Beyond definitions: Maintaining biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health in National Wildlife Refuges

Natural Resources Journal

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 1067-1092

  Karr, James R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; PROTECTED AREA; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

ANAS; ANATIDAE; ANSER;

EID: 18244379592     PISSN: 00280739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (115)

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2. William H. Rodgers, Jr., Environmental Law 53 (2d ed. 1994);
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5. U.S.C. § 668dd(a)(4)(B) (2000).
6. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac: With Essays on Conservation from Round River 258, 262 (1966).
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11. Karr, supra note 6, at 245.
12. See generally James R. Karr, Biological Integrity: A Long-Neglected Aspect of Water Resource Management, 1 Ecological Applications 66-67 (1991);
13. Paul L. Angermeier & James R. Karr, Biological Integrity Versus Biological Diversity as Policy Directives, 44 BioScience 690, 692-95 (1994).
14. Leopold, supra note 5, at 190.
15. James R. Karr, Health, Integrity, and Biological Assessment: The Importance of Whole Things, in Ecological Integrity: Integrating Environment, Conservation, and Health 209, 213 (David Pimentel et al. eds., 2000).
16. James R. Karr, Ecological Integrity and Ecological Health Are Not the Same, in Engineering Within Ecological Constrainst 97, 100-02 (Peter Schulze ed., 1996).
17. Karr, supra note 13, at 102.
18. James R. Karr & Eriko M. Rossano, Applying Public Health Lessons to Protect River Health, 4 Ecology & Civ. Eng'g 3, 14 (2001).
19. Karr, supra note 12, at 209, 213.
20. Id. at 212-13.
21. See generally James R. Karr & Ellen W. Chu, Restoring Life in Running Waters: Better Biological Monitoring (1999).
22. Robert L. Fischman, The National Wildlife Refuges: Coordinating a Conservation System Through Law 35 (2003).
23. Id. at 39.
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37. Karr & Chu, supra note 18, at 2, 47.
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40. Richard Kolkwitz & M. Marsson, Okologie der Pflanzlichen Saprobien [Ecology of Plant Saprobia], 26a Bericht der Deutcshen Botanischen Gesellschaft [Reports of the German Botanical Society] 505 (1908), translated in Biology of Water Pollution 47 (U.S. Joint Publications Research Service trans., Lowell E. Keup et al. eds., 1967).
41. James R. Karr & Daniel R. Dudley, Ecological Perspective on Water Quality Goals, 5 Envtl. Mgmt. 55 (1981);
42. Adler et al., supra note 2, at 14.
43. See generally James R. Karr, Assessment of Biotic Integrity Using Fish Communities, Fisheries, Jan. 1981, at 21;
44. James R. Karr et al., Assessment of Biological Integrity in Running Waters: A Method and Its Rationale (Ill. Natural History Survey, Special Publication No. 5, 1986);
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47. Michael T. Barbour et al., EPA 841-B-99-002, Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish (2d ed. 1999), available at http:// www.epa.gov/owowwtr1/monitoring/rbp/index.html (last visited Nov. 21, 2004);
48. Off. of Water, supra note 31.
49. Among many examples, see Robert B. Blair, Land Use and Avian Species Diversity Along an Urban Gradient, 6 Ecological Applications 506 (1996), available at http://links.jstor.org/ sici?sici=1051-0761%28199605%296%3A2%3C506%3ALUAASD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S (last visited Nov. 21, 2004);
50. Thomas J. Danielson, Wetlands bioassessment Fact Sheets (EPA 843-F-98-001, 1998), available at http://www.epa.gov/owow/ wetlands/wqual/bio_fact/index.html (last visited Nov. 21, 2004);
51. Orie L. Loucks, Pattern of Forest Integrity in the Eastern United States and Canada: Measuring Loss and Recovery, in Ecological Integrity: Integrating Environment, Conservation, and Health 177 (David Pimentel et al. eds., 2000);
52. Sandra A. Bryce, et al., Development of a Bird Integrity Index: Using Bird Assemblages as Indicators of Riparian Condition, 30 Envtl. Mgmt. 294 (2002), available at http://springerlink.metapress.com/media/ 1A48DDN1WMCYUMB1XXWW/Contributions/R/G/X/Q/RGXQYVHC81Y83F44.pdf (last visited Nov. 21, 2004);
53. James R. Karr & Diana N. Kimberling, A Terrestrial Arthropod Index of Biological Integrity for Shrub-Steppe Landscapes, 77 Northwest Sci. 202 (2003).
54. For more detailed discussion and examples, see Karr, supra note 10, at 66;
55. Biological Assessment and Criteria: Tools for Water Resource Planning and Decision Making, supra note 35;
56. Karr & Chu, supra note 18;
57. Assessing the Sustainability and Biological Integrity of Water Resources Using Fish Communities (Thomas P. Simon ed., 1999);
58. Symposium, Assessing the Ecological Integrity of Running Waters, 422/423 Hydrobiologia 1 (2000), available at http:// ipsapp007.kluweronline.com/IPS/frames/toc.aspx?J=4758&I=79 (last visited Nov. 21, 2004).
59. James R. Karr, Rivers as Sentinels: Using the Biology of Rivers to Guide Landscape Management, in River Ecology and Management: Lessons from the Pacific Coastal Ecosystems 502 (Robert J. Naiman & Robert E. Bilby eds., 1998).
60. Kurt D. Fausch et al., Fish Communities as Indicators of Environmental Degradation, 8 Am. Fisheries Soc'y Symposium 123, 135 (1990).
61. Karr & Chu, supra note 18, at 46.
62. I b i d.
63. National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, 16 U.S.C. § 668ee(5)(4) (2000).
64. Fischman, supra note 19, at 81.
65. I b i d.
66. Karr & Chu, supra note 18, at 98.
67. Id. at 70.
68. Michael C. Newman & Michael A. Unger, Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology 175 (2nd ed. 2003).
69. Karr & Chu, supra note 18, at 48.
70. See sources cited supra note 36.
71. Karr & Chu, supra note 18, at 62, 68;
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73. 33 U.S.C. §§ 403, 407, 411 (2000);
74. see generally William H. Rodgers, Jr., Industrial Water Pollution and the Refuse Act: A Second Chance for Water Quality, 119 U. Pa. L. Rev. 761 (1971).
75. David S. Wilcove, The Condor's Shadow: The Loss and Recovery of Wildlife in America 148 (1999).
76. See James R. Karr, Biological Integrity: A Long-Neglected Aspect of Water Resource Management, 1 Ecological Applications 66, 73 (1991).
77. Karr & Yoder, supra note 1, at 599.
78. See Nat'l Research Council, supra note 25;
79. U.S. Gen. Acct. Off., supra note 26.
80. James R. Karr & Ellen W. Chu, Biological Monitoring: Essential Foundation for Ecological Risk Assessment 3 Hum. & Ecological Risk Assessment 993, 995-96 (1997).
81. Karr & Chu, supra note 18, at 118.
82. I b i d.
83. Mark A. Brinson, A Hydrogeomorphic Classification for Wetlands, U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report WRP-DE-4 (1993).
84. Karr & Chu, supra note 18, at 121.
85. R.R. Graus & Ian G. Macintyre, The Zonation Patterns of Caribbean Coral Reefs as Controlled by Wave and Light Energy Input, Bathymetric Setting and Reef Morphology: Computer Simulation Experiments, 8 Coral Reefs 9 (1989).
86. Karr & Chu, supra note 56, at 999.
87. Karr & Chu, supra note 18, at 94-95.
88. Id. at 95-96.
89. Edward R. Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information 9 (1983).
90. See generally Frederick Mosteller & John W. Tukey, Data Analysis and Regression: A Second Course in Statistics (1977).
91. James R. Karr & Ellen W. Chu, Sustaining Living Rivers, 422 /423 Hydrobiologia 14, 10 (2000).
92. James D. Thomson et al., Untangling Multiple Factors in Spatial Distributions: Lilies, Gophers, and Rocks, 77 Ecology 1698, 1700 (1996).
93. Kurt D. Fausch et al., Regional Application of an Index of Biotic Integrity Based on Stream Fish Communities, 113 Transactions Am. Fisheries Soc'y 39, 44 (1984).
94. See also Tim M. Blackburn et al., A Method for Estimating the Slope of Upper Bounds of Plots of Body Size and Abundance in Natural Animal Assemblages, 65 Oikos 107, 108 (1992);
95. Thomson, supra note 68;
96. Frederick S. Scharf et al., Inferring Ecological Relationships from the Edges of Scatter Diagrams: Comparison of Regression Techniques, 79 Ecology 448, 448 (1998).
97. Brian S. Cade & Barry R. Noon, A Gentle Introduction to Quantile Regression for Ecologists, 1 Frontiers in Ecology & Env't 412, 412-19 (2003).
98. Brian S. Cade et al., Estimating Effects of Limiting Factors with Regression Quantiles, 80 Ecology 311, 311 (1999).
99. Edward W. Beals, Ordination: Mathematical Elegance and Ecological Naïveté, 61 J. Ecology 23, 24 (1973).
100. Carol Augspurger, Editor's Note, 77 Ecology 1698 (1996).
101. Tufte, supra note 65, at 9.
102. Karr & Chu, supra note 18, at 144.
103. Wesley C. Mitchell & Arthur F. Burns, Statistical Indicators of Cyclical Revivals 162 (1938).
104. Alan J. Auerbach, The Index of Leading Indicators: "Measurement Without Theory," Thirty-five Years Later, 64 Rev. Econ. & Stat. 589, 589 (1982).
105. See APGAR Scoring for Newborns, at http://www.childbirth.org/ articles/apgar.html (last visited Nov. 20, 2004).
106. Karr & Chu, supra note 18, passim;
107. Robert M. Hughes, Defining Acceptable Biological Status by Comparing with Reference Conditions, in Biological Assessment and Criteria: Tools for Water Resource Planning and Decision Making 31, 31 (Wayne S. Davis & Thomas P. Simon eds., 1995).
108. John L. Lyons et al., Development and Validation of an Index of Biotic Integrity for Coldwater Streams in Wisconsin, 16 N. Am. J. Fisheries Mgmt. 241, 247 (1996);
109. but see Robert M. Hughes et al., A Biointegrity Index (IBI) for Coldwater Streams of Western Oregon and Washington, 133 Transactions Am. Fisheries Soc'y 1497, 1500-02 (2004) (describing an 8-metic coldwater IBI).
110. J.R. Karr et al. (unpublished manuscript, on file with author).
111. Karr & Rossano, supra note 15, at 14;
112. Karr & Chu, supra note 18, passim.
113. Karr & Chu, supra note 56, at 993.
114. James R. Karr, Risk Assessment: We Need More Than an Ecological Veneer, 1 Human & Ecological Risk Assessment 436, 437 (1995).
115. 16 U.S.C. § 668dd(a)(4)(B) (2000).