Producing bimodal molecular weight distribution polymer resins using living and conventional free-radical polymerization

Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research

Volumn 44, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 2568-2578

  Lenzi, Marcelo Kaminski ^a,b   Cunningham, Michael F ^a   Lima, Enrique Luis ^b   Pinto, José Carlos ^b  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EMULSION POLYMERIZATION; FREE RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; LIVING POLYMERIZATION; MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION; STYRENE;

BIMODAL MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION; MINIEMULSION POLYMERIZATION; POLYMER RESINS; SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION SYSTEMS;

RESINS;

POLYMERIZATION;

EID: 18144412434     PISSN: 08885885     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ie0496479     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Latado, A.; Embirucu, M.; Neto, A. G. M.; Pinto, J. C. Modeling of End-Use Properties of Poly(propylene/ethylene) Resins. Polym. Test. 2001, 20, 419.
2. Nele, M.; Pinto, J. C. Molecular Weight Multimodality of Multiple Flory Distributions. Macromol. Theory Simul. 2002, 11, 293.
3. Bartus, J.; Janules, R.; Boswell, J.; Clark, J. Toner containing rosin prepared by a combination of emulsion followed by suspension polymerization. U.S. Patent 6,258,504, 2001.
4. Vicente, M.; Benamor, S.; Gugliotta, L. M.; Leiza, J. R.; Asua, J. M. Control of Molecular Weight Distribution in Emulsion Polymerization Using On-Line Reaction Calorimetry. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2001, 40, 218.
5. Sayer, C.; Lima, E. L.; Pinto, J. C.; Arzamendi, G.; Asua, J. M. Dynamic Optimization of Semicontinuous Emulsion Reactions: Composition and Molecular Weight Distribution. Comput. Chem. Eng. 2001, 25, 839.
6. Maschio, G.; Bello, T.; Scali, C. Optimal Operation Strategies to Control the Molecular Weight Distribution of Polymer Products. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1994, 49, 5071.
7. Soares, J. B. P.; Kim, J. D. Copolymerization of Ethylene and α-Olefins with Combined Metallocene Catalysts. I. A Formal Criterion for Molecular Weight Bimodality. J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem. 2000, 38, 1408.
8. Lenzi, M. K.; Silva, F. M.; Lima, E. L.; Pinto, J. C. Semibatch Styrene Polymerization Processes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 89, 3021.
9. Cunningham, M. F. Living/Controlled Radical Polymerizations in Dispersed Phase Systems. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2002, 27, 1039.
10. Georges, M. K.; Veregin, R. P. N.; Kazmaier, P. M.; Hamer, G. K. Narrow Molecular Weight Resins by a Free-Radical Polymerization Process. Macromolecules 1993, 26, 2987.
11. Wang, J. S.; Matyjaszewski, K. Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization: Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in the Presence of Transition-Metal Complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 5614.
12. Chiefari, J.; Chong, Y. K.; Ercole, F.; Krstina, J.; Jeffery, J.; Le, T. P. T.; Mayadunne, R. T. A.; Meijs, G. F.; Moad, C. L.; Moad, G.; Rizzardo, E.; Thang, S. H. Living Free-Radical Polymerization by Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer: The RAFT Process. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 5559.
13. Lansalot, M.; Farcet, C.; Charleux, B.; Viron, J. P.; Pirri, R. Controlled Free-Radical Miniemulsion Polymerization of Styrene Using Degenerative Transfer. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 7354.
14. Hawker, C. J. Molecular Weight Control by a "Living" Free-Radical Polymerization Process. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11158.
15. Pan, G.; Sudol, E. D.; Dimonie, V. L.; El-Aasser, M. S. Nitroxide-Mediated Living Free Radical Miniemulsion Polymerization of Styrene. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 481.
16. Keoshkerian, B.; Macleod, P. J.; Georges, M. K. Block Copolymer Synthesis by a Miniemulsion Stable Free Radical Polymerization Process. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 3594.
17. Hawker, C. J.; Bosman, A. W.; Harth, E. New Polymer Synthesis by Nitroxide Mediated Living Radical Polymerizations. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3661.
18. Benoit, D.; Chaplinski, V.; Braslau, R.; Hawker, C. J. Development of a Universal Alkoxyamine for "Living" Free Radical Polymerizations. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 3904.
19. Farcet, C.; Charleux, B. Nitroxide-Mediated Miniemulsion Polymerization of n-Butyl Acrylate: Synthesis of Controlled Homopolymers and Gradient Copolymers with Styrene. Macromol. Symp. 2002, 182, 249.
20. Couvreur, L.; Lefay, C.; Belleney, J.; Charleux, B.; Guerret, O.; Magnet, S. First Nitroxide-Mediated Controlled Free-Radical Polymerization of Acrylic Acid. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 8260.
21. Couvreur, L.; Charleux, B.; Guerret, O.; Magnet, S. Direct Synthesis of Controlled Poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid)s of Various Compositions by Nitroxide-Mediated Random Copolymerization. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2003, 204, 2055.
22. Georges, M. K.; Veregin, R. P. N.; Kazmaier, P. M.; Hamer, G. K.; Saban, M. Narrow Polydispersity Polystyrene by a Free-Radical Polymerization Process-Rate Enhancement. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 7228.
23. Gray, M. K.; Zhou, H.; Nguyen, S. T.; Torkelson, J. M. Limitations in the Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Polymers via Nitroxide-Mediated Controlled Radical Polymerization: Experimental Studies. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 5792.
24. Goto, A.; Fukuda, T. Kinetics of Living Radical Polymerization. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2004, 29, 329.
25. Araujo, O.; Giudici, R.; Saldívar, E.; Ray, W. H. Modeling and Experimental Studies of Emulsion Copolymerization Systems. I. Experimental Results. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001, 79, 2360.
26. Cunningham, M. F.; Xie, M.; Mcauley, K. B.; Keoshkerian, B.; Georges, M. K. Nitroxide-Medinted Styrene Miniemulsion Polymerization. Macromolecules 2002, 35, 59.
27. Asua, J. M. Miniemulsion Polymerization. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2002, 27, 1283.
28. Samer, C. J.; Schork, F. J. The Role of High Shear in Continuous Miniemulsion Polymerization. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1999, 38, 1801.
29. Wang, S. T.; Schork, F. J.; Poehlein, G. W.; Gooch, J. W. Emulsion and Miniemulsion Copolymerization of Acrylic Monomers in the Presence of Alkyd Resin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1996, 60, 2069.
30. Yuan, H. G.; Kalfas, G.; Ray. W. H. Suspension Polymerization J. Macromol. Sci., Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1991, C31, 215.
31. Kalfas, G.; Yuan, H.; Ray, W. H. Modeling and Experimental Studies of Aqueous Suspension Polymerization Processes. 2. Experiments in Batch Reactors. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1993, 32, 1831.
32. Vivaldo-Lima, E.; Wood, P. E.; Hamielec, A. E.; Penlidis, A. An Updated Review on Suspension Polymerization. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1997, 36, 939.
33. Machado, R. A. F.; Pinto, J. C.; Araújo, P. H. H.; Bolzan, A. Mathematical Modeling of Polystyrene Particle Size Distribution Produced by Suspension Polymerization. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 2000, 17, 395.
34. Fischer, H. The Persistent Radical Effect:. A Principle for Selective Radical Reactions and Living Radical Polymerizations. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 3581.