The State and Democratization: The United States in Comparative Perspective

British Journal of Political Science

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 193-210

  González, Francisco E ^a   King, Desmond ^a  

^a NUFFIELD COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 18244424145     PISSN: 00071234     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007123404000018     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation (New York: Basic Books, 1963); and see Lipset's American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996).
2. Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation (New York: Basic Books, 1963); and see Lipset's American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996).
3. Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York: Basic, 1955).
4. Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune, The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry (New York: Wiley, 1970), pp. 31-46; B. Guy Peters, Comparative Politics: Theory and Methods (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 28-41.
5. Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune, The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry (New York: Wiley, 1970), pp. 31-46; B. Guy Peters, Comparative Politics: Theory and Methods (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 28-41.
6. Peters, Comparative Politics, p. 41. And see Charles C. Ragin, The Comparative Method (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), pp. 39-44.
7. Peters, Comparative Politics, p. 41. And see Charles C. Ragin, The Comparative Method (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), pp. 39-44.
8. See, for example, Dankwart A. Rustow, A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967); J. P. Nettl, 'The State as a Conceptual Variable', World Politics, 20 (1968), 559-92; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds, Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Juan J. Linz and Alfred C. Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Guillermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).
9. See, for example, Dankwart A. Rustow, A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967); J. P. Nettl, 'The State as a Conceptual Variable', World Politics, 20 (1968), 559-92; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds, Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Juan J. Linz and Alfred C. Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Guillermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).
10. See, for example, Dankwart A. Rustow, A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967); J. P. Nettl, 'The State as a Conceptual Variable', World Politics, 20 (1968), 559-92; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds, Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Juan J. Linz and Alfred C. Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Guillermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).
11. See, for example, Dankwart A. Rustow, A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967); J. P. Nettl, 'The State as a Conceptual Variable', World Politics, 20 (1968), 559-92; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds, Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Juan J. Linz and Alfred C. Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Guillermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).
12. See, for example, Dankwart A. Rustow, A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967); J. P. Nettl, 'The State as a Conceptual Variable', World Politics, 20 (1968), 559-92; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds, Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Juan J. Linz and Alfred C. Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Guillermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).
13. See, for example, Dankwart A. Rustow, A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967); J. P. Nettl, 'The State as a Conceptual Variable', World Politics, 20 (1968), 559-92; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds, Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Juan J. Linz and Alfred C. Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Guillermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).
14. See, for example, Dankwart A. Rustow, A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967); J. P. Nettl, 'The State as a Conceptual Variable', World Politics, 20 (1968), 559-92; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds, Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Juan J. Linz and Alfred C. Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Guillermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).
15. See, for example, Dankwart A. Rustow, A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967); J. P. Nettl, 'The State as a Conceptual Variable', World Politics, 20 (1968), 559-92; Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968); Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975); Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol, eds, Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985); Juan J. Linz and Alfred C. Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Guillermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999).
16. Robert Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1971).
17. Goran Therborn dates the advent of full democracy in the United States circa 1970, the latest of advanced industrial democracies: The Rule of Capital and the Rise of Democracy', New Left Review, 103 (1977), 3-41; Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne H. Stephens and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1992), p. 122; Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty Six Countries (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 52; and Dennis C. Mueller, Constitutional Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
18. Goran Therborn dates the advent of full democracy in the United States circa 1970, the latest of advanced industrial democracies: The Rule of Capital and the Rise of Democracy', New Left Review, 103 (1977), 3-41; Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne H. Stephens and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1992), p. 122; Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty Six Countries (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 52; and Dennis C. Mueller, Constitutional Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
19. Goran Therborn dates the advent of full democracy in the United States circa 1970, the latest of advanced industrial democracies: The Rule of Capital and the Rise of Democracy', New Left Review, 103 (1977), 3-41; Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne H. Stephens and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1992), p. 122; Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty Six Countries (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 52; and Dennis C. Mueller, Constitutional Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
20. Goran Therborn dates the advent of full democracy in the United States circa 1970, the latest of advanced industrial democracies: The Rule of Capital and the Rise of Democracy', New Left Review, 103 (1977), 3-41; Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne H. Stephens and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1992), p. 122; Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty Six Countries (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 52; and Dennis C. Mueller, Constitutional Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
21. Lipset, First New Nation, This view is retained in Lipset's American Exceptionalism.
22. Lipset, First New Nation, This view is retained in Lipset's American Exceptionalism.
23. Ted Robert Gurr, Monty G. Marshall and Keith Jaggers, http://weber.ucsd.edu/~kgledits/Polity.html.
24. See Polity Project IV, Country Reports 2000, http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/ inscr/polity/report.htm.
25. For the best account of the democracy/democratization dichotomy, see Laurence Whitehead, Democratisation: Theory and Experience (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), chap. 1.
26. Ernest Renan, Qu'est-ce qu'une nation? (Paris: Calmann Lévy, 1882).
27. Alfred Stepan, Arguing Comparative Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 4-8; Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition, pp. 16-37; Guillermo O'Donnell, 'On the State, Democratization, and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries', World Development, 21 (August, 1993), 1355-69, reprinted in O'Donnell, Counterpoints; Adam Przeworski et al., Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 19-39.
28. Alfred Stepan, Arguing Comparative Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 4-8; Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition, pp. 16-37; Guillermo O'Donnell, 'On the State, Democratization, and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries', World Development, 21 (August, 1993), 1355-69, reprinted in O'Donnell, Counterpoints; Adam Przeworski et al., Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 19-39.
29. Alfred Stepan, Arguing Comparative Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 4-8; Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition, pp. 16-37; Guillermo O'Donnell, 'On the State, Democratization, and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries', World Development, 21 (August, 1993), 1355-69, reprinted in O'Donnell, Counterpoints; Adam Przeworski et al., Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 19-39.
30. Alfred Stepan, Arguing Comparative Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 4-8; Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition, pp. 16-37; Guillermo O'Donnell, 'On the State, Democratization, and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries', World Development, 21 (August, 1993), 1355-69, reprinted in O'Donnell, Counterpoints; Adam Przeworski et al., Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 19-39.
31. Alfred Stepan, Arguing Comparative Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 4-8; Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition, pp. 16-37; Guillermo O'Donnell, 'On the State, Democratization, and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries', World Development, 21 (August, 1993), 1355-69, reprinted in O'Donnell, Counterpoints; Adam Przeworski et al., Sustainable Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 19-39.
32. O'Donnell, Counterpoints, pp. 133-57.
33. Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press, 1947). Echoes of this debate can be found anticipated in the political development literature: see in particular Leonard Binder, ed., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971).
34. Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press, 1947). Echoes of this debate can be found anticipated in the political development literature: see in particular Leonard Binder, ed., Crises and Sequences in Political Development (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971).
35. O'Donnell, Counterpoints, p. 136.
36. Przeworski et al., Sustainable Democracy, p. 34; Dominique Schnapper, Community of Citizens (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1998).
37. Przeworski et al., Sustainable Democracy, p. 34; Dominique Schnapper, Community of Citizens (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1998).
38. Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition, pp. 10, 14.
39. Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds, The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1999), pp. 1-10.
40. O'Donnell, Counterpoints, p. 137.
41. Barrington Moore Jr, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (London: Penguin, 1991 [1966]), p. 112.
42. Rueschemeyer et al., Capitalist Development and Democracy, p. 5.
43. Rueschemeyer et al., Capitalist Development and Democracy, p. 122.
44. Michael Goldfield, The Color of Politics (New York: New Press, 1997); Ian F. Haney López, White by Law (New York: New York University Press, 1996); Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels (New York: Free Press, 1994); Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968); and Barbara J. Fields, 'Slavery, Race and Ideology in the United States of America', New Left Review, 181 (1990) 95-118.
45. Michael Goldfield, The Color of Politics (New York: New Press, 1997); Ian F. Haney López, White by Law (New York: New York University Press, 1996); Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels (New York: Free Press, 1994); Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968); and Barbara J. Fields, 'Slavery, Race and Ideology in the United States of America', New Left Review, 181 (1990) 95-118.
46. Michael Goldfield, The Color of Politics (New York: New Press, 1997); Ian F. Haney López, White by Law (New York: New York University Press, 1996); Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels (New York: Free Press, 1994); Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968); and Barbara J. Fields, 'Slavery, Race and Ideology in the United States of America', New Left Review, 181 (1990) 95-118.
47. Michael Goldfield, The Color of Politics (New York: New Press, 1997); Ian F. Haney López, White by Law (New York: New York University Press, 1996); Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels (New York: Free Press, 1994); Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968); and Barbara J. Fields, 'Slavery, Race and Ideology in the United States of America', New Left Review, 181 (1990) 95-118.
48. Michael Goldfield, The Color of Politics (New York: New Press, 1997); Ian F. Haney López, White by Law (New York: New York University Press, 1996); Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels (New York: Free Press, 1994); Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over Black (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968); and Barbara J. Fields, 'Slavery, Race and Ideology in the United States of America', New Left Review, 181 (1990) 95-118.
49. Rogers M. Smith, 'Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz: The Multiple Traditions in America', American Political Science Review, 87 (1993), 549-66.
50. Smith, 'Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal, and Hartz', p. 549.
51. Orlando Patterson, 'Liberty Against the Democratic State: On the Historical and Contemporary Sources of American Distrust', in Mark E. Warren, ed., Democracy and Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 160.
52. Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Free Press, 1984); Dennis Chong, Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
53. Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Free Press, 1984); Dennis Chong, Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
54. Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
55. Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
56. Therborn, 'The Rule of Capital' ; Kenneth A. Bollen, 'Political Democracy and the Timing of Development', American Sociological Review, 44 (1979), 572-87; Daniel Kryder, Divided Arsenal (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
57. Therborn, 'The Rule of Capital' ; Kenneth A. Bollen, 'Political Democracy and the Timing of Development', American Sociological Review, 44 (1979), 572-87; Daniel Kryder, Divided Arsenal (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
58. Therborn, 'The Rule of Capital' ; Kenneth A. Bollen, 'Political Democracy and the Timing of Development', American Sociological Review, 44 (1979), 572-87; Daniel Kryder, Divided Arsenal (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
59. Jonathan Rosenberg, 'For Democracy, Not Hypocrisy: World War and Race Relations in the United States, 1914-1919', International History Review, 21 (1999), 592-625; Desmond King, Separate and Unequal: Black Americans and the US Federal Government (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
60. Jonathan Rosenberg, 'For Democracy, Not Hypocrisy: World War and Race Relations in the United States, 1914-1919', International History Review, 21 (1999), 592-625; Desmond King, Separate and Unequal: Black Americans and the US Federal Government (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
61. Robert A. Dahl, 'Federalism in the Democratic Process', in Robert A. Dahl, Democracy, Liberty and Equality (Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1986), p. 114.
62. Sujit Choudhry, 'Citizenship and Federations: Some Preliminary Reflections', in Kalypso Nicolaidis and Robert Howse, eds, The Federal Vision (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 377-402.
63. Rui de Figueiredo and Barry Weingast, 'Constructing Self-Enforcing Federalism in the Early United States and Modern Russia', http://faculty.haas. berkeley.edu/rui/sef.rss.1.08.pdf.
64. Joseph Ellis, Founding Fathers (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
65. J. M. Kousser, The Shaping of Southern Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974); V. O. Key Jr, Southern Politics (New York: Vintage, 1949); B. Grofman and C. Davidson, eds, Controversies in Minority Voting (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1992).
66. J. M. Kousser, The Shaping of Southern Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974); V. O. Key Jr, Southern Politics (New York: Vintage, 1949); B. Grofman and C. Davidson, eds, Controversies in Minority Voting (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1992).
67. J. M. Kousser, The Shaping of Southern Politics (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1974); V. O. Key Jr, Southern Politics (New York: Vintage, 1949); B. Grofman and C. Davidson, eds, Controversies in Minority Voting (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1992).
68. D. E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
69. See, for example, Lee Ann Banaszak, Why Movements Succeed or Fail: Opportunity, Culture and the Struggle for Woman Suffrage (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996).
70. Margaret Weir and Theda Skocpol, 'State Structures and the Possibilities for Keynesian Responses to the Great Depression in Sweden, Britain and the United States', in Evans et al. Bringing the State Back In, pp. 134-5.
71. Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
72. O'Donnell, Counterpoints, p. 138.
73. Robert Lieberman, Shifting the Color Line (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998); Jill Quadagno, The Color of Welfare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
74. Robert Lieberman, Shifting the Color Line (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998); Jill Quadagno, The Color of Welfare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
75. B. D. Karl, The Uneasy State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983) and L. Ruchames, Race, Jobs and Politics (New York: Harper, 1953).
76. B. D. Karl, The Uneasy State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983) and L. Ruchames, Race, Jobs and Politics (New York: Harper, 1953).
77. Desmond King, 'A Strong or Weak State? Race and the US Federal Government in the 1920's', Ethnic and Racial Studies, 21 (1998), 21-47.
78. Schedler, Diamond and Plattner, eds, The Self-Restraining State, pp. 1-10.
79. Anthony W. Marx, 'Race-Making and the Nation-State', World Politics, 48 (1996), 180-208.
80. O'Donnell, Counterpoints; Alfred Stepan, ed., Democratizing Brazil: Problems of Transition and Consolidation (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
81. O'Donnell, Counterpoints; Alfred Stepan, ed., Democratizing Brazil: Problems of Transition and Consolidation (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
82. Barbara Geddes, Politician's Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
83. Thomas E. Skidmore, Brazil: Five Centuries of Change (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 199-210.
84. Jennifer Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); D. S. Massey and N. A. Denton, American Apartheid (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993).
85. Jennifer Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); D. S. Massey and N. A. Denton, American Apartheid (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993).
86. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988).
87. Lipset, First New Nation, pp. 379-83; Rueschemeyer et al., Capitalist Development, p. 122.
88. Lipset, First New Nation, pp. 379-83; Rueschemeyer et al., Capitalist Development, p. 122.
89. For early attempts to tackle the problem of 'state penetration', see Binder, Crises and Sequences in Political Development.
90. A view which finds scholarly support in Anthony W. Marx, 'Race-Making and the Nation-State', Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of the United States, South Africa, and Brazil (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
91. Nancy Weiss, 'The Negro and the New Freedom: Fighting Wilsonian Segregation', Political Science Quarterly, 84 (1969), 61-79; Desmond King 'The Racial Bureaucracy: African Americans and the Federal Government in the Era of Segregated Race Relations', Governance, 12 (1999), 345-78; King, Separate and Unequal; and Margaret C. Rung, Servants of the State: Managing Diversity and Democracy in the Federal Workforce 1933-1953 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002).
92. Nancy Weiss, 'The Negro and the New Freedom: Fighting Wilsonian Segregation', Political Science Quarterly, 84 (1969), 61-79; Desmond King 'The Racial Bureaucracy: African Americans and the Federal Government in the Era of Segregated Race Relations', Governance, 12 (1999), 345-78; King, Separate and Unequal; and Margaret C. Rung, Servants of the State: Managing Diversity and Democracy in the Federal Workforce 1933-1953 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002).
93. Nancy Weiss, 'The Negro and the New Freedom: Fighting Wilsonian Segregation', Political Science Quarterly, 84 (1969), 61-79; Desmond King 'The Racial Bureaucracy: African Americans and the Federal Government in the Era of Segregated Race Relations', Governance, 12 (1999), 345-78; King, Separate and Unequal; and Margaret C. Rung, Servants of the State: Managing Diversity and Democracy in the Federal Workforce 1933-1953 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002).
94. Nancy Weiss, 'The Negro and the New Freedom: Fighting Wilsonian Segregation', Political Science Quarterly, 84 (1969), 61-79; Desmond King 'The Racial Bureaucracy: African Americans and the Federal Government in the Era of Segregated Race Relations', Governance, 12 (1999), 345-78; King, Separate and Unequal; and Margaret C. Rung, Servants of the State: Managing Diversity and Democracy in the Federal Workforce 1933-1953 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002).
95. Haney López, White By Law.
96. Saul K. Padover, ed., Wilson's Ideals (Washington, D.C.: The American Council on Public Affairs, 1942), p. 112.
97. Mary Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000); Philp A. Klinkner with Rogers M. Smith, The Unsteady March (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Penny M. Von Eschen, Race Against Empire (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997); Azza Salama Layton, International Politics and Civil Rights Policies in the United States, 1941-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
98. Mary Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000); Philp A. Klinkner with Rogers M. Smith, The Unsteady March (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Penny M. Von Eschen, Race Against Empire (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997); Azza Salama Layton, International Politics and Civil Rights Policies in the United States, 1941-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
99. Mary Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000); Philp A. Klinkner with Rogers M. Smith, The Unsteady March (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Penny M. Von Eschen, Race Against Empire (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997); Azza Salama Layton, International Politics and Civil Rights Policies in the United States, 1941-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
100. Mary Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000); Philp A. Klinkner with Rogers M. Smith, The Unsteady March (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Penny M. Von Eschen, Race Against Empire (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997); Azza Salama Layton, International Politics and Civil Rights Policies in the United States, 1941-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
101. John Egerton, Speak Now Against the Day (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994); Vincent Harding, Robin D. G. Kelley and Earl Lewis, 'We Changed the World', in Robin D. G. Kelley and Earl Lewis, eds, To Make Our World Anew (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
102. John Egerton, Speak Now Against the Day (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994); Vincent Harding, Robin D. G. Kelley and Earl Lewis, 'We Changed the World', in Robin D. G. Kelley and Earl Lewis, eds, To Make Our World Anew (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
103. John Fousek, To Lead the Free World: American Nationalism and the Cultural Roots of the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
104. US House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee No. 4 'Antilynching', Hearings, 80th Congress 2nd Session, 4 February 1948 (Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1949), p. 36.
105. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, p. 121.
106. Gary Gerstle, American Crucible (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000).
107. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, p. 14. See also Layton, International Politics and Civil Rights Politics; Klinkner and Smith, Unsteady March; and Von Eschen, Empire Strikes Back.
108. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, p. 14. See also Layton, International Politics and Civil Rights Politics; Klinkner and Smith, Unsteady March; and Von Eschen, Empire Strikes Back.
109. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, p. 14. See also Layton, International Politics and Civil Rights Politics; Klinkner and Smith, Unsteady March; and Von Eschen, Empire Strikes Back.
110. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, p. 14. See also Layton, International Politics and Civil Rights Politics; Klinkner and Smith, Unsteady March; and Von Eschen, Empire Strikes Back.
111. Desmond King, Making Americans: Immigration, Race and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), pp. 199-256.
112. Statement by the Secretary of Labor Willard Wirtz before Subcommittee on Immigration and Nationality, House of Representatives Judiciary Committee, 23 July 1964, p. 2.
113. Quoted in Michael L. Krenn, Black Diplomacy: African Americans and the State Department 1945-1969 (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), p. 25.