988).
23. See generally Steven R. Kellert, The Value of Life: Biological Diversity and Human Society (1996);
24. see also Brian Czech et al., Social Construction, Political Power, and the Allocation of Benefits to Endangered Species, 12 Conservation Biology 1103 (1998).
25. Brian Czech & Paul R. Krausman, The Species Concept, Species Prioritization, and the Technical Legitimacy of the Endangered Species Act, 63 N. Am. Wildlife & Nat. Resources Conference Transactions 514, 517-22 (1998). Czech and Krausman argue that species with larger functional genomes, greater phylogenetic distinctiveness, broader niches, and slower molecular clocks should be prioritized for conservation and that these traits are generally associated with larger body size. Using the burning library metaphor for conservation triage, they argue that these types of species are similar to the classic tomes of antiquity: laden with copious information; extensive in coverage; and representing long, laborious investments in authorship.
26. See, e.g., R.I. Vane-Wright et al., What to Protect - Systematics and the Agony of Choice, 55 Biological Conservation 235 (1991).
27. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 983 (3d ed. 1992) [hereinafter American Heritage Dictionary].
28. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., supra note 16, 052 FW 1.12(b).
29. Angermeier & Karr, supra note 13 (emphasis added).
30. Paul L. Angermeier, The Natural Imperative for Biological Conservation, 14 Conservation Biology 373, 373 (2000).
31. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac and Sketches Here and There 221 (Spec. members ed. 1968).
32. I b i d.
33. Policy on Maintaining the Biological Integrity, Diversity, and Environmental Health of the National Wildlife Refuge System, 66 Fed. Reg. 3810, 3818 (Jan. 16, 2001).
34. American Heritage Dictionary, supra note 25, at 616.
35. Id. at 833.
36. Evidence for this may be found by comparing the tables of contents of Ecosystem Health (largely an ecological journal), at http:// www.ingenta.com/isis/browsing/All Issues/ingenta?journal=pubinfobike:// bsc/ehe (last visited Oct. 27, 2004), to the tables of contents of Journal of Environmental Health (largely a human health journal), at http: //www.neha.org/JEH/recent∩sues.htm (last visited Oct. 27, 2004).
37. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, supra note 25, at 583 (emphasis added).
38. Id. at 616 (emphasis added).
39. Policy on Maintaining the Biological Integrity, Diversity, and Environmental Health of the National Wildlife Refuge System, 66 Fed. Reg. 3810, 3818 (Jan. 16, 2001).
40. See generally Theo Colborn et al., Our Stolen Future: Are We Threatening Our Fertility, Intelligence, and Survival? A Scientific Detective Story (1996).
41. See generally Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations (W. Nelson Beyer et al. eds., 1996).
42. See generally Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution (Ilkka Hanski & Michael E. Gilpin eds., 1997).
43. Brian Czech et al., Economic Associations Among Causes of Species Endangerment in the United States, 50 BioScience 593, 598 (2000).
44. James D. Yoakum & Bart W. O'Gara, Ecology and Management of Large Mammals in North America 559 (Stephen Demarais & Paul R. Krausman eds., 2000).
45. J. Baird Callicott et al., Current Normative Concepts in Conservation , 13 Conservation Biology 22 (1999).
46. Policy on Maintaining the Biological Integrity, Diversity, and Environmental Health of the National Wildlife Refuge System, 66 Fed. Reg. 3810, 3818 (Jan. 16, 2001).
47. Jay E. Anderson, A Conceptual Framework for Evaluating and Quantifying Naturalness, 5 Conservation Biology 347, 347-52 (1991).
48. Malcolm L. Hunter, Jr., Benchmarks for Managing Ecosystems: Are Human Activities Natural?, 10 Conservation Biology 695, 695-97 (1996).
49. See generally R. Edward Grumbine, Ghost Bears: Exploring the Biodiversity Crisis 239-41 (1992).
50. Czech et al., supra note 41, at 593-600.
51. See generally Rondo Cameron, A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present (1989).
52. See Robert M. Collins, More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America 45-47, 69-77 (2000).
53. See Religion & Ecology, at http://hollys7.tripod.com/ religionandecology/index.html (last visited Oct. 23, 2004);
54. Catherine Marquette, Cultural Ecology, at http://www.indiana.edu/ ~wanthro/eco.htm (last visited Oct. 23, 2004) (discussing the relationship of religious and other cultural practices and the environment).
55. See generally Jonathan Kingdon, Self-Made Man: Human Evolution from Eden to Extinction? 166-219 (1993).
56. See generally Paul S. Martin, Prehistoric Overkill: The Global Model, in Quaternary Extinctions 354 (Paul S. Martin & Richard G. Klein eds., 1984).
57. Rondo Cameron & Larry Neal, A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present 20-23 (4th ed. 2003).
58. Id. at 23-28.
59. For additional details on human impacts during the Iron Age, see, for example, Andreas Lang et al., Changes in Sediment Flux and Storage Within a Fluvial System: Some Examples from the Rhine Catchment, 17 Hydrological Processes, 3321-34 (2003).
60. William E. Rees, Patch Disturbance, Ecofootprints, and Biological Integrity: Revisiting the Limits to Growth (or Why Industrial Society Is Inherently Unsustainable), in Ecological Integrity: Integrating Environment, Conservation, and Health 139, 146 (David Pimentel et al. eds., 2000).
61. See generally Brian Czech, Economic Growth as the Limiting Factor for Wildlife Conservation, 28 Wildlife Soc'y Bull. 4 (2000).
62. Czech et al., supra note 41, at 593.
63. David L. Trauger et al., The Relationship of Economic Growth to Wildlife Conservation, 3 Wildlife Soc'y Technical Rev. 1, 2 (2003).
64. See generally Brian Czech, Technological Progress and Biodiversity Conservation: A Dollar Spent, a Dollar Burned, 17 Conservation Biology 1455 (2003).
65. W.W. Rostow, Theorists of Economic Growth from David Hume to the Present: With a Perspective on the Next Century 434 (1990).
66. See generally Business and the American Economy, 1776-2001 (Jules Backman ed., 1976).
67. See generally Jimmy M. Skaggs, Prime Cut: Livestock Raising and Meatpacking in the United States 1607-1983 (1986).
68. John T. Andrews, Northern Hemisphere (Laurentide) Deglaciation: Processes and Responses of Ice Sheet/Ocean Interactions, in Late Glacial and Postglacial Environmental Changes: Quaternary, Carboniferous-Permian, and Proterozoic 9, 9-12 (I. Peter Martini ed., 1997).
69. Craig D. Idso, Future Climate and the Precautionary Principle: The other Side of the Story, 8-9 (Ariz. State Univ., Office of Climatology, Climatological Publ'ns Scientific Paper 26, 1997).
70. Michael Begon et al., Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities 50-59 (1996).
71. C.K. Folland et al., Observed Climate Variations and Change, in Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment 195, 202 (John Theodore Houghton et al. eds., 1990);
72. see also Hugh Anderson & Bernard Walter, History of Climate Change, at http://vathena.arc. nasa.gov/curric/land/global/ climchng.html (last visited Oct. 21, 2004).
73. Anderson & Walter, supra note 67.
74. Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Medieval Warm Period (North America)-Summary, at http://www.co2science.org/ subject/m/ summaries/mwpnortham.html (last visited Oct. 21, 2004).
75. See generally Brian M. Fagan, The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300-1850 (2000).
76. See Wallace S. Broecker et al., A Possible 20th-Century Slowdown of Southern Ocean Deep Water Formation, 286 Sci. 1132, 1132 (1999).
77. See generally Neil Roberts, The Holocene: An Environmental History (2d ed. 1998).
78. Frederic E. Clements, Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation (Carnegie Inst. of Washington Pub. No. 242, 1916).
79. Mark Westoby et al., Opportunistic Management for Rangelands Not at Equilibrium, 42 J. Range Mgmt. 266 (1989).
80. See, e.g., The Journals of Lewis and Clark (Bernard Devoto ed., 1953).
81. See, e.g., John Bakless, The Eyes of Discovery: The Pageant of North America as Seen by the First Explorers (1961).
82. C.J. Knowles & P.R. Knowles, Presettlement Wildlife and Habitat of Montana: An Overview, (1995), available at http:// www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/presettl/presettl.htm#contents (last visited Oct. 23, 2004).
83. Patrick Comer, Michigan's Vegetation Circa 1800 (1998), available at http://www. michigan.gov/dnr/ 0,1607,7-153-10370_22664-70465-,00.html (last visited Oct. 23, 2004).
84. Telephone Interview with Patrick Comer, Associate Ecologist, Michigan Natural Features Inventory (Feb. 18, 1999).
85. See, e.g., Vine Deloria, Jr., Red Earth, White Lies: Native Americans and the Myth of Scientific Fact (1995).
86. Brian Czech, The Feasibility of Reintroducing Wood Bison (Bison Bison Athabascae) to the Yukon Flats of Alaska, Final Report to the Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments, Fort Yukon, Alaska (1994).
87. Telephone Interview with J. Bryan Mason, Director, Texas A&M Center for Ecological Archaeology (Apr. 14, 1999).
88. Scott Stine, Late Holocene Fluctuations of Mono Lake, Eastern California, 78 Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 333, 333-81 (1990).
89. Peter Miller & James W. Ehnes, Can Canadian Approaches to Sustainable Forest Management Maintain Ecological Integrity?, in Ecological Integrity: Integrating Environment, Conservation, and Health 157, 160 (David Pimentel et al. eds., 2000).
90. James R. Karr & Daniel R. Dudley, Ecological Perspective on Water Quality Goals, 5 Envtl. Mgmt. 55, 56 (1981).
91. Ecological Integrity: Integrating Environment, Conservation, and Health (David Pimentel et al. eds., 2000).
92. S. 823, 103d Cong. § 5 (1993);
93. H.R. 833, 103d Cong. § 4 (1993);
94. S. 1862, 102d Cong. § 4 (1992);
95. see also Robert L. Fischman, The National Wildlife Refuges: Coordinating a Conservation System Through Law 126 (2003).
96. H.R. 511, 105th Cong. § 5 (1997);
97. H.R. 1675, 104th Cong. § 5 (1995).
98. National Wildlife Refuge System Planning, 65 Fed. Reg. 33,892, 33,910 (May 25, 2000).
99. Id. at 33,906.
100. Policy on Maintaining the Biological Integrity, Diversity, and Environmental Health of the National Wildlife Refuge System, 66 Fed. Reg. 3809, 3810 (Jan. 16, 2001).
101. See U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., Mission Statement, available at http://www.fws.gov (last visited Oct. 24, 2004).
102. Meffe et al., supra note 15, at 90.
103. Clements, supra note 73.
104. Martin Büssenschütt & Claudia Pahl-Wostl, Diversity Patterns in Climax Communities, 87 Oikos 531, 537 (1999).
105. George Host & John Pastor, Modeling Forest Succession Among Ecological Land Units in Northern Minnesota, 2 Conservation Ecology 15 (1998), at http://www.consecol.org/vol2/iss2/art15 (last visited Oct. 24, 2004).
106. David N. Cole, Ecological Manipulation in Wilderness: An Emerging Management Dilemma, 2 Int'l J. Wilderness, May 1996, at 15, 15-18, available at http://ijw.wilderness. net/articles/ecologic.cfm (last visited Oct. 24, 2004).
107. Brian Czech & Paul R. Krausman, Controversial Wildlife Management Issues in Southwestern U.S. Wilderness, 5 Int'l J. Wilderness, Dec. 1999, at 22, 23-26, available at http://ijw.wilderness.net/ articles/ecologic.cfm (last visited Oct. 24, 2004).